dbo:abstract
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- A royal forest, occasionally known as a kingswood (Latin: silva regis), is an area of land with different definitions in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The term forest in the ordinary modern understanding refers to an area of wooded land; however, the original medieval sense was closer to the modern idea of a "preserve" – i.e. land legally set aside for specific purposes such as royal hunting – with less emphasis on its composition. There are also differing and contextual interpretations in Continental Europe derived from the Carolingian and Merovingian legal systems. In Anglo-Saxon England, though the kings were great huntsmen, they never set aside areas declared to be "outside" (Latin foris) the law of the land. Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c. 500 to 1066) creating forests. However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), by royal prerogative forest law was widely applied. The law was designed to protect the venison and the vert, the "noble" animals of the chase – notably red and fallow deer, the roe deer, and the wild boar – and the greenery that sustained them. Forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and at the height of this practice in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, fully one-third of the land area of Southern England was designated as royal forest; at one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be a forest. Afforestation, in particular the creation of the New Forest, figured large in the folk history of the "Norman yoke", which magnified what was already a grave social ill: "the picture of prosperous settlements disrupted, houses burned, peasants evicted, all to serve the pleasure of the foreign tyrant, is a familiar element in the English national story .... The extent and intensity of hardship and of depopulation have been exaggerated", H. R. Loyn observed. Forest law prescribed harsh punishment for anyone who committed any of a range of offences within the forests; by the mid-17th century, enforcement of this law had died out, but many of England's woodlands still bore the title "Royal Forest". During the Middle Ages, the practice of reserving areas of land for the sole use of the aristocracy was common throughout Europe. Royal forests usually included large areas of heath, grassland and wetland – anywhere that supported deer and other game. In addition, when an area was initially designated forest, any villages, towns and fields that lay within it were also subject to forest law. This could foster resentment as the local inhabitants were then restricted in the use of land they had previously relied upon for their livelihoods; however, common rights were not extinguished, but merely curtailed. (en)
- L'expression « forêt royale » désigne des terres, le plus souvent des massifs forestiers ou boisés, généralement significativement étendus, appartenant ou ayant appartenu à la famille d'un monarque, réservés à son seul usage et à celui de sa cour (chasse dont chasse à courre en général) ou un peu plus largement à une aristocratie explicitement reconnue par lui. La pratique de se réserver de vastes territoires à l'usage exclusif de l'aristocratie était commune dans toute Europe lors de la période médiévale. Il peut s'agir de nos jours d'une désignation historique patrimoniale ou d'un classement juridique encore en vigueur (comme au Royaume-Uni par exemple). Ces zones étaient le plus souvent réservées à la pratique de la chasse aux grands mammifères (puis au Royaume-Uni notamment à des animaux plus petits - tels que le renard - alors que le « grand-gibier » avait presque disparu). Ces « forêts » dont certaines abritent des landes, des zones humides, des villages et des champs, ou de vastes châteaux fortifiés, puis d'apparat, des pièces d'eau artificielles, des allées de hêtres ou d'autres arbres majestueux, et en France d'importants réseaux routiers et de drainage pouvaient avoir d'importantes fonctions symboliques (Saint Louis rendait la justice sous un chêne) et culturelles et être plus ou moins ouvertes au peuple. Certaines forêts d'Europe de l'Ouest ont été épargnées par les grands défrichements médiévaux grâce à ce statut. Une partie de la forêt de Białowieża a même ainsi pu être conservée dans un état réputé très proche de ce que serait une forêt primaire en Europe centrale et de l'Ouest. (fr)
- Nell'Inghilterra medievale, la foresta reale era un territorio forestale riservato ad esigenze specifiche della corona come, ad esempio, riserva di caccia. Non vi sono prove che durante l'epoca anglosassone (dal 500 al 1066) i sovrani avessero creato foreste reali ma sotto i re normanni (arrivati nel 1066) la prerogativa regia il diritto forestale fu ampiamente applicato. La legge aveva lo scopo di proteggere alcuni animali "nobili" dalla caccia, in particolare il cervo, il daino, il capriolo e il cinghiale, e la vegetazione che ne permetteva il sostentamento. Le foreste reali, dunque, furono concepite come zone di caccia riservate al monarca o (su invito) all'aristocrazia. Al culmine di questo sistema pratica, tra la fine del XII e l'inizio del XIII secolo, ben un terzo della superficie terrena dell'Inghilterra meridionale era designato come foresta reale. Il sistema della foresta reale ebbe grande importanza nella storia del regno. La legge forestale prescriveva dure punizioni per chiunque avesse commesso una serie di reati all'interno di questi territorio protette e pertanto fu spesso oggetto di controversie tra la corona e la popolazione. Nel 1217 Enrico III d'Inghilterra concesse la Carta della Foresta, un documento in parte complementare alla Magna Carta con cui si ristabiliva per gli uomini liberi i diritti di accesso alla foresta reale precedentemente ridotti da Guglielmo il Conquistatore e dai suoi eredi. Entro la metà del XVII secolo l'applicazione di queste leggi, tuttavia, era andata in disuso anche ma molti dei boschi dell'Inghilterra portavano ancora il titolo di "Foresta reale". Sebbene il problema delle foreste reali fu sentito particolarmente in Inghilterra, la pratica di riservare aree di terra all'uso esclusivo dell'aristocrazia era comune in tutta Europa. (it)
- Королевский лес (или заповедный лес; англ. Forest, Royal Forest) — лесные массивы в средневековой Европе, находящиеся в собственности королей и являющиеся объектом особого феодального лесного права, которое характеризовалось крайне суровыми санкциями за ущемление прав монарха на охоту и распоряжение лесными ресурсами. Наибольшего развития институт королевских заповедных лесов получил в Англии конца XI — начала XIII веков. (ru)
- Королівські ліси (або заповідні ліси; англ. Forest, Royal Forest) — лісові масиви у середньовічній Європі, що перебували у власності королів й були об’єктом особливого феодального лісового права, яке характеризувалось вкрай суворими санкціями за утискання прав монарха на полювання та розпорядження лісовими ресурсами. Найбільшого розвитку інституція королівських заповідних лісів отримала в Англії кінця XI — початку XIII століть. (uk)
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- Королевский лес (или заповедный лес; англ. Forest, Royal Forest) — лесные массивы в средневековой Европе, находящиеся в собственности королей и являющиеся объектом особого феодального лесного права, которое характеризовалось крайне суровыми санкциями за ущемление прав монарха на охоту и распоряжение лесными ресурсами. Наибольшего развития институт королевских заповедных лесов получил в Англии конца XI — начала XIII веков. (ru)
- Королівські ліси (або заповідні ліси; англ. Forest, Royal Forest) — лісові масиви у середньовічній Європі, що перебували у власності королів й були об’єктом особливого феодального лісового права, яке характеризувалось вкрай суворими санкціями за утискання прав монарха на полювання та розпорядження лісовими ресурсами. Найбільшого розвитку інституція королівських заповідних лісів отримала в Англії кінця XI — початку XIII століть. (uk)
- L'expression « forêt royale » désigne des terres, le plus souvent des massifs forestiers ou boisés, généralement significativement étendus, appartenant ou ayant appartenu à la famille d'un monarque, réservés à son seul usage et à celui de sa cour (chasse dont chasse à courre en général) ou un peu plus largement à une aristocratie explicitement reconnue par lui. La pratique de se réserver de vastes territoires à l'usage exclusif de l'aristocratie était commune dans toute Europe lors de la période médiévale. (fr)
- A royal forest, occasionally known as a kingswood (Latin: silva regis), is an area of land with different definitions in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The term forest in the ordinary modern understanding refers to an area of wooded land; however, the original medieval sense was closer to the modern idea of a "preserve" – i.e. land legally set aside for specific purposes such as royal hunting – with less emphasis on its composition. There are also differing and contextual interpretations in Continental Europe derived from the Carolingian and Merovingian legal systems. (en)
- Nell'Inghilterra medievale, la foresta reale era un territorio forestale riservato ad esigenze specifiche della corona come, ad esempio, riserva di caccia. Non vi sono prove che durante l'epoca anglosassone (dal 500 al 1066) i sovrani avessero creato foreste reali ma sotto i re normanni (arrivati nel 1066) la prerogativa regia il diritto forestale fu ampiamente applicato. La legge aveva lo scopo di proteggere alcuni animali "nobili" dalla caccia, in particolare il cervo, il daino, il capriolo e il cinghiale, e la vegetazione che ne permetteva il sostentamento. Le foreste reali, dunque, furono concepite come zone di caccia riservate al monarca o (su invito) all'aristocrazia. Al culmine di questo sistema pratica, tra la fine del XII e l'inizio del XIII secolo, ben un terzo della superficie t (it)
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