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Link to original content: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Nike_Zeus
About: Nike Zeus

About: Nike Zeus

An Entity of Type: Anti-ballistic missile, from Named Graph: http://dbpedia.org, within Data Space: dbpedia.org

Nike Zeus was an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system developed by the US Army during the late 1950s and early 1960s that was designed to destroy incoming Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile warheads before they could hit their targets. It was designed by Bell Labs' Nike team, and was initially based on the earlier Nike Hercules anti-aircraft missile. The original, Zeus A, was designed to intercept warheads in the upper atmosphere, mounting a 25 kiloton W31 nuclear warhead. During development, the concept changed to protect a much larger area and intercept the warheads at higher altitudes. This required the missile to be greatly enlarged into the totally new design, Zeus B, given the tri-service identifier XLIM-49, mounting a 400 kiloton W50 warhead. In several successful tests, the B

Property Value
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  • 914.4 (dbd:millimetre)
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  • 15240.0 (dbd:millimetre)
dbo:Weapon/weight
  • 10977.12 (dbd:kilogram)
dbo:abstract
  • Le Nike Zeus est un système de missiles antibalistiques mis au point par l'armée américaine à la fin des années 1950 et au début des années 1960, visant à détruire les missiles balistiques intercontinentaux (ICBM) soviétiques avant qu'ils ne puissent frapper des cibles aux États-Unis. Il est conçu par l'équipe Nike des Laboratoires Bell et est initialement basé sur le missile surface-air MIM-14 Nike Hercules. Zeus A, l'original qui porte l'identifiant XLIM-49, est conçu pour intercepter les ogives dans la haute atmosphère, emportant une ogive nucléaire W31 de 25 kilotonnes comme garantie de succès. Au cours du développement, son rôle est grandement élargi et il en résulte une conception totalement nouvelle, Zeus B, destiné à intercepter les missiles sur une zone beaucoup plus vaste, avec une ogive nucléaire W50 de 400 kilotonnes. Dans plusieurs essais réussis, le modèle B s'avère en mesure d'intercepter des missiles et même des satellites. La nature de la menace stratégique change fortement pendant la période de développement du Zeus. À l'origine, une défense antimissile à l'échelle nationale est réalisable, quoique onéreuse, puisque la menace est constituée de quelques douzaines d'ICBM. En 1957, des inquiétudes grandissantes sur la possibilité d'une attaque surprise soviétique conduisent à repositionner le programme sur la défense des bases de bombardiers du Strategic Air Command, afin de permettre le maintien de la possibilité d'une frappe de représailles. Mais quand les Soviétiques affirment construire des centaines de missiles, les États-Unis sont confrontés au problème de construire suffisamment de missiles Zeus pour les contrer. L'armée de l'air (US Air Force) propose de mettre fin à l'écart entre missiles américains et missiles soviétique (le "Missile Gap") en fabriquant plus d'exemplaires de ses propres missiles. De plus, l'apparition de problèmes techniques suggère que le Zeus disposerait d'une capacité limitée contre une attaque sophistiquée. Le système est l'objet d'une rivalité intense entre services tout au long de son existence. Lorsque la défense contre les missiles balistiques (ABM) est attribuée à l'armée de terre (US Army) en 1958, l'US Air Force commence une longue série de critiques concernant le Zeus, aussi bien dans les milieux de la défense que dans la presse. L'US Army réplique avec les mêmes moyens, en faisant publier des pages entières de publicité en faveur du Zeus dans des journaux d'information populaires à grand tirage. De plus, ce service passe des contrats de développement dans de nombreux États, afin de réunir un soutien politique maximum. Au fur et à mesure que le déploiement du Zeus approche au début des années 1960, le débat se transforme en un problème politique majeur. La question devient finalement de déterminer si se procurer un système doté d'une efficacité limitée vaut mieux que d'en être dépourvu. La décision de poursuivre ou non le projet revient finalement au président John F. Kennedy. Celui-ci est impressionné par l'incertitude entourant le système ABM et en 1963 le ministre de la Défense Robert McNamara parvient à le convaincre d'annuler le programme Zeus. MacNamara utilise les crédits libérés par l'annulation du Zeus pour financer de nouveaux concepts de systèmes de défense anti-missiles. Le concept Nike-X, envisagé par l'ARPA, est ainsi sélectionné ; il est censé résoudre les divers problèmes du Zeus en utilisant un missile extrêmement rapide, le Sprint, de même que des systèmes de radars et d'ordinateurs fortement améliorés. Le site d'essai du Zeus construit à Kwajalein est brièvement utilisé comme arme anti-satellite. (fr)
  • Nike Zeus was an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system developed by the US Army during the late 1950s and early 1960s that was designed to destroy incoming Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile warheads before they could hit their targets. It was designed by Bell Labs' Nike team, and was initially based on the earlier Nike Hercules anti-aircraft missile. The original, Zeus A, was designed to intercept warheads in the upper atmosphere, mounting a 25 kiloton W31 nuclear warhead. During development, the concept changed to protect a much larger area and intercept the warheads at higher altitudes. This required the missile to be greatly enlarged into the totally new design, Zeus B, given the tri-service identifier XLIM-49, mounting a 400 kiloton W50 warhead. In several successful tests, the B model proved itself able to intercept warheads, and even satellites. The nature of the strategic threat changed dramatically during the period that Zeus was being developed. Originally expected to face only a few dozen ICBMs, a nationwide defense was feasible, although expensive. In 1957, growing fears of a Soviet sneak attack led it to be repositioned as a way to protect Strategic Air Command's bomber bases, ensuring a retaliatory strike force would survive. But when the Soviets claimed to be building hundreds of missiles, the US faced the problem of building enough Zeus missiles to match them. The Air Force argued they close this missile gap by building more ICBMs of their own instead. Adding to the debate, a number of technical problems emerged that suggested Zeus would have little capability against any sort of sophisticated attack. The system was the topic of intense inter-service rivalry throughout its lifetime. When the ABM role was given to the Army in 1958, the United States Air Force began a long series of critiques on Zeus, both within defense circles and in the press. The Army returned these attacks in kind, taking out full page advertisements in popular mass market news magazines to promote Zeus, as well as spreading development contracts across many states in order to garner the maximum political support. As deployment neared in the early 1960s, the debate became a major political issue. The question ultimately became whether or not a system with limited effectiveness would be better than nothing at all. The decision whether to proceed with Zeus eventually fell to President John F. Kennedy, who became fascinated by the debate about the system. In 1963, the United States Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, convinced Kennedy to cancel Zeus. McNamara directed its funding towards studies of new ABM concepts being considered by ARPA, selecting the Nike-X concept which addressed Zeus' various problems by using an extremely high-speed missile, Sprint, along with greatly improved radars and computer systems. The Zeus test site built at Kwajalein was briefly used as an anti-satellite weapon. (en)
  • Il Western Electric/McDonnell Douglas LIM-49 Nike Zeus era un missile anti-balistico di fabbricazione statunitense sviluppato a partire dall'inizio degli anni sessanta. Il Nike Zeus derivava dal MIM-14 Nike Hercules, a sua volta evoluzione del MIM-3 Nike Ajax. A partire dal 1955, l'U.S. Army richiese un missile per intercettare i missili balistici intercontinentali (ICBM). Il progetto inizialmente venne chiamato Improved Nike Hercules, e solo in seguito Nike Zeus, sviluppato in una prima versione A, seguita da una B. Lo Zeus A, con un nuovo booster a propellente solido potenziato rispetto all'Hercules, era capace di una spinta di 1,78 MN. Fu lanciato per la prima volta nell'agosto 1959 e raggiunse una velocità massima di 12 875 km/h. La versione A ebbe una breve vita e dopo sei lanci con cinque successi, lasciò il posto alla B. La versione A, infatti, aveva un raggio d'azione limitato a 200 miglia, in base alla suddivisione tra sistemi d'arma tra le forze armate statunitensi stabilita dal Segretario alla Difesa nel novembre 1956. Con questo limite, il missile venne progettato per non uscire dall'atmosfera e per intercettare le testate in arrivo a quote più basse, grazie anche alla testata nucleare da 20 KT. Dodici mesi dopo il lancio dello Sputnik 1 nel 1957, la limitazione venne abolita e venne quindi avviato lo sviluppo della versione B. Il Nike Zeus B era un missile abbastanza diverso e molto più potente dell'A, con il quale manteneva in comune solo il booster. Diventato un missile a tre stadi, venne progettato per operare fuori dall'atmosfera ed ebbe una evoluzione come missile antisatellite. Con gli Zeus furono condotte prove che portarono all'intercettazione di una dozzina di testate di missili nello spazio. Nel 1963, una versione modificata di Nike Zeus intercettò un satellite in orbita. Dal giugno 1963 fino al maggio 1966, un Nike Zeus B con una testata nucleare fu sempre pronto al lancio dal poligono di Kwajalein nell'evenienza di dover intercettare un satellite sovietico. Del sistema faceva parte anche lo Zeus Acquisition Radar (ZAR), significativamente più potente del sistema di guida HIPAR del Nike Hercules. Disegnato a forma di piramide, il sistema di guida ZAR era dotato di una antenna a dal peso di circa 1 000 tonnellate. La prima intercettazione riuscita di un missile ICBM da parte di uno Zeus si ebbe nel 1962, presso Kwajalein nelle Isole Marshall. Malgrado le innovazioni tecnologiche introdotte, il Department of Defense chiuse il programma dello Zeus nel 1963. Il sistema, il cui costo era stimato in 15 miliardi di dollari, era afflitto da alcuni problemi tecnici la cui soluzione non fu considerata economicamente conveniente. L'esercito statunitense, continuò comunque a sviluppare un sistema missilistico anti-ICBM chiamandolo "Nike-X", largamente basato sulle tecnologie messe a punto con lo Zeus. Il Nike-X aveva radar con , computer più avanzati e strutture esterne del missile in grado di sopportare temperature tre volte superiori a quelle dello Zeus. Nel settembre 1967, il Dipartimento della Difesa annunciò lo sviluppo del LIM-49A Spartan, i cui componenti principali erano derivati dal Nike-X. Nel marzo 1969, l'esercito rese operativo il programma Safeguard anti missili balistici (ABM) che doveva difendere i siti di lancio dei missili ICBM LGM-30 Minuteman. Anche questo sistema era basato sul Nike-X. (it)
  • LIM-49 Nike-Zeus – amerykański pocisk antybalistyczny przenoszący pięciomegatonową głowicę jądrową, przeznaczony do zwalczania jądrowych głowic balistycznych pocisków balistycznych ICBM w górnych warstwach atmosfery. W oparciu o pocisk Nike-Zeus, w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku opracowywano Sentinel. (pl)
  • LIM-49A «На́йки-Зюс» (англ. Nike Zeus, /ˈnaɪkiˈzjuːs/ ; в русскоязычной литературе обычно указывается как «Найк-Зевс») — американская противоракета, разработанная в начале 1960-х американской армией для обеспечения обороны территории США от баллистических ракет. Основывалась на дизайне зенитной ракеты MIM-14 Nike-Hercules. Успешно прошла испытания в 1959—1964 годах, но не была принята на вооружение ввиду обнаружившихся принципиальных проблем самой концепции противоракетной обороны, непреодолимых на уровне технологий того времени. Стала основой для разработки противоракеты LIM-49A «Spartan» в составе комплекса «Сэйфгард». (ru)
  • 奈基-宙斯导弹(英語:Nike Zeus)曾是美国陆军在1950年代-1960年代早期装备的一款反弹道导弹(ABM)。主要用于应对假想敌苏联的弹道导弹威胁。导弹由贝尔实验室团队基于防空型奈基导弹研发,早期版本为奈基-宙斯A型,后续迭代升级为B型。 (zh)
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  • LIM-49 Nike-Zeus – amerykański pocisk antybalistyczny przenoszący pięciomegatonową głowicę jądrową, przeznaczony do zwalczania jądrowych głowic balistycznych pocisków balistycznych ICBM w górnych warstwach atmosfery. W oparciu o pocisk Nike-Zeus, w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku opracowywano Sentinel. (pl)
  • LIM-49A «На́йки-Зюс» (англ. Nike Zeus, /ˈnaɪkiˈzjuːs/ ; в русскоязычной литературе обычно указывается как «Найк-Зевс») — американская противоракета, разработанная в начале 1960-х американской армией для обеспечения обороны территории США от баллистических ракет. Основывалась на дизайне зенитной ракеты MIM-14 Nike-Hercules. Успешно прошла испытания в 1959—1964 годах, но не была принята на вооружение ввиду обнаружившихся принципиальных проблем самой концепции противоракетной обороны, непреодолимых на уровне технологий того времени. Стала основой для разработки противоракеты LIM-49A «Spartan» в составе комплекса «Сэйфгард». (ru)
  • 奈基-宙斯导弹(英語:Nike Zeus)曾是美国陆军在1950年代-1960年代早期装备的一款反弹道导弹(ABM)。主要用于应对假想敌苏联的弹道导弹威胁。导弹由贝尔实验室团队基于防空型奈基导弹研发,早期版本为奈基-宙斯A型,后续迭代升级为B型。 (zh)
  • Le Nike Zeus est un système de missiles antibalistiques mis au point par l'armée américaine à la fin des années 1950 et au début des années 1960, visant à détruire les missiles balistiques intercontinentaux (ICBM) soviétiques avant qu'ils ne puissent frapper des cibles aux États-Unis. Dans plusieurs essais réussis, le modèle B s'avère en mesure d'intercepter des missiles et même des satellites. Le site d'essai du Zeus construit à Kwajalein est brièvement utilisé comme arme anti-satellite. (fr)
  • Nike Zeus was an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system developed by the US Army during the late 1950s and early 1960s that was designed to destroy incoming Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile warheads before they could hit their targets. It was designed by Bell Labs' Nike team, and was initially based on the earlier Nike Hercules anti-aircraft missile. The original, Zeus A, was designed to intercept warheads in the upper atmosphere, mounting a 25 kiloton W31 nuclear warhead. During development, the concept changed to protect a much larger area and intercept the warheads at higher altitudes. This required the missile to be greatly enlarged into the totally new design, Zeus B, given the tri-service identifier XLIM-49, mounting a 400 kiloton W50 warhead. In several successful tests, the B (en)
  • Il Western Electric/McDonnell Douglas LIM-49 Nike Zeus era un missile anti-balistico di fabbricazione statunitense sviluppato a partire dall'inizio degli anni sessanta. Il Nike Zeus derivava dal MIM-14 Nike Hercules, a sua volta evoluzione del MIM-3 Nike Ajax. A partire dal 1955, l'U.S. Army richiese un missile per intercettare i missili balistici intercontinentali (ICBM). Il progetto inizialmente venne chiamato Improved Nike Hercules, e solo in seguito Nike Zeus, sviluppato in una prima versione A, seguita da una B. (it)
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  • LIM-49 Nike Zeus (fr)
  • LIM-49 Nike Zeus (it)
  • XLIM-49 Nike-Zeus (pl)
  • LIM-49 Nike Zeus (ru)
  • 奈基-宙斯导弹 (zh)
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