@prefix dbo: .
@prefix dbr: .
dbr:Economy_of_Rome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Elio_Lo_Cascio dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
@prefix foaf: .
@prefix wikipedia-en: .
wikipedia-en:Roman_economy foaf:primaryTopic dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Poverty_in_ancient_Rome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Silk_Road dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Moses_Finley dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
@prefix dbp: .
dbr:Moses_Finley dbp:subDiscipline dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Georges_Raepsaet dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Walter_Scheidel dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Italy dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Silver dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbr:Aizanoi dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Roman_economy .
@prefix rdf: .
@prefix owl: .
dbr:Roman_economy rdf:type owl:Thing .
@prefix rdfs: .
dbr:Roman_economy rdfs:label "Wirtschaft im R\u00F6mischen Reich"@de ,
"\u00C9conomie romaine"@fr ,
"Economia do Imp\u00E9rio Romano"@pt ,
"Roman economy"@en ,
"\u042D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430"@ru ,
"Ekonomi Romawi"@in ,
"Econom\u00EDa de la Antigua Roma"@es ,
"Economia de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0"@ca ,
"Economia romana"@it ,
"\u0415\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443"@uk ,
"\u53E4\u7F85\u99AC\u7D93\u6FDF"@zh ;
rdfs:comment "\u5728\u7F85\u99AC\u5171\u548C\u570B\u6642\u671F\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u7D93\u6FDF\u4E3B\u8981\u70BA\u8FB2\u696D\u7D93\u6FDF\uFF0C\u4EE5\u7A40\u7269\u548C\u9152\u985E\u7B49\u8CA8\u54C1\u7684\u4EA4\u6613\u70BA\u4E2D\u5FC3\u3002 \u7576\u6642\u7684\u91D1\u878D\u5E02\u5834\u5C31\u5EFA\u69CB\u5728\u9019\u4E9B\u4EA4\u6613\u4E0A\uFF0C\u800C\u500B\u4EBA\u4E8B\u696D\u548C\u516C\u5171\u8A2D\u65BD\u8208\u5EFA\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u501F\u6B3E\u5247\u4E3B\u8981\u4F86\u81EA\u56E0\u5BB6\u5EAD\u9593\u806F\u7E6B\u800C\u7D44\u6210\u7684\u91D1\u878D\u4EF2\u4ECB\u3002 \u5728\u8FB2\u7522\u6216\u73FE\u91D1\u77ED\u7F3A\u7684\u6642\u671F\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u5B98\u54E1\u548C\uFF08\u88AB\u5B98\u65B9\u5141\u8A31\u81EA\u884C\u9444\u9020\u8CA8\u5E63\u7684\u500B\u4EBA\uFF09\u5E38\u6703\u4F9D\u8CF4\u52A0\u9444\u8CA8\u5E63\u4F86\u5EA6\u904E\u8A72\u6642\u671F\u3002\u9019\u500B\u73FE\u8C61\u4E5F\u767C\u751F\u5728\u4E86\u6F2B\u9577\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u5E03\u533F\u6230\u722D\u4E2D\uFF0C\u9020\u6210\u4E86\u7D93\u6FDF\u7684\u626D\u66F2\u548C\u8CA1\u52D9\u56F0\u96E3\u3002\u7F85\u99AC\u5E1D\u570B\u65E9\u671F\uFF0C\u4EBA\u5011\u958B\u59CB\u4F7F\u7528\u8CA8\u5E63\u4F86\u8868\u9054\u50F9\u683C\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\uFF0C\u4E14\u57FA\u672C\u7684\u9280\u884C\u9AD4\u7CFB\u5DF2\u7D93\u6210\u5F62\u3002 \u7F85\u99AC\u7687\u5E1D\u6703\u767C\u884C\u5370\u6709\u4ED6\u5011\u8096\u50CF\u7684\u8CA8\u5E63\u505A\u70BA\u653F\u6CBB\u5BA3\u50B3\uFF0C\u4EE5\u5EFA\u7ACB\u826F\u597D\u7684\u516C\u773E\u5370\u8C61\u53CA\u5F70\u986F\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u8CA1\u5BCC\u548C\u6B0A\u529B\u3002 \u7F85\u99AC\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u7D93\u6FDF\u6642\u5E38\u6703\u6709\u4E0D\u7A69\uFF0C\u90E8\u5206\u539F\u56E0\u662F\u4E00\u4E9B\u7F85\u99AC\u7687\u5E1D\u6703\u767C\u884C\u8CA8\u5E63\u4EE5\u8CC7\u52A9\u4E00\u4E9B\u9AD8\u8ABF\u7684\u7687\u5BB6\u9805\u76EE\u3002\u4F8B\u5982\u5927\u578B\u7684\u516C\u5171\u5EFA\u8A2D\uFF0C\u6216\u662F\u767C\u8D77\u4E00\u4E9B\u53EF\u4F5C\u70BA\u653F\u6CBB\u5BA3\u50B3\uFF0C\u4F46\u5BE6\u969B\u7522\u751F\u7684\u5229\u76CA\u8F03\u5C11\u7684\u6230\u722D\u3002"@zh ,
"Die Wirtschaft im R\u00F6mischen Reich beruhte haupts\u00E4chlich auf Landwirtschaft und Handel, in geringen Teilen auch auf Handwerk und Dienstleistungen. Vor allem in der Landwirtschaft wurde sehr arbeitsintensiv und meist ohne nennenswerten Gebrauch von Hilfsmitteln oder Maschinen produziert. Nach neueren Sch\u00E4tzungen arbeiteten w\u00E4hrend der Kaiserzeit 30 bis 40 Prozent aller Erwerbst\u00E4tigen in diesem Sektor der Wirtschaft. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung, die eine relativ stabile Wirtschaft erm\u00F6glichte, war Frieden (pax Romana) in vielen Gebieten des Reiches."@de ,
"The study of the Roman economy, which is, the economies of the ancient city-state of Rome and its empire during the Republican and Imperial periods remains highly speculative. There are no surviving records of business and government accounts, such as detailed reports of tax revenues, and few literary sources regarding economic activity. Instead, the study of this ancient economy is today mainly based on the surviving archeological and literary evidence that allow researchers to form conjectures based on comparisons with other more recent pre-industrial economies."@en ,
"Pada zaman Republik Romawi, ekonomi Romawi kebanyakan adalah pertanian, terpusat pada perdagangan komoditas seperti bahan pokok dan wine. Pasar-pasar finansial menghimpun perdagangan semacam itu, dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan dihimpun untuk pemakaian pribadi dan infrastruktur umum, utamanya didirikan melalui kekayaan antar-keluarga."@in ,
"L'economia de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0 es fonamentava en una societat agr\u00EDcola i esclavista. La majoria dels habitants vivien al camp, on conreaven la terra i tenien cura del bestiar. L'economia estava basada en el sistema de producci\u00F3 que es nodria de l'activitat dels esclaus adquirits, en gran part, entre els presoners de guerra, i que generaven un comer\u00E7 molt din\u00E0mic en mercats als quals acudien els traficants."@ca ,
"L'economia romana ovvero della civilt\u00E0 romana si basava principalmente sul settore agricolo e del commercio, e in misura minore su quello dei servizi (societ\u00E0 pre-industriale). L'agricoltura in particolare era il settore trainante dell'intera economia del mondo romano, con la conseguente necessit\u00E0 di costruire strumenti e macchinari adatti. Secondo alcune stime, durante l'et\u00E0 imperiale il 30-40% della popolazione era impiegata in questo settore. Certamente un requisito importante e necessario per avere un'economia stabile o crescente fu la pace (pax romana) in molte zone dell'Impero."@it ,
"La Rep\u00FAblica de Roma dominaba una vasta extensi\u00F3n de tierra con enormes recursos naturales y humanos. Como tal, la econom\u00EDa en la antigua Roma se mantuvo concentrada en la agricultura y el comercio. El comercio agr\u00EDcola libre cambi\u00F3 el panorama italiano y, por el siglo I a.C., las enormes haciendas dedicadas al cultivo de la vid, de los cereales y de la oliva, propiedad de grandes terratenientes, hab\u00EDan estrangulado a los peque\u00F1os agricultores, que no pudieron igualar el precio del grano importado. La anexi\u00F3n de Egipto, Sicilia y Cartago (actual T\u00FAnez) proporcion\u00F3 un suministro continuo de cereales. A su vez, el aceite de oliva y el vino fueron las principales exportaciones de Italia. Ya por entonces se practicaba la rotaci\u00F3n de dos hojas, pero la productividad agr\u00EDcola en general fue baja"@es ,
"Economia do Imp\u00E9rio Romano, conceitualmente, abrange o per\u00EDodo que transcorre entre o reinado de Augusto (r. 27 a.C.\u201314 d.C.) e 476, ano da dissolu\u00E7\u00E3o do Imp\u00E9rio Romano do Ocidente. Estudos mais recentes conduziram a uma reavalia\u00E7\u00E3o positivo da dimens\u00E3o e sofistica\u00E7\u00E3o da economia romana. Moses Finley foi o principal proponente da perspetiva primitivista segunda a qual a economia romana era \"subdesenvolvida e ineficiente\", caraterizada por agricultura de subsist\u00EAncia, centros urbanos que consumiam mais do que produziam em termos de com\u00E9rcio e ind\u00FAstria, artes\u00E3os de baixo estatuto social, desenvolvimento tecnol\u00F3gico lento e uma \"falta de racionalidade econ\u00F3mica\". As perspetivas atuais s\u00E3o mais complexas. As conquistas territoriais possibilitaram uma reorganiza\u00E7\u00E3o em larga escala do uso da t"@pt ,
"\u0415\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443 \u2014 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043D, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0437 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E. \u0412\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0456, \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0441\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0439 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u043C\u0456\u0440\u0456 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043B\u044F, \u0444\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0438, \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043E."@uk ,
"\u042D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430 - \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F, \u0444\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044B, \u0434\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u043E\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0441\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E."@ru ,
"L\u2019\u00E9conomie sous la Rome antique s'est fortement d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e \u00E0 partir du IIe si\u00E8cle av. J.-C. en m\u00EAme temps que l'expansion territoriale. Cette croissance est due \u00E0 plusieurs facteurs : d'une part la ma\u00EEtrise d'un certain nombre de techniques et d'autre part les butins de guerre, les recettes d'imposition, et la main d'\u0153uvre gratuite que constituent les esclaves. Rome a contr\u00F4l\u00E9 de vastes territoires naturels et de grandes ressources humaines sa puissance \u00E9conomique venait principalement du commerce et de l'agriculture. L'effondrement du syst\u00E8me financier est une des raisons estim\u00E9es du d\u00E9clin de l'Empire romain d'Occident."@fr ;
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Roman_currency ,
dbr:Roman_roads ,
dbr:Roman_Britain ,
dbr:Mining ,
dbr:Roman_commerce ;
foaf:depiction ,
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@prefix dcterms: .
@prefix dbc: .
dbr:Roman_economy dcterms:subject dbc:Economies_by_culture ,
dbc:Economy_of_ancient_Rome ;
dbo:abstract "L'economia romana ovvero della civilt\u00E0 romana si basava principalmente sul settore agricolo e del commercio, e in misura minore su quello dei servizi (societ\u00E0 pre-industriale). L'agricoltura in particolare era il settore trainante dell'intera economia del mondo romano, con la conseguente necessit\u00E0 di costruire strumenti e macchinari adatti. Secondo alcune stime, durante l'et\u00E0 imperiale il 30-40% della popolazione era impiegata in questo settore. Certamente un requisito importante e necessario per avere un'economia stabile o crescente fu la pace (pax romana) in molte zone dell'Impero. L'introduzione del libero commercio agricolo modific\u00F2 radicalmente il sistema economico italico: a partire dal I secolo a.C. le grandi propriet\u00E0 terriere dedicate alla coltivazione della vite, dei cereali e dell'ulivo, avevano completamente \"strangolato\" i piccoli agricoltori, che non potevano competere con il prezzo del grano importato. L'annessione infatti di Sicilia (241 a.C.), Cartagine (146 a.C.) e Egitto (30 a.C.), port\u00F2 l'Italia romana a rifornirsi sempre pi\u00F9 di cereali dalle province. A sua volta, l'olio d'oliva e il vino divennero i principali prodotti esportati dall'Italia. Sebbene si praticasse le rotazione delle colture, nel complesso la produttivit\u00E0 agricola rimaneva molto bassa, stimata a 1 tonnellata circa per ettaro. Roma privilegi\u00F2 l'espansione territoriale, e quindi l'agricoltura, fin dall'origine. Si possono distinguere due fasi evolutive: all'inizio prevalevano i piccoli e medi proprietari terrieri, che costituivano anche il nerbo dell'esercito; successivamente prevalse il latifondo con agricoltori professionisti che non potevano dedicarsi anche alla guerra, delegata quindi a figure specifiche dette \"mercenari\". Il cambiamento fu indotto dalla crisi economica successiva alla seconda guerra punica, che rovin\u00F2 molti proprietari terrieri; ne seguirono anche la crisi della repubblica e, dopo lotte interne durate due secoli, la nascita dell'impero. Il latifondo dette gradualmente vita all'\u00ABeconomia delle ville romane\u00BB, centri di produzione agricola sempre pi\u00F9 ampi e sontuosi. La spesa pubblica era concentrata soprattutto sull'esercito e sulla costruzione di grandi opere pubbliche."@it ,
"Economia do Imp\u00E9rio Romano, conceitualmente, abrange o per\u00EDodo que transcorre entre o reinado de Augusto (r. 27 a.C.\u201314 d.C.) e 476, ano da dissolu\u00E7\u00E3o do Imp\u00E9rio Romano do Ocidente. Estudos mais recentes conduziram a uma reavalia\u00E7\u00E3o positivo da dimens\u00E3o e sofistica\u00E7\u00E3o da economia romana. Moses Finley foi o principal proponente da perspetiva primitivista segunda a qual a economia romana era \"subdesenvolvida e ineficiente\", caraterizada por agricultura de subsist\u00EAncia, centros urbanos que consumiam mais do que produziam em termos de com\u00E9rcio e ind\u00FAstria, artes\u00E3os de baixo estatuto social, desenvolvimento tecnol\u00F3gico lento e uma \"falta de racionalidade econ\u00F3mica\". As perspetivas atuais s\u00E3o mais complexas. As conquistas territoriais possibilitaram uma reorganiza\u00E7\u00E3o em larga escala do uso da terra, que resultou em excedentes agr\u00EDcolas e especializa\u00E7\u00E3o, particularmente no Norte de \u00C1frica. Algumas cidades eram conhecidas por certas ind\u00FAstrias ou atividades comerciais e a escala das edifica\u00E7\u00F5es nas \u00E1reas urbanas denota uma ind\u00FAstria de constru\u00E7\u00E3o significativa. M\u00E9todos contabil\u00EDsticos complexos que foram preservados em papiros sugerem elementos de racionalismo econ\u00F3mico numa economia muito monetizada. Apesar dos meios de comunica\u00E7\u00E3o e de transporte serem limitados na Antiguidade, os transportes tiveram grande expans\u00E3o nos s\u00E9culos I e II d.C., e as economias regionais foram ligadas por rotas comerciais. Os contratos de fornecimento do ex\u00E9rcito, existiram em todas as partes do imp\u00E9rio e eram estabelecidos tanto com fornecedores locais das proximidades das bases (castros), como com fornecedores que operavam \u00E0 escala provincial ou mesmo em mais do que uma prov\u00EDncia. O imp\u00E9rio pode ser visto como uma rede de economias regionais baseadas numa forma de \"capitalismo pol\u00EDtico\" no qual o estado monitorizava e regulava o com\u00E9rcio para assegurar as suas pr\u00F3prias receitas. O crescimento econ\u00F3mico, embora n\u00E3o seja compar\u00E1vel ao das economias modernas, era maior do que a maior parte das sociedades anteriores \u00E0 industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o. Em termos sociais, o dinamismo econ\u00F3mico foi um dos vetores da mobilidade social no Imp\u00E9rio Romano. A ascens\u00E3o social n\u00E3o estava dependente apenas do nascimento, patroc\u00EDnio, sorte ou at\u00E9 capacidades extraordin\u00E1rias. Em contrapartida, embora valores aristocr\u00E1ticos sustentassem uma sociedade elitista tradicional, havia uma forte tend\u00EAncia para a plutocracia, como se constata pelo facto de nos censos as classes sociais serem determinadas pelo n\u00EDvel de riqueza. O prest\u00EDgio social podia ser obtido atrav\u00E9s do investimento da riqueza pessoal de forma a que esta fosse publicitada de forma apropriada: extensas propriedades rurais ou casas citadinas, objetos de luxo dur\u00E1veis como joias e prataria, espet\u00E1culos p\u00FAblicos, monumentos funer\u00E1rios para membros da fam\u00EDlia e empregados e dedicat\u00F3rias religiosas como altares. Associa\u00E7\u00F5es profissionais (collegia) e corpora\u00E7\u00F5es (corpora) apoiavam o \u00EAxito dos seus membros atrav\u00E9s de contactos e da partilha de pr\u00E1ticas de neg\u00F3cio."@pt ,
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,
"\u0415\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443 \u2014 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043D, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0437 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E. \u0412\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0456, \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0441\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0439 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u043C\u0456\u0440\u0456 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043B\u044F, \u0444\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0438, \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043E."@uk ,
"Pada zaman Republik Romawi, ekonomi Romawi kebanyakan adalah pertanian, terpusat pada perdagangan komoditas seperti bahan pokok dan wine. Pasar-pasar finansial menghimpun perdagangan semacam itu, dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan dihimpun untuk pemakaian pribadi dan infrastruktur umum, utamanya didirikan melalui kekayaan antar-keluarga."@in ,
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"L\u2019\u00E9conomie sous la Rome antique s'est fortement d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e \u00E0 partir du IIe si\u00E8cle av. J.-C. en m\u00EAme temps que l'expansion territoriale. Cette croissance est due \u00E0 plusieurs facteurs : d'une part la ma\u00EEtrise d'un certain nombre de techniques et d'autre part les butins de guerre, les recettes d'imposition, et la main d'\u0153uvre gratuite que constituent les esclaves. Rome a contr\u00F4l\u00E9 de vastes territoires naturels et de grandes ressources humaines sa puissance \u00E9conomique venait principalement du commerce et de l'agriculture. L'effondrement du syst\u00E8me financier est une des raisons estim\u00E9es du d\u00E9clin de l'Empire romain d'Occident."@fr ,
"La Rep\u00FAblica de Roma dominaba una vasta extensi\u00F3n de tierra con enormes recursos naturales y humanos. Como tal, la econom\u00EDa en la antigua Roma se mantuvo concentrada en la agricultura y el comercio. El comercio agr\u00EDcola libre cambi\u00F3 el panorama italiano y, por el siglo I a.C., las enormes haciendas dedicadas al cultivo de la vid, de los cereales y de la oliva, propiedad de grandes terratenientes, hab\u00EDan estrangulado a los peque\u00F1os agricultores, que no pudieron igualar el precio del grano importado. La anexi\u00F3n de Egipto, Sicilia y Cartago (actual T\u00FAnez) proporcion\u00F3 un suministro continuo de cereales. A su vez, el aceite de oliva y el vino fueron las principales exportaciones de Italia. Ya por entonces se practicaba la rotaci\u00F3n de dos hojas, pero la productividad agr\u00EDcola en general fue baja: alrededor de 1 tonelada por hect\u00E1rea."@es ,
"Die Wirtschaft im R\u00F6mischen Reich beruhte haupts\u00E4chlich auf Landwirtschaft und Handel, in geringen Teilen auch auf Handwerk und Dienstleistungen. Vor allem in der Landwirtschaft wurde sehr arbeitsintensiv und meist ohne nennenswerten Gebrauch von Hilfsmitteln oder Maschinen produziert. Nach neueren Sch\u00E4tzungen arbeiteten w\u00E4hrend der Kaiserzeit 30 bis 40 Prozent aller Erwerbst\u00E4tigen in diesem Sektor der Wirtschaft. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung, die eine relativ stabile Wirtschaft erm\u00F6glichte, war Frieden (pax Romana) in vielen Gebieten des Reiches."@de ,
"L'economia de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0 es fonamentava en una societat agr\u00EDcola i esclavista. La majoria dels habitants vivien al camp, on conreaven la terra i tenien cura del bestiar. L'economia estava basada en el sistema de producci\u00F3 que es nodria de l'activitat dels esclaus adquirits, en gran part, entre els presoners de guerra, i que generaven un comer\u00E7 molt din\u00E0mic en mercats als quals acudien els traficants."@ca ,
"The study of the Roman economy, which is, the economies of the ancient city-state of Rome and its empire during the Republican and Imperial periods remains highly speculative. There are no surviving records of business and government accounts, such as detailed reports of tax revenues, and few literary sources regarding economic activity. Instead, the study of this ancient economy is today mainly based on the surviving archeological and literary evidence that allow researchers to form conjectures based on comparisons with other more recent pre-industrial economies. During the early centuries of the Roman Republic, it is conjectured that the economy was largely agrarian and centered on the trading of commodities such as grain and wine. Financial markets were established through such trade, and financial institutions, which extended credit for personal use and public infrastructure, were established primarily by interfamily wealth. In times of agricultural and cash shortfall, Roman officials and moneyers tended to respond by coining money, which happened during the prolonged crisis of the First Punic War and created economic distortion and difficulties. Following the Punic Wars, during the late Republic and the early Roman Empire, the economy became more monetized and a more sophisticated financial system emerged. Emperors issued coinage stamped with their portraits to disseminate propaganda, to create public goodwill, and to symbolize their wealth and power. The Roman Imperial monetary economy often suffered bouts of inflation in part by emperors who issued money to fund high-profile imperial projects such as public building works or costly wars that offered opportunities for propaganda but little or no material gain. Emperors of the Antonine and the Severan dynasties overall debased the currency, particularly the denarius, under the pressures of meeting military payrolls. Sudden inflation during the reign of Commodus damaged the credit market. In the mid-200s, the supply of specie contracted sharply. Conditions during the Crisis of the Third Century, such as reductions in long-distance trade, the disruption of mining operations, and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies, greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector by the year 300. Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or fiduciary currency, general economic anxieties came to a head under Aurelian, and bankers lost confidence in coins legitimately issued by the central government. Despite Diocletian's introduction of the gold solidus and monetary reforms, the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness."@en ;
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