%0 Journal Article
%A Haak, Wolfgang
%A Lazaridis, Iosif
%A Patterson, Nick
%A Rohland, Nadin
%A Mallick, Swapan
%A Llamas, Bastien
%A Brandt, Guido
%A Nordenfelt, Susanne
%A Harney, Eadaoin
%A Stewardson, Kristin
%A Fu, Qiaomei
%A Mittnik, Alissa
%A Bánffy, Eszter
%A Economou, Christos
%A Francken, Michael
%A Friederich, Susanne
%A Pena, Rafael Garrido
%A Hallgren, Fredrik
%A Khartanovich, Valery
%A Khokhlov, Aleksandr
%A Kunst, Michael
%A Kuznetsov, Pavel
%A Meller, Harald
%A Mochalov, Oleg
%A Moiseyev, Vayacheslav
%A Nicklisch, Nicole
%A Pichler, Sandra L.
%A Risch, Roberto
%A Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.
%A Roth, Christina
%A Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna
%A Wahl, Joachim
%A Meyer, Matthias
%A Krause, Johannes
%A Brown, Dorcas
%A Anthony, David
%A Cooper, Alan
%A Alt, Kurt Werner
%A Reich, David
%T Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
%D 2015
%R 10.1101/013433
%J bioRxiv
%P 013433
%X We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies1–⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓8 and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6. By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin9 of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
%U https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/02/10/013433.full.pdf
