Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http: //books .google .com/I
o cT
"Jn
cf r^^v^s.'% '^^^' '"'"'T!: \
•^r
.il:^.> /
AI^NUAL REPORT
UPON THK
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE
ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN, IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA,
UTAH, ARIZONA, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO,
WYOMING, AND MONTANA,
BY
OEORGE M. WHEELER,
FIBST LIEUTENANT OF ENGU^ERS, U. Q. A. ;
BEIKG
APPENDIX FF
OF THK
ANNUAL llEPOUT OP THE CHIEF OP ENGINEERS FGli 1874.
-« m
4 * ^ 9*9
WASHINGTON:
OClVEUNMENT PRINTINa OFFICE.
1874.
^ ^ w r
210623
*«•»• '•••♦» '■'■' .v". «-
• » •
' .••
- - J
[EXTRACT FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF 01^ JENGINEERS TO
THE SECRETARY OF WAR.]
Office of the Chief of ENaiNEE]?s, .-
Washington^ D. C, October 20J 1§.7^
GtEOaRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE
HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH, ARIZONA,
COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, WYOMING, AND MONTANA.
[Annual Report of jpjeut. Wheeler, 1874.]
ERRATA.
Pace 116 second paragraph, for Palaeosyopsos, read PalaeosyopB.
Sfem^enth^arigrU, ^^^,^^^^-'^0 ""*
Pale 118 third paragraph, for °».010, read M.OIO.
lated and made available to the Government and the public.
By experience and improvements in methods and instruments, the
value of the results is annually enhanced and the cost of the work am-
ply repaid.
Final results in the astronomical and other branches of the work have
appeared, and additional will be ready for the press and engravers
before the close of the present year.
The expedition for the present field-season is well organized and
equipped, and the officer in charge is sanguine of most satisfactory re-
sults. The field of operations lies in southern and southwestern Colo-
rado, northern and northwestern New Mexico, and northwestern Ari-
h
^ ^ w r
I
/
• o
• ■*
« •
*
' • -
-6 * ;
•v.-
• • •.
• <■
[EXTRACT FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF 01^ JENGINEERS TO
the secretary of war.] "i ./
Office of the Chief of Engineers, .
Washington^ D. C, October 20; l^fi,
••• •
OEOaRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE»\-;;<
HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH, ARIZONA,".'
COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, WYOMING, AND MONTANA.
Officer in charge. First Lieut. George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engi-
neers, having under his orders First Lieuts. E. L. Hoxie, W. L. Mar-
shall, S. E. Tillman, and P. M. Price, Corps of Engineers, Second Lieut.
A. H. Russell, Third United States Cavalry, and, during portion of the
field-season, Lieuts. H. R. Brinkerhoff and Li, H. Walker, b^ifteenth
United States Infantry, as escort officers, Acting Assistant Surgeons J.T.
Rothrock, H. C. Yarrow, and C. G. Newberry, United States Army, who,
in addition to their professional duties, were engaged in botanical, or-
nithological, and natural-history labors.
Active tield-operations were in progress at the commencement of the
fiscal year, the three main divisions of the expedition having departed
from their rendezvous at Salt Lake City, Utah, Denver, Colorado, and .
Santa F6, New Mexico, moving south into Arizona, connecting with
work of former years, covering during the season an area of about
75,000 square miles, and disbanding at the close of the field-season in
November and December.
Following the disbanding a sufficient number of the members to pre-
pare the matured results returned to Washington, where they were en-
gaged during the winter months, and where a small force of draughts-
men and computers are continuously engaged in elaborating the material
gathered in the field.
In addition to topographical work proper the survey combines the
establishment of numerous points astronomically; (an important feature
in relation to many public and private interests ;) observations in mete-
orology and hypsometry ; investigations in geology, mineralogy, and
natural history; and the gathering of many other tacts upon subjects
bearing upon the industries and resources of the regions traversed. A
mass of useful information and results is thus constantly being accumu-
lated and made available to the Government and the public.
By experience and improvements in methods and instruments, the
value of the results is annually enhanced and the cost of the work am-
ply repaid.
Final results in the astronomical and other branches of the work have
ai)peared, and additional will be ready for the press and engravers
before the close of the present year.
The expedition for the present field-season is well organized and
equipped, and the officer in charge is sanguine of most satisfactory re-
sults. The field of operations lies in southern and southwestern Colo-
rado, northern and northwestern New Mexico, and northwestern Ari-
zona. Several primary astronomical stations will be determined in
addition to a«trojipiSd^cal observations in the field, and the astronomical
observatory at.Qgdien, Utah, will be well advanced toward completion.
Lieutenant Wfeeler submits estimates —
For coDtiDuii}^*tpi9 exploration. » $95,000
For eugrayiji§*xind printing the plates and atlas-sheets accompanying the re-
ports ,of tlf» geographical explorations and surveys west of the 100th meri-
dian./,, 25,000
BUs.anbual report and estimates are appended*
.(^>e; Appendix FF 1 and FF 2.)
.\ jijBlitenant Wheeler has also submitted a report of Prof. B. D. Cope,
• .paleontologist, from bis camp, on Galinas Creek, in the Bio Grande
.•, **Jbasiu, including a description of new sx)ecies of vertebrate fossils, and
-/".'•.of an extensive series of deposits of the Eocene age, indicating the
••.;^ * existence, in earlier geological time, of an extensive lake of fresh water
in that part of New Mexico.
The collections made and to be made by this special party are likely
to prove of unusual interest.
(See Appendix FF 3.)
# - * * * * * #
REPORT.
APPENDIX FF.
ANNUAL REPORT OF LIEUTENANT GEORGE M. WHEELER,
CORPS OF ENGINEERS, FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING
JUNE 30, 1874,
aEOaRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUN-
DREDTH MERIDIAN, IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH, ARIZONA, COLO-
RADO, NEW MEXICO, WYOMING, AND MONTANA.
Semon^s operations^
United States Engineer Office,
geoaraphical explorations and surveys
West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
Washington^ D. (7., June 30, 1874.
General: I have the honor to submit the following annual report
upon geographical explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth
meridian, in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico,
Wyoming, and Montana for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874.
Toward the close of the last fiscal year, the expedition of 1873 had
taken the field in three separate divisions from Salt Lake City, Utah,
Denver, Col., and Santa F4, N. Mex.
The Salt Lake division, under Lieut. E. L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineiers,
crossed the Colorado River near the mouth of Paria Creek, emerging
upon, the mesa to the southward, in the vicinity of El Vado de los
Padres; from thence making its way to the southward, joined the south-
ern or main division, operating in the territory in New Mexico and Ari-
zona but little known, lying between the thirty-fifth and the thirty-sec-
ond parallel after it had completed the duties assigned to it in atlas
rectangles 50 and 59.
Each division was accompanied by a small escort. These escorts
were (with the exception of one corporal and six men, with Lieutenant
Hoxie, detailed from the military department of the Platte, General B.
O. C. Ord commanding) drawn from the military department of the Mis-
souri, General John Pope commanding, the larger portion Of the latter
having been detailed from the military district of Kevv Mexico, Col. J.
Irwin Gregg commanding. These escorts were distributed among the
several working field-parties, and were in numbers sufficient only for the
protection of the lives of the members of the expedition and for guarding
the public property. The necessary number of guides, packers, herders,
laborers, &c., accompanied the expedition.
The Denver division, or Colorado party, under Lieut. W. L. Marshall,
Corps of Engineers, was occupied for the entire season in Colorado, and
completed most successfully the duties assigned to it in that field.
Executive reports submitted by Lieutenants Hoxie and Marshall are
herewith.
Report of Lieut. R, L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers.
United States Engineer Office,
geoaraphioal explorations and surveys
West of One Hundredth Meridian,
Washington, D. C, January 1, 1874.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following executive report of
operations under my charge during the field season of 1873 :
The party to which I was assigned as executive officer in charge was
organized at Salt Lake City, Utah, and consisted of Gilbert Thompson,
topographer; Edwin E. Howell, geologist; William Somers, meteorol-
ogist; Alexander Brown, odometer recorder; one (^ook, one cargadore,
and four packers, with an escort of one sergeant and five privates from
the military Post of Beaver, Utah.
The party left Salt Lake City on May 30th, and operated, until Septem-
ber 7th, east of the Wahsatch Mountains, in Castle Valley, working its
way southward to the Colorado Kiver, over the western part of Castle
Valley, the portion of country required to complete atlas sheets Nos. 50,
59, and 67, at that time prepajing for publication.
On the 7th of September we crossed the Colorado River and proceeded
by way of Oraybe and the Moquis Pueblos to Fort Wingate, N. Mex.,
whence, after refitting, we proceeded southward, co-operating with the
other parties in New Mexico and Arizona Territories, and, returning
at the close of the season, disbanded at Fort Wingate on the 25th of No-
vember.
During the three months' operations in Utah about fifteen hundred
topographical and triangulation stations were occupied, and one thou-
sand and twenty-five miles uf meander lines measured, besides which
numerous detours were made for the ascent of prominent points as tri-
angulation stations. The latitude and departure of camp was computed
each night, the meander lines of the day plotted, and the principal topo-
graphical features drawn upon the field-map. Sextant observations for
latitude upon north and south stars, and otfservations on Polaris for
magnetic declination, were taken at each camp. The meridian of Prove
was connected with that of the observatory at Salt Lake City, time-sig-
nals having been sent over the wires of the Deseret Company, freely
tendered to the expedition by the courteous action of D. Milton Musser,
superintendent.
The cistern and aneroid barometers, with the psychrometer, were read
at reguhir intervals in camp and at all points that would serve to indi-
cate the relief of the country.
About si^ thousand square miles of a very difficult mountain and
canon country was mapped here.
The accuracy of the work depends upon the triangulation and the
latitude-checks. The former was entirely upon natural objects, the
])eaks of the Wahsatch range, the Henry Mountains, Navajo, and prom-
inent mesas, and made with the gradienta by Mr. Thompson, wlio has
shown more than ordinary skill and energy in performing rapid and
accurate work. We derived much assistance from Mr. Howell, whose
investigations in geology were necessarily carried on in intimate con-
nection with the topography.
The sextant observations were made entirely by myself, and the aver-
age probable error of the results is about ten seconds of arc.
More time was taken in this part of our field of operations than
allowed by your instructions, but this was necessitated by the obstacles
encountere(l. In the month of June we found the high passes of the
Wahsatch Kange blockaded with snow and mud, and the streams on
the eastern slope were swift, cold, and deep, causing serious detentions.
Later in the season we had worked our way southward into the caiion
country, in which progress was necessarily slow, and a scarcity of grass
and water added to the difficulty of traversing the country. At this
time two of my packers deserted with thirty-two mules, and caused a
further delay of about twenty days. The time was usefully employed,
however. The full working force kept the field as usual, and although
I had not intended to give the time here, the work done in consequence
could not well have been dispensed with. The recovery of the mules,
with the men who ran them off, cost me a chase of four hundred miles,
the return being accomplished in two hundred more, over the wildest
part of a difficult country.
We encountered considerable hardship during this part of our season's
work, being frequently without good water, and sometimes without any.
At one time we subsisted for seven days upon hard corn, brought along
for the mules, and taken from them when they could ill spare it.
It was not possible to sacrifice close work to the pressure of time, as
the devious track which covered so much ground was forced upon us by
the difficult nature of the country.
A portion of the results of this part of the season's work are already
j)ublished in Atlas sheets Nos. 50 and 59, and Mr. Howell will report
upon the geology and mineralogy of the country so far as observed by
him.
From the crossing of the Colorado to Fort Wingate, the most direct
route was taken and no attempt was made to map the country through
which we passed. The trail was carefully meandered, however, the to-
pography adjacent sketched in, and frequent bearings taken as checks
upon i)rominent points, with the usual latitude-checks for the camps
and the observations with cistern barometer, aneroid, and psychrometer.
The primiary object here was celerity of motion, the survey recom-
mencing at Fort Wingate. The length of measured meander line was
about two hundred miles*
Soon after leaving Fort Wingate Mr. Thompson was detached by
your order, with a small party, to carry a system of triangles over the
ground covered by my own and the other parties then operating together
iu New Mexico. This work was successfully accomplished. Base lines
were measured at Fort Tulerosa and Fort Bayard, and others located to
be measured next season.
The work of my own party in this section of the country was con-
ducted in the same manner as in Castle Valley during the earlier part of
the season ; but, having much more favorable conditions, better results
were obtained.
About five thousand square miles were covered along the Atlantic
and Pacific divide, in the section of country embraced in Atlas sbeets
Nos. 76, 83, 77, and 84.
This has been mapped and is ready to be transferred to the Atlas
sheets.
Detailed reports of the geology and mineralogy of the region trav-
ersed will be submitted bv Mr. Howell and Dr. Oscar Loew.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
E. L. HoxiE,
Lieut of Engineers^ U. S* A,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheelbb,
Corps of Engineers^ XI, 8. A,
Report of Lieut W. L. Ma/rshall^ Corps of Engineers.
United States ENamEER Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
Washington, D. C, June 30, 1874,
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following executive report of the
operations of the Colorado party of the expedition for explorations and
surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, during the field season of
1873.
In accordance with the annual project, approved by the Secretary of
War and Chief of Engineers, and pursuant to instructions from you, I
organized the party at Denver, Colo., about June 1, 1873. Its personnel
was as follows: First Lieut. W. L. Marshall, United States Engineers,
executive officer and astronomer ; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, acting assistant
surgeon, United States Army, surgeon and naturalist ; Prof. J. J. Ste-
venson, geologist; J. J. Young, topographer; Edgar Schroeder, assist
ant topographer ; Prof. John Wolf, collector in botany ; Bernard Gilpin,
meteorologist, and a small escort of enlisted men from the Fifth In-
fantry. Including packers and employes the party numbered forty-two
men. Later in the season we were joined by Mr. Louis Nell, chief of
triangulation. Pending the organization of the main party, on the 8th
day of June a small topographical party was sent out to define the bases
of the mountains, or "hogsbacks," from the mouth of the Platte Canon
to Golden City, with orders to join the main party at Georgetown, Colo.,
on the 16th.
On the 17th of June, having received at Georgetown the necessary
supplies, I sent the main party, under Dr. Eothrock, to encamp near
Fair Play, in South Park, to allow the collectors in natural history an
opportunity to make full collections in the several branches in that
vicinity, and to establish a meteorological station at the. permanent
camp. My small party retraced their course to Idaho brings, visited
the mines at Central City and Black Hawk ; thence, by way of Chicago
Lake and Mount Evans, to Georgetown, making the necessary topograx^h-
ical stations. On June 22 the Atlantic and Pacific divide was crossed
8
at the Argentine Pass, and from this date to July 4 the party worked
about the heads of the Blue and Platte Elvers, in the cross range be-
tween Middle and South Parks, and in the Blue River range, making
the ascent of Lincoln Peak and such other stations as were necessary
to give a knowledge of the topography of this region.
Leaving the collecting party at Fair Play with orders to move camp to
Tw in Lakes, on the west side of the Upper Arkansas River, by August
1, the field party proceeded to survey the mountain-ridges bounding
South Park, examined the country about the heads of the Noi^th Pork
of the South Platte ; the Kenosha range from Mount Evans to the
Platte and Arkansas divide ; this divide from the southeastern limit of
South Park to the head of the South Fork of the South Platte River,
meandering en route the principal roads and streams, and making the
necessary stations upon mountain-peaks to check by triangulation the
principal points of the survey. Wet Mountain Valley was visited, and
the Arkansas River traced from near Ci^pon City to Granite 0. H., at
which place we arrived August 1, 1873.
During this interval, July 5 to August 1, Mr. Schroeder was femployed
with a small topographical party in collecting topographical data and
in meandering roads and streams in South Park not traced upon the
plats of the General Land-Office, and not visited by my own party.
From the non-arrival of supplies forwarded by the Quartermaster's
Department from Cheyenne, a delay of several days was necessitated,
which interval was spent in the immediate vicinity of Twin Lakes in
collecting topographical details. A base was meastired and an accurate
trigonometric survey of the lakes made, and the topographical features
relatively located from it. Two lines of soundings across either lake
were made at the request of Prof. Stevenson.
On the 6th of August, having purchased the necessary supplies, the
geologist and topographer were sent to vjsit the mines at Oro City,
Colo., and McNutty gulches, and Homestrike Mountain, and to exam-
ine the country about Ten-Mile Creek, one of the tributaries of the
Blue River; the western slope of the Blue River range; to meander
Eagle River and it« main branches, and to define the northern limit of
the main or Saguacbe range west of the Arkansas River.
This party having accomplished its object, returned to the permanent
camp at Twin Lakes on August 18. On the following day, still leaving
the collecting party at Twin Lakes with facilities to extend the field of
their investigation wheresoever, they pleased, two topographical parties
were dispatched — Mr. Schroeder, assistant topographer, to collect topo-
graphical data and meander the streams flowing into the Arkansas
north of Lake Creek 5 to fix the water-shed and locate the heads of the
middle branch of the Roaring Fork of the Grand River ; while my own
party crossed the divide at the head of Lake Creek, and from, August 19th
to September 3rd were engaged about the heads of the Gunnison River,
and the southern tributaries of the Roaring Fork of the Grand River
stations were ma<le upon prominent peaks in the Elk Mountains, and
also in the Saguache range at the ueads of Chalk and Cottonwood
Creeks, and the canon of Taylor River traced to the junction of this
stream with East River.
On the 3d of September the party was joined by Mr. Nell, chief of
triangulation, from Fort Wingate, N. M.
On September 6th, he was sent with orders to make triangulation-
stations near the junction of the Eagle and Grand, at the northern ex-
tremity of the Saguache range, in the Blue River range, upon Gray's
Peak and Mount Evans, connecting the former with the astronomical
9
poiut at Georgetown ; thence to proceed'by the shortest road to Pikers
Peak, which \>o\nt had been located from a base measured near the
astronomical station at Colorado Springs by Dr Kampf, making sec-
ondary stations en route ; then<?e via the southern rim of South Park
and the Platte and Arkansas divide to South Arkansas Greek, and
thence to Fort Garland, making the necessary stations to give a con-
nected system of triangles from the northern to the southern limit of
our survey,' trora which points those occupied by Messrs. Young and
Schroedttr could be fixed. These orders were carried out by Mr, Nell,
exrept that he was prevented by snow from actually occupying one of
tbr innin stations near the head of the South Arkansas, suggested to
hinu This point, though quite accurately fixed in longitude and latitude,
must be occupied the coming season.
From September 5 to October 10 two parties were continuously em-
ployed in completing the survey of the drainage-areas of the upper
Arkansas, and that part of^the area drained by the Gunnison River
which lies east of the one hundred and seventh meridian. From the
10th of October to November 4 a line-survey was run up the valley of
the Rio Grande River to the San Juan mining district, but snow, which
fell to the depth of 13 inches on the 15th, 16th, and 17th of October, pre-
vented any further work in this region at high altitudes and effectually
prevented any main stations on mountain-peaks. The Las Animas River
was beagled, and a line run down this stream connecting with Mr. Nell's
trail from Port Wingate, thence via the Pagosa Hot Springs, Tierra
Amarilla, and the head of the east branch of the Ghama, and the San
Antonio River to Fort Garland.
The streams tributary to the Rio Grande from the west and its main
South Fork had meanwhile been meandered by a small party. The
Sangre de Ohristo range south of Fort Garland as far as the New Mex-
ican line was also surveyed by Mr. Young. The interval from Novem-
ber 4 to November 14 was employed by Mr. Nell in measuring a base
near Fort Garland and expanding it to his triangulationstations.
A small party under the direction of Dr. Rothrock was dispatched on
November 9 to Denver via Wet Mountain Valley, the Hardscrable Mines
at Rosita, the Coal Mines at Canon City, Colorado Springs, and mouth
of Platte Canon, to deOne the limits of the foot-hills and meander cer-
tain roads and streams. Tiiis party arrived at Denver December 4th,
1873. The measurement of the base and the local triangulation about
Fort Garland having been completed, the escort returned to its station
and the supernumerary employes were discharged. My party left Fort
Garland November 14, and proceeded, via the Aheyta Pass, to the east
of the Sangre de Cristo range, headed the Cucharas, the Apishpa, the
Purgatoire, and the North Fork of the Canadian River, made a triangu-
lation station upon the Greenhorn Mountain; then proceeded via Mace's
Hole, Red Creek, Canon City, Oil Creek, the Caiion of tht^ South
Platte, North Fork of the South Platte, aud Turkey Creek, to Denver,
making the necessar;v topographical stations, en route, and, with tiie lines
already run by Messrs. Nell and Young, completing the survey of the
foot hills. On the 10th day of December the parties were disbanded at
Denver, Colorado.
METHODS OF SURVEY.
The two peaks, Gray^s and Pike's, were located from the astronomical
stations at Georgetown and Colorado Springs, C. T., and the computed
length and azimuth of the line connecting them were used as a base for
oor triangulation.
10
Daring the season thirty-six peaks, over 13,000 feet in height, were
occupied, and many others of less altitude, which were fixed by triangu-
lation processes. At the main points, the angles, repeated, were read
from an instrument made by Staekpole, 8'' circle, graduated to read by
vernier to lO'' of arc. At other important points a gradieuta was em-
ployed. In addition to the mountain-work, nearly five thousand miles
of roads and streams were meandered ; the angles being read from a
Casella theodolite and the distances measured by an odomefer, checked
by angles to fixed points, and by sextant observations made by myself
for latitude. The area covered is nearly twenty-one thousand square
miles.
METEOROLOGY AND HYPSOMETRY.
At all camps cistern- barometer readings were taken tri-daily when
the camps were for an entire day or more, and at 7 a. m. and 9 p. m.
when en route. «
The Altitudes of mountain stations were determined by cistern-barom-
eter observations, referred either to our main camps or to the astronom-
ical hourly stations, and by vertical angles from barometric and trigo-
nometric bases.
At topographical stations along roads and streams aneroid readings
were taken. The profiles of nineteen passes, eleven over the Atlantic
and Pacific divide, and eight over subordinate ranges, \yere taken, and
the slopes of many beds of streams near their heads determined,
GEOLOGY.
Prof. J. J. Stevenson, of New York, accompanied the party as geolo-
gist, and his report, already submitted, ajbtests the ability and zeal with
which he worked in spite of the necessarily limited facilities that could
be afforded.
NATURAL HISTORY.
Dr. J. T. Eothrock and assistant John Wolfe were offered every facil-
ity and aid in my power in making collections in natural history, and
the results, especially in botany, have probably never been equaled by
any exploring or surveying expedition to the West. Nearly 12,000
specimens of plants from over 1,100 different species, and large collec-
, tions in other branches of natural history, were gathered by these gen-
tlemen, and are now being worked up.
To these and the other gentlemen of the party, for their efficient aid
and exertions during the field-season, I desire to return my thanks.
Eespectfully submitted.
W. L. Marshall,
First Lieutenant of Engineers,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers^ in charge.
The division moving out from Santa F6 accomplished during the sea-
son, with the assistance of the Salt Lake division, the survey of 11,000
square miles in the Territory of New Mexico, and 17,600 in Arizona, in
a region possessed of remarkably interesting topographical features.
The total area surveyed during the entire season was, approximately,
72,500 square miles. The degree of accuracy of the survey was con-
siderably in advance of that of former years. The connecting station
for astronomical signals of the main parties was at the Mormon observ-
atory, Salt Lake City, until late in September, when it was transferred
11
to the observatory constructed under the auspices of the survey, at
Ogdeu, Utah. Several astronomical parties were remarkably fortunate
in carrying out their observations at all points selected, which were
twelve in number, piaking it notably an astronomical campaign of a
single season, marked by the most successful results. The parties are
again about to take the field to continue their labors in southern an(^
southwesterp Colorado, northern and northwestern IS^ew Mexico, and
northwestern Arizona. The geographical area to be occupied is repre-
sented by Atlas rectangle No. 69, southwestern quarter of No. 61, west-
ern half of No. 70, and portions of No. 08. The equipments and prepa-
rations, notwithstanding the late date of commencing the latter, are
better than ever before, and the addition of a few new members to the
organization has establisheu for each of the parties an e^cient personnel.
The number of applications by young men, graduates of the several
scientific schools of the country, besides gentlemen of professional note,
has been much greater than heretofore, and it is believed will increase
from year to year.
The following officers and civilian assistants have been connected
with the survey during the season or portions thereof: First Lieut. E.
L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers, in charge of main field party No. 2, until
the close of field operations ; since that time in charge of the meteoro-
logical branch of office ; Lieut. Wm. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers,
in charge of main* field party No. 3, and of astronomical work in the
oifice, and since March 24 in charge of topographical branch ; Lieut.
S. E. Tillman, Corps of Engineers, reported for duty upon the survey
on the 29th of August, and from that date until the close of field opera-
tions was in charge of main party No. 1, and of topographical branch
of the office until March 24, when he was relieved and ordered for duty
uiYon the observations for the transit of Venus ; Lieut. Philip M. Price,
Corps of Engineers, reported for duty on the 27th of June, 1874. Sec-
ond Lieut. A. H. Russell, Third United States Cavalry; was connected
with the work during the year until February 4, 1874, as acting assist-
ant quartermaster, assistant commissary subsistence, and ordnance
officer to the expedition. In addition to these duties he was in charge
of a portion of main field party No. 1, during field operations, and after-
ward employed in the settlement of his accounts and reduction of his
topographical work, until relieved. Lieut. H. R. Brinkerhoff, loth
United States Infantry, was detailed as escort officer to the expedition,
in which capacity he served until July 5, 1873, when he was relieved by
Second Lieut. L. H. Walker, Fifteenth United States Infantry, who in
addition had charge of a small party in its operations from Fort Win-
gat^ to Fort Tulerosa, New Mexico, until close of field operations.
Acting Assistant Surgeon J. T. Rothrock, United States Army, was
on duty with the survey during the entire season ; Acting Assistant
Surgeon H. C. Yarrow, United States Army, from January 31, 1874, and
on the 3d of February was assigned to the charge of the natural-history
branch of the survey, in addition to his other duties. Acting Assistant
Surgeon C. G. Newberry, United States Army, reported for duty on the
7th ot May, 1873, in compliance with instructions of the Surgeon Gen-
eral United States Army, and. continued with the work until January
31, 1874, when he was relieved and his contract annulled.
Hospital Steward Theodore V. Brown has been on duty with the survey
during the entire year until May 1st, when he was granted furlough for
three months, with permission to go beyond the sea.*
In the astronomical branch of the survey Civilian Assistants Dr. F.
Kampf, William W. Marryatt, J. H. Clark, Professor S. H. Safford, and
12
Professor H, B. Herr have been engaged — ^Dr. Kampf during the entire
year ; Mr. Marryatt from July 1, 1873, to October 8, 1873, when his
death occurred, at Bozeman, Montana; Mr. Clark from July 1 to April
1, 1874; Professor Safford for seven months; Professor Herr until
August 25, 1873.
Assistants Louis NeU, Gilbert Thompson, J. J. Young, E. J. Sommer,
Max E. Schmidt, E. J. Ainsworth, and, at times, Francis Klett and
Edgar Schrqeder have, under direction of the officers- in charge,
conducted field topographical work, and during the winter hp^ve been
engaged in the reduction of their notes and plottings.
Assistant F. M. Lee has been employed during the entire year in the
reduction of barometrical observations taken by the several parties.
In the reduction and presentation of topography Messrs. Weyss and
Herman have been engaged during the whole jear, and Messrs. Lang,
Philp, and Aquirre a portion thereof.
In the natural history branch Assistants H. W. Henshaw, George M.
Keasby, and John Wolf were employed in making collections in the field,
and Mr. Henshaw, during the winter, classified and arranged specimens
collected.
Mr. T. H. O'SuUivan, photographer, secured forty-two landscape views
and one hundred and four stereoscopic views, a portion of which will be
published.
Mr. A. H. Wyant, artist, traveled with the photographic party, and
made studies of some scenes in the Canon de Chelle, one of which he
proposes to put on canvas when his health will permit.
Assistants G. K. Gilbert, Prof. John J. Stevenson, E. B. Howell, and
Oscar Loew were employed during the year in geological researches in
the field, and compilation of results during the winter. Dr. Loew has
made many interesting analyses regarding minerals, soils, &c. In the
general duties pertaining to the work, both in the field and the office, I
have been ably and faithfully assisted by Assistants W, D. Wheeler and
J. B. Minick. 1 have again the agreeable duty of reporting the cour-
tesies extended to the survey by the officers of the Western Union Tele-
graph Company, and the use of wires of that company over lines extend-
ing from Salt Lake City westward to Virginia City, Nev., eastward to
Cheyenne, and thence southward to Santa F6; and northward from
Ogden, Utah, to Helena, Mont. Mr. Hibbard, the superintendent at
Salt Lake City, made, with commendable zeal, all the arrangements
necessary to carry out this extended programme, in which he was
seconded by Mr. Woodward, manager at Denver, Colo. ; as likewise the
operators at Cheyenne, and at all the points from whence signals were
sent and received.
The Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company extended also the free
use of their lines. Messages for longitudinal difl:erence were also sent
over the lines of the Deseret Telegraph Company from Eichfield, Utah,
by Lieutenant Hoxie. Mr. Thomas Largey afforded the use of his lines
from Helena to Bozeman, Mont., at reduced rates. We were thereby
enabled to fix the geographical position of this important point agree-
ably to the wishes of Bvt. Maj. Gen. E. O. C. Ord, commanding the
Department of the Platte, it being one of the extremities of the routes
surveyed by Capt. William A. Jones, Corps of Engineers, from the
Union Pacific Eailroad to the head-waters of the Yellowstone, and
beyond. Longitude connection was made between the observatory
at Ogden, Utah, and that of the United States lake survey at Detroit,
Mich. ; Maj- C. B. Comstpck, Corps of Engineers, detailing at the Detroit
end of the line Assistant O. B. Wheeler for that purpose.
13
The officers of the United States Naval Observatory have, as hereto-
fore, extended kind assistance to the 8urve3\
The only casualty to be noted during the year has been the death,
from fever, of Astronomical Assistant Wm. W.Maryatt, while engaged
in carrying on his observations at Bozeman, Mont. This was one of
the last stations to have been occupied by him during the season. He
had gone forward, after having been very successful at the other stations,
and was stricken down soon after reaching Bozeman, and, after a short
and Seville illness, died at that point. The survey lost a most valuable
assistant, and the profession of astronomy an accurate, faithful, and
zealous worker.
ASTBONOMIOAL BRANCH.
The classes of astronomical work conducted by the survey have been
of two distinct grades :
1st. Those at the main or primary station, where, by the most refined
methods and use of the best class of instruments, the astronomical co-
ordinates are determined with the utmost accuracy, and the meridian
line of the point carefully established.
2d. At positions in the fiekU where, in order to carry out the scheme
of survey, sextant latitude checks are required, and at other points
where, the telegraph being accessible, the meridian is determined by
comparing local times, the watch-errors having been obtained by sextant
observations. The latter class of stations are more or less numerous, in
accordance with the character of the area surveyed, and of the points
within the same whose position can only well be determined by this
means.
The others are at specifically-selected points near the fields of survey,
and from which, measured and developed, bases controlling the trian-
gulation can easily be laid out.
The main or primary points occupied during the season of 1873 were :
1. Georgetown, Colo.
2. Hughes, Colo.
3. Colorado Springs, Colo.
4. Labran, near Canon City, Colo.
5. Trinidad, Colo.
6. Ogden, Utah.
7. Green River, Wyo,
8. Winnemucca, Nev.
9. Virginia City, Nev.
10. Bozeman, Mont.
11. Santa F6,N. Mex.
12. Fort Union, N. Mex.
OBSEBVATOBY AT OaDBN.
A substantial observatory, of three rooms, with brick superstructure
and stone foundations, has been built at this point. The walls are com-
pleted, but the dome and the middle observing-room are yet unfinished.
The co-ordinates of this position, as referred to the meridian estab-
lished by the United States Coast Survey at Salt Lake City, and that of
the United States Lake Survey at Detroit, Mich., have been determined.
In the season of 1874 it is intended to exchange signals with the United
States Naval Observatory at Washington, and resulting therefrom
another check will be introduced. The several results will be discussed
in the astronomical volume. The meridian of Ogden will then be assumed
14
■i
as the standard of reference for the future astronomical positions deter-
mined by the survey.
There are submitted results from the reports upon the determinations
of the astronomical co-ordinates of the following main or primary sta-
tions : 1. Carlin, Nev. ; 2. Battle Mountain, Nev. ; 3. Austin, Nev. ;
4. Saint George, Utah ; 5. Fort Whipple, Ariz. ; 6. Fort Fred Sti^ele^
Wyo. ; 7. Laramie, Wyo. ; deduced from observations made during the
years 1871 and 1872.
CARLIN, NEVADA. ^
Geographical position— longitude, 116o 7' 20.6", latitude, 40o 42' 26.67"
The astronomical station is situated west-northwest from Carlin, Nev.,
344 feet from the track of the Central Pacific Eailroad, and 1,406 feet
from the Humboldt River, which is due south, and 560 feet from the
railroad-bridge over a small creek entering the Humboldt from the
south. The town has nearly 2,000 inhabitants, and is mainly located
from east to west along the railroad-track.
Physical geography details, — The ground around the station is level to
the east and west ; at a distance of 2,000 feet south and north a gentle
rise commences. At a distance of two or three miles some slight hills,
noi) more than 500 to 800 feet above the station, are visible. The eleva-
tion of the monument above the level of the sea is determined approxi-
mately to be 5,000 feet.
Meteorological conditions. — No meteorological observations of a general
or special kind were made during the time of observations. As far as
can be seen from the diary of the observer, there was a great diurnal
change of temperature, b:r which the rate of the chronometer was much
affected.
Description of observatory, — The observations were taken in a common
wall-tent, 10 by 10 feet, with an opening for the meridian line. The
telegraphic instruments were placed in the northeast corner. The wires
of the Western Union Telegraph Company were used for exchange of
signals. The observer had no assistance but, Carlin being the starting-
point for all parties, Mr. Francis Klett acted as recorder during the time
he was present.
Description of instruments, — ^The astronomical instrument was a com-
bined transit, made by Wiirdemann, numbered 16. It was of 26 inches
focal length and 1^ inches aperture, and mounted on four pieces of red-
wood scantling 4 by 4 inches, which were planted in the ground about 4
feet, and fastened together above by board cross-pieces. For telegraphing,
a switch-board was used, a description of which will be found in the report
on Colorado Springs, Col. The observations were taken by eye and ear,
using the sideral chronometer Negus 1344 ; for the exchange of sig-
nals, mean solar chronometer Hutton No. 288 was always used.
Points with which connections were made were with the United States
Lake-Survey Observatory at Detroit, Mich., and the United States
Naval Observatory at Washington, D. C. — Detroit receiving the signals
sent from Carlin and Washington. Signals were sent on May 19, 23, and
24, 1871. Carlin was occupied by E. P. Austin ; the observations at
Detroit were conducted by Mr. O. B. Wheeler, assistant, United States
Lake-Survey ; at Washington, by Prof. John E. Eastman, United States
Naval Observatory. The computations relating to Carlin and also the
arrangement of the report were made by Dr. F. Kampf.
Instrumental values^ &c, — ^The value of one division of the striding-
level was 1.14''; the value of one division of the zenith-level was 2.70'';
of one revolution of the micrometer screw, 80.86". The wires of the
15
Western Union Telegraph Company were brought into the tent by a
loop. By means of automatic repeaters the signals were sent to the
connected stations — the repeaters being placed at Corinne, Clieyenne,
Omaha, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia.
In relation to the personal equation, I have to state that, as far as it
is known in this office, this value for the relative error of the observers
has not been determined. Mr. Austin was in Washington iu the spring
of 1873 for this purpose, but no satisfactory results were obtained. The
resulting longitude is therefore aflfected by this relative error.
OBSERVATIONS TO DETERMINE THE CLOCK-CORRECTION
UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY.
AT THE
The instrument used in these observations is that known as the
" meridian transit,'^ which has been employed at the Observatory for
many years, and is now situated in the east wing of the building. The
description of this instrument may be found in the " Washington Astro-
nomical and Meteorological Observations'' for 1862.
The transit was employed in 1871, under the direction of Prof. M.
Yarnall, United States Navy, in observing stars for the " General Cata-
logue ;" and, as the observations for time used in the longitude work were
made after the regular work with the instrument was finished for the
night, the same observations for collimation were employed in reducing
the time-stars as were used in the reduction of the regular work.
The system of transit-threads in this instrument is composed of ilve
groups or sets. When the clamp end of the axis is east, the set which
is first reached by a star in its transit at the upper culmination is known
as set A, and the others as sets B, C, D, and E.
During the early part of 1871 the equatorial interval between each
thread in the five sets and the mean of B, C, and D was found to be
as follows :
Thread.
Interval.
Thread.
IntervaL
Thread.
ft
Interval
Thread.
IntervaL
Thread.
IntervaL
A,
8.
37. 897
35. 972
34.308
32.745
30.205
8.
s-e;;
3.183
1.654
0. 014
1.639
3.221
gi
»«
Da
8.
15. 146
17. 589
19. 110
El
Ea
Es
E4
E5
8.
30.003
A.I
32.647
i-
Ar-;-:
Ie;;
19. 216
17.563
15. 069
34.153
35.820
37. 693
The reduction for C^ is + 0®.014 when the clamp epd of the axis is
east. The clock used is that known as the " mural clock," and is
mounted against a stone pier in the transit-room. It is connected with
the chronograph in the usual way, and closes the circuit at each second,
except at the sixtieth second of each minute, when a small ivory lever
on the axis of the escapement- wheel raises a very delicate spring, which
forms a portion of the circuit, and prevents the closing of the circuit at
that instant.
The observations of all except circumpolar stars were recorded in the
usual manner by the chronograph, which is described in the annual
volume for 1862.
In the reductions, whenever a broken set of observations occurred,
each thread was reduced separately.
Instrumental corrections. — The corrections to the observed transit of
a star were derived from the observed and computed errors c', n^^ and m'.
The error of collimation is represented by </; the equatorial value of
16
the distance between the line of collimation and the true meridian at
the pole, by n^; and the distance between the line of collimation and the
true meridian al the equator, by m*-.
The quantities represented by i^ and tnf are used instead of errors of
azimuth and level.
By means of a collimating eye-piece, the error of collimation and level
was determfned by reversing the instrument over a basin of mercury,
and measuring with theright-aseension micrometer the distance between
the central thread (Cs) and its image reflected from the mercury.
Denoting by —
«, n, and m the correctiBns obtained from the observed and computed
errors (/, n\ and wi';
2 J, the distance of the central thread we»t of its image when the
clamp-end of the axis is east;
2 J^ the distance of the central thread west of its image when the
clamp end of the axis is we%t ;
jp, the correction for the excess of the radius of the clamp-pi vot=0".008 ;
T^ the equatorial distance of the middle thread from the mean of sets
B, 0, and D=0".014;
41, the correction for diurnal aberration=:0*.0I6;
i, the level-correction ;
«, the adopted place of the star ;
d^ the observed place of the star ;
^, the declination of the star;
^, the latitude of the observing-station ;
O', the approximate clock-correction ; and
O, the clock-correction derived from the observation of each star —
and we have the following formulas, which have been employed in reduc-
ing the observations for time :
n was determined from the observations of circumpolar stars.
The quantities A and A' are given in revolutions of the micrometer-
head, each revolution =l*.5865.
c=: J( J —J') — 1> — Y — a for clamp east.
<j = — \(^A — j^) + |> + r — a for clamp west.
&s= — |(J+ J') — p for clamp east. *
6 = — |(J-f J')+p for clamp west.
w=« — (a'-f 0' + e sec5)
sec ^
w = — n tan ^ + & sec ^
C = a — (a'-+-w + »tan ^+c sec^)
In the column "Adopted right ascension'' in the following table, the
places of the clock-stars are those used at the observatory in 1871 , some
of the Nautical- Almanac places being slightly changed.
17
•nop
-»aiio3-Ji.K>io
.1^
^
.^a
t- 2
•e «
S a
•*-> o
&.0
o «
<
^» • • •••■•■ • • _•
900000009000
I I I 11 I i I I I I I
X t- X M
si ci Ti ?l • e» si 9l -N ©I -si 7» 7» c«
4--i-+-f- :4--^4-- ^ —
— »••? -- w ?0
d »-> SI S< 5*
si si si si ci
— '^ SI SI o
CI SI cs fS .-o
ci si si si si
'««-»'SI!Or-i3iOt«-M'0 31S>©?SOXO?^XI^QpM?S»r3f-»C:fSiOSIS«r-OpJ^XO
«csi^r-i-i5<oooj'Vt»-?ssists»si'r«'Oi.'s^o»-ies«0'v«OG«r-^tcovos5S»xO'^
^ si »' o" 00 «r? :d -r g5 r-' X 3 ri •^' o »':' si i- «* o ad o si -- » 'S' is o to o o r-^ x w r-^ si '^' o x* x
'^s* wiHiAsi »o cs»ftirt«?oo-»'r-i js«nioiftoir^WT-icsci'«'»csit^»-css*c<
^g?i-ossot'"^csciO'9'n«x--oX'*i«ajO'rxr-r-'*sir-'*s»»ftxoQi-ii<xs>»rtt-w
gr3O-^»-iSI«'«'i-iS*^^^»0fSift»?5 r^ — T^^kftCO^O iHCC^ Cl^i^CirS'T 1-t
• '«i"»«iooioooG40so>siocj«»«ot-xo»S5a5ejeJO»oi.'5coooaDxi»r>-t'aoMxx--^
<rNrNi-t««rHiHi-liH — i-lrN,-(rHi-lT-l-^,-li-i^T-l.-f-lf-li-H-lT-li-liHT-i-»i-ti-lf-li-ii-irNSISI
'93B|d
QDr-OX«^r^SS?S«««X1«?SX««SSIS>-*-<X!P'^«O^C3iO»>.'5 0C'aD»X»OSI?0?0 05©»0
' 25 <■" «' 55 »o »* o 1-1 X OS o* o ^^ ^^ si 35 ««• «' x »rf r-' •^' OD ■^ si ^ ^ ^
'eaopoajjo
I
ao«t-?SfflCi?s«» — -^s»r-?sca?sof--ot'5o-^»-<-<3i«-<xciSi--QSis»50rsr-i'^
,0 — 0-H00000003X-^— i-<^l--^ — i-i-<r-i-.r-iOri«SOOSIS»5SCi»-irOCS?5W
^OOOOOOOOOOOO-^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'^OOOOO
+ 4- I +4- I I ! I I I ! + ! I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I M I I I I I I ! I
S'ojt»ooo»r-*»«o»o:o'^o>csx— *®x-»'xo"vxi>-r«'^s»t>«"*s»»oxo> — •»»«xsii.st-o
CSOr-ii-iSI«'<l«f-«OI'^^^OCSO».'5 -Hri"*'VT|««0ra'*O ^^n'9« O«'Vi-iS»?0'* r1
o
s
00
8
90
•
H
X
IiOffl
--OI
O 01 O lO ■*
IrtrH
1
©
vri
©^eox3>iHOi©
1
CO « © SI ©
CO
r-© ©1-t
*'^
I »rf so X to
OXXC5SS ■
oi^ 3* If: i-<
«oj ;
• © © irj i^ © r>: JO* si to ">*' '<
• ■ • • ■
X — o: © ©
"* si »rf s» -i
^
;C< irt-H
»^ rt 1
• •»rr5Si*-< i-iTCOO •
^.-r 0* uo
•r lo CO
•
r*
\ots<z>'s
x»o ?S SS X
©•*xxo Ixt-o
1-1 CO CO SI
--"* X© 0*
, r- s: s* 0*
M
*«
' • • • •
• T ^ » V <
• SI O-H
ad CO {^ 3D t^
'* d © oi ■-4 I eo irf i«'
si d'^oi
© c: 1^ ad X
»?5 CO r-i ^
I si d CO d OS
"*
— i-< 0* ^ ^
1-1 * ?stri
I CO 'Vino*
"*
leo-r ooi
CO 05«0'^'^
OS©XPS»0»fttf500l«»(OX«OX
»-< ■«J« CO © O
Isifo ©UO©
*d
• SSoii
'x'odi^doisi-'sosieodi^^oj
.-• ^ oirosi^iH coco*
CO © « © UO
. © r- — r^ ©
•
so
"*
tnn .1-1 ^
• eo «o ^ i»« o*
•
M
x«o<©si'«'c««'««sixi-isior-x^o»nooiooir-sit'i— xor-wciooo-r — -jsxo
^4
*S
-J oj PS s« o X ■* si oi 'T «■ -— oj »rf « on '^ — o» -i c> — ' h^ td X H ei H si si -^ si ei X si IS « 'T
OI
— -»• kfS OI —
CO CS O ■^r 90 80
Koooii-ioo eooio CO i-i-«tsicoi-t
^xoioioi©xeo-veo-<tf:r>-i-i©oio«
M
o
oxraococsoi.')'^
xoeooiKO«o«or-'*«c
>
o
•«4
?
osr-»^05XO?oOf-oii-ir'«0'<j»^ec'»xr-cjxoo'^«>wowQi-io»0'--?co-*S>si
'»•'<»' mo* .-^« osw*"*©* 5ioSirts»rNe<5'weoo»ocS'«j'.^-TSi#5A5
•
©>
'fl'Ol^OSJOtOX^OJ^©
«ooxoeo^r-ouoi-ir-'*r-uo«0'*i«r'L'osiO'-^cs5rN»o
1
>
"s
'^'^^^is^^'s^^^^
oioi■v'1•■^id^i^^XTJ5gfTJ!'*'i«coadojdQd»rf^ftodsidd
Jtj-*^^^ OlO^rirtOlf-iCOr-lCOr-l'* OI-^^«6lfOrH
m
■*
jsosiirtcoooioioesifjo
r-i(ooor-»OiH«««oi»f3o»rti-<uoioeoosaj».';oeor-io>oit'
o
>
"*-<
'^^*s;^:flsgK'''^s^
?3^'5iS2'^§lf|i§?4oJ2^S§?S25'2?§^'d^'SJ^*
00
rs
1
SI
•
>
M
<s
M f-t ^ X X oj »ft ^"o r» o o
W«CeOIOO»r'»OOJ'9«i-<OG4>00«OUOCOCOO»OXSI — «Oi-t
*«
cocoooirs— "odowt-Jr-J'^
oji.o^oeoct'vsoO'^SiO-' — Ci^tor-inr-irN^ojot-
ci'v^sif^ OI«Oti«iO — «?00IOlT-i'<J'iOOISI-H?0.-iCI
CG
r*
rtcs«oo»»fto e«iAtf3
M
»H
'•CDOi • X
OIXXOJO
©CO •'©
«iooir-ci©^oir-
SI CO 11 Ol
© OS !>-•«»«
*«:
« CO cs o o
rf» ■^r irt r-l •*
S2:;S5^'^K2J
• • • >
■*©■* uo
X'VOI'J
1-1 « 'MO
t
rH CO'*
vH r4 O
•
es
'. OI o •' cs
X A O ^ 'O
© coouo
iHxeox'*Oi©iH
1-ieo ■n'r-
UO © XX
H
*«
• xr- • 05
eo d r-' c^ si
-^odeo©
• •••••••
X3SOS©©*^t-
T-i r^ -h' si
»o' oi OS -J
• *«• rl • CS
■«^ •"J" »o f-i T
-H SI Ol-H
■* COCO CO ift —
^LOrO'^f
|--
^ \n
irt
: «o o .' f
'•^es to 500
• OI
iH©
©^XOOi-i-fOiip
eo *r-©
LO t- C. ©
M
*^
loo" I l-i
■ • ■ • ■
o»2Cj-".-t
eo'
«'2
©xr>-oiuoeoc««
•* rooieo OrN
• • • ■
OS O OS ©
n?5^S
« ■* — 4 • eo
•* tO-^ -I'*
*-1
OIUO
lO OI'V
■M
1
<
<
1
• ;
'.2
' 2
^
1
00
■§
7i
00
• -
•
00
o
■11
•r-
is
a
c
a
'J
1^
1 £
<
*s
<
• o
c;
c
oe
1 (t
•r-
X
o
a
as
■l|
u c
J
•*>
oc
c
i
ui
,5
o
.s
Pm
oc
-■p
1
01
•FN
1
o
a
•mm
a
«
^i.^"* a « «•«© X Ke^'< P'K'«'0»T3»T3 KtjQih d V %>*0'^ CJ^'a «S a.-OiH «3a,\/,rH
•J
9qmnx
^
•"=^^'^^*'*°''2=:S2SS2i:22io5^SJS^§SSS^^?5????;5iC2S??;.^^
i
a:
Si ^ S
08
^ ^ S
1^
1^
;:n
•-:
>
FF— 2
18
a
d
o
I
00
O
I
I
S
rig
1
00
1 1 1
•3==
.2
rs «
<1
h. tn. 8.
21 24 47.15
21 30 54.09
21 37 52.09
p9Aa98qo
8.
49.38
56. 39
54.37
•Bnopoajjoo
TB:ja9mnj;8ai
8.
- 0.13
- 0.12
-0.20
•
a
OS
1
m. 8.
24 49.25
30 56.27
37 54.17
00
<D
>
o
00
a
cS
o
00
a
o
M
'ad
H
iO
O
-^
00
»00»rt
O) 00 00
or-'irJ
»0 »f5«
o»ei©i
'05
g
»rt
«0 h-«0
rf» »ft O
:S
o
,o©o»
CO ''I' CO
truntn
«*-ioc«>
CO eo CO
o:Oi 00
05 to ^
<NCO
CO
•J9qranx;
eS
P
0-*tN
^^ ^f ^f
CO
E ®
>>
t
08
east.^
west,
west,
west.
• • •id 4^
■»•« 00 00
s s ® S
^ 9( ^ 3
qj 5 ? S
5
^
PiptP^fr
clamp
clamp
clamp
are very
•
sgsa
e3 eS es 00
'S'S'o'S
o
2S^£
O
is
o
•g a « w-s * « «
5
u
® ® ® 9
© © O ^
s
bCbtMtC
e8 OS as 68
^
ssas
^3
mmmm
HMM^
§
• ■ •
S
*r
«o S
S
iH C<OI
T-t gl
o
>» >-.>l
^
c8 eS c3
^
A
o
1
•
1-1
o
o
■ts
fl
o
s
Ha
•
o
1
O O
o>
© aj •-
■ ^s • ■
1-1
•©■•57W .
Q-cPO
►a
PP§t|
.'d'CQ.^
jq p pM g-
^ ea ee 00 »i
8 C and
C; don
8 C and
B B. and
OS
§
ttfi
" -iJ "" *s ».
•»J.*J .^+9
a
r-
epqpq ooP
iSSgg
©T Vcc'r-' Si'sS
eo' •*'>«*,-<"
^r-HH.-lOlC7r3CO-^
S
•
,a
8
o
;^
4J
19
The values of m, n, and c, used in the reduction, are as follows :
if
Date.
May 19.
May 23.
May 24.
June 16.
8.
-0. 143
-0. 046
-0. 010
-0. 113
8.
+ 0. 184
-f 0.088
+0.082
+0. 242
8.
+0. 102
-0. 114
-0, 110
+0.030
From the clock-corrections obtained from the observations the fol-
lowing corrections and rates were computed by the method of least
squares, and have been employed to determine the error of the clock at
the time of the interchange of signals on each night:
Date.
May 19
May 23
May 24
Jane 16
Correction.
8. 8.
-0.594 ±0.007
+2. 854 ±0.010
+ 2.117±0.012
-2.234±0.007
Hourly rate.
8.
-0. 034
-0. 039
+0. 016
-0. 012
UNITED STATES LAKE-SURVEY, DETROIT, MICHiaAN.
The dates of the observations are May 19, 23, and 24, and June 1,
3, 10, 16, 26, and 29, 1871. The observer at Detroit was Mr. O. B.
Wheeler, assistant United States lake-survey, and the instruments used
were the Troughton and Simms transit of 43 inches focal length, clock
]^o. 184, Bond & Son, and chronograph No. 216, Bond & Son.
The stone pier upon which the transit-instrument was mounted is sit-
uated 321.0 feet west and 294.0 feet north of the southwest corner of the
stone foundation of the Westminster church, on Washington avenue.
The reductions have been made by Messrs. Thomas Eussel, O. F.
Burton, and John Eisenmann, subassistants United States lake-survey.
A preliminary reduction by high and low stars of May 19, 23, and 24,
was made by Mr. Burton. Two reductions by the method of least
squares, on different suppositions, were made, either of which would
cause an extreme range of only 0^05 from the preliminary reduction.
For the remaining dates, the high and low star reductions were made
by Mr. Eisenmann, and the least-square reductions by Mr. Eussel. The
agreement in extreme cases was the same as above.
In the following tables are contained the abbreviations :
CM = reduction to the middle wire ;
Aberr = diurnal aberalion;
B 6 = level-correction ;
c ^ coUimationcorrection;
t' = observed time ot transit of a star, commonly the mean of five
wires;
t= V the above corrections being made ;
«= right ascension of a star ;
(a — t) — (an assumed J^)=the absolute termof the equations of con-
dition ;
a= deviation from the meridian, + when the instrument points east
of south ;
c = distance of the middle wire from the line of collimation ;
/>= hourly rate of the clock ;
J<=: clock-correction, — when fast; + when slow.
20
KoTES. — On May 19, 23, and 24, t=t\ as above, except that the
the collimation -correction is not inclnded. On June 16, a = the devi-
ation to be applied beforrfthe exchange of signals, and a' ^that to be
applied after the exchange of signals.
When CJi is omitted, t' = the mean of the several wires reduced to
the middle wire.
Conijmtation of clock-correction for Detroitj May 19, 1871.
lU.
E.
W.
E.
star.
Polaris, L. C,
Polaris, CO..
^ Virginia
Ti Ursae Majoris.
I? Bootis
T Virginis
p Bootis
e Bootis
Bootis
3 Libra)
/ui> Bootis ,.
a Serpentiav . . . .
« Serpen tis
6 Ophiuchi
^ Ophiuchi
cu Aqaila) ,
y AqiiilaB
a Aquilai ,
/? Aquilie ,
C^i
+
+
+
+
.03
.05
.03
.03
.04
.03
.04
.03
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
Aberr.
8.
+.58
+.58
-.01
— .oa
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
B&
8.
42.01
-2. 23
+ .06
+ .15
+ .13
+ .12
+ .25
+ .20
+ .09
+ .05
+ .09
+ .07
+ .07
+ .07
+ .14
+ .11
+ .16
+ .15
+ .15
h. tn.
13 11
11
28
42
49
55
14 26
39
57
15 10
20
38
44
16 08
19 00
12
40
45
49
8.
24.75
29.60
39.41
59.87
04.80
37.29
48.85
.53.85
38.34
36.60
10.24
27.62
55.94
07,94
01.73
18.40
40.43
0-2. 14
31.56
h. fn. 8.
13 10 .59. 40
28
42
48
55
14 26
39
57
15 10
19
37
44
16 07
18 59
11
40
44
48
08.37
29.05
33.80
06.13
17.67
22.66
06.91
0.5. 42
38.76
56.27
24.62
.36.60
29.82
46. 62
08.43
30.15
59.36
(a-t)
8.
-27. 94
28.55
31. 12
31.00
31.14
31.30
31.45
31.40
31.46
31.19
31.51
31.34
31.35
31.37
32.01
3!. 85
32.12
32.10
32.31
8.
+.02
-.22
-.03
+.13
-f.n
+.09
+.06
-.17
+ .07
-.08
-.12
-.15
+.16
-.13
+.07
+.03
+.2J
Xormal equatione.
4 1965. 223 o + 3. 671 c + 167. 496 p + 70. 250 J 0- 168. 098=0
+ 3. 671 a + 3458. 724 c - 36. 620 p + 4. 820 J ©+ 31. 768=0
7. 496 a - 36. 620 c + 104. 196 p + 2. 170 5 0- 30. 069=0
0.250a+ 4.820C+ 2. 170 p + 19. 000 8 0+ 3.510=0
a= + 0«.09
c= — 0". 007, lamp east
p=+0«. 1493, rate per hour.
A e=-31«. .54. ±0*. 023, at 15»' 57™.
Computation of cldck-correction for Detroit j May 23, 1871.
lU.
E.
W.
W.
E.
E.
W.
W.
star.
Polaris, L. C
Polaris, L. C ....
^ Virginis
ri Urste Majoris. ..
ri Bootis
T Virginis
a Bootis
5 Ursa^ Minoris...
a* Librae
\{/ Bootis
p Libras
/ui* Bootis
a Cbronae Borealis
a Serpentis
s Serpentis
e Coronas Borealis
d Sagittarii
(u Aqnilte
S Aquilaj
K Aquilas
y Aquilj©
a Aquila}
Aqniliu
C A i Aberr.
8.
+.03
+.05
+.03
+.03
+.03
-.13
-.03
-.04
-.03
-.04
-.04
-.03
-.03
-.04
-.03
-.03
-.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
8.
+.58
+.58
-.01
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.06
-.01
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
B6
8.
-1.56
-3.78
+ .12
+ .30
+ .19
+ .17
+ .26
+ .52
+ .08
+ .16
+ .08
+ .14
+ .11
+ .07
+ .07
+ .10
+ .11
+ .18
+ .16
+ .13
+ .17
+ .19
+ .20
h. 7n.
13 11
11
28
43
49
55
14 10
28
44
59
15 10
. 20
29
38
45
52
19 10
12
19
30
40
45
49
8.
55.87
59.76
50.01
10.32
15.43
47.91
29.69
35.24
28.17
38.71
47.54
20.95
57.40
.38. 46
06.77
58. 65
49.10
29.52
43.29
40.48
51.03
12.87
42.12
h. tn. 8.
13 11 02. 14
28
42
48
55
14 09
27
43
58
15 10
19
29
37
44
.52
19 10
11
19
29
40
44
48
08.36
29.00
33.79
06.13
47.92
54.47
46.09
56.60
05. 45
38.77
15.13
56.30
24.65
16.49
06.29
46.73
00.63
58.00
08. 5 1
30.26
59.47
{a-t)
8.
-52. 75
54.42
41.79
41.65
41.85
41.97
42. 05
41.10
42.12
42.21
42.13
42. 26
42.32
42 19
42.15
42.20
42.87
42. 93
42.78
42.63
42.68
42.82
—42. 87
8.
-.15
+.03
-.04
-.02
+.10
-.12
+ .16
-.14
+.22
-f.l9
-.07
-.14
+.02
-.03
+ .17
-.04
-.24
-.12
.00
+.03
■«> K.>i< T
21
168. 577 a -
70. 620 a +
Normal equations.
+ 1972. 912 o - 8. 095 c + 168. 577 p + 70. 62 J + 802. 347 =
- 8. 095 a + 3477. 516 c - 3. 731 p -f 6. 26 J « + 73. 934 =
3. 731 c -f 131. 784 p + 44. 713 =
6. 260 c -f 23. 00 <J a + 51. 740 =
a = -0«. 38.
c = —0: 02, lamp east.
p = -f 0«. 147, rate per hour.
A t = -42». 08. db 0«. 019, at lei* 04«
Computation of clock-correction for Detroit^ May 24, 1871.
Xm^mal equations.
-t- 1967. 037 a - . 0675 c + 163. 305 p + 72. 460 J + 519. 956
- 0. 675 a + 3458. 511 c + 11. 019 p - 1.480 86 + 2-22. 909
+ 16.3; 305 a + 11.019 c + 101. 074 p + 32.893
+ 72. 460 a - 1. 480 c + 21. 000 ^ + 24. 870
a-— 0\ 26
c = — 0: 07, lamp east.
p = + 0\ 098, rate per hour.
A « = - 45«. 28 ± 0«. 020, at 15^ 54™
Carlin, Nevada, May 19, 1871.
m.
Star.
CAi
Aberr.
B6
tf
a
ia-t)
t;
\v.
Polaris, L. C
g.
8.
+ ,.58
+ .58
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
8.
-3.78
-2.23
+ .09
+ ,12
+ .12
+ .14
+ .14
+ .07
+ .22
+ ,13
+ .31
+ .31
+ .23
+ ,31
+ .14
+ .20
+ .07
+ .10
+ .08
+ ,08
+ .07
h. m. 8.
13 12 01, 85
11 54. 94
28 .53. 43
49 18. 88
14 10 33. 12
27 03. 00
40 07. 97
44 31.33
57 51, 88
15 10 50. 52
20 23.66
30 00. 16
38 41. 54
53 01. 54
58 43. 04
16 08 21. 86
19 10 51. 83
12 32, 20
40 54. 43
45 16.21
49 45.57
k. m. 8.
13 11 02, 74
8.
-.55. 91
50.55
45.13
45.17
45.27
45. 42
45.39
45. 27
45. 22
45.22
45.21
45.35
4,5. 48
45.38
45.35
45,43
45,59
45.57
45. 90
45.96
-46. 10
8,
E.
Polaris. L. C
^ Virginia ......
-,03
-.03
-.03
-.04
-,04
-.03
+ .01
+ .03
+ .04
+ ,04
+ ,03
+ .04
+ .03
+ .03
+ .03
+ .03
-.03
-.03
-.03
28 08. 35
48 33. 78
14 09 47. 92
26 IT. 66
39 22, 66
43 46. 09
57 06. 90
15 10 05.45
19 38.78
29 15. 14
37 .56. 31
52 16. 49
57 57. 84
16 07 36. 65
19 10 06. 32
11 46.75
40 08. 57
44 30. 29
48 59. 50
—.16
Ti fiootis
—.09
a Bootia
—.02
o Bootia
+ .15
e Bootia
+ ,08
E.
a* Libree -
—.20
W.
/? Bootia
+ .11
Libpee
-.13
/u.*Bootia
+ .04
a Coronae Borealia
+ .10
a Seipentia
+ .14
e CoroDSB Borealia
+ .09
/B Scorpii
-.12
6 Opbiuchi
+ .01
d Sagittarii
-.18
W,
0) AquilsB
-.11
E.
V A.a uilcB
+ .04
a AquilaB
+ .08
E.
/3 A(iuil8B
+ .20
Name of atar.
Clamp.
T
6B
8.
+ 0.06
+ 0.02
+ 0.12
0.00
-0.04
-0.07
—0.20
+ 0.56
+ 0.02
+ 0.04
+ 0.07
aA
cC
T'
AE.
AT
Virginia
* Corvi
E.
E,
E.
E.
E.
E.
W.
W.
W.
W.
W.
ion for 1
)lar atara
h. m. 8.
11 53 46.09
58 29. 58
12 2 24. 58
13 3.16
18 13.30
22 36. 70
31 24.60
45 .37. 38
58 20. 47
13 13 26.94
23 12.64
8.
+ 9. 70
,+ 17.65
- 55.78
+ 4.95
+ 15.99
+ 17.87
+ 61.85
-122.48
+ i:i.21
+ 14.61
,+ 12.01
me. ..
8.
-0.23
-0 25
-1.14
-0.26
-0.24
-0. 25
-0. 85
+ 2.22
+ 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 0.23
h. in. 8.
11 53 55.62
58 47. 00
12 1 27,78
13 7.85
18 29.01
22 54. 25
32 25. 20
43 37. 68
58 33. 93
13 13 41. 82
23 24. 95
h. m. 8.
11 58 38.97
12 3 30. 55
6 10. 99
17 50.99
23 12.86
27 37. 80
37 7.33
48 20. 57
13 3 17.38
18 2,5. 07
28 8.37
m. 8.
+ 4 43.35
43.55
4 Draconia
13 Comae
43.21
4.3. 14
i Corvi
43.85
8 Corvi
43, 55
21 Cassiopeae, L. C,
32 Camelopardalia
B Virginia
a Virginia
Virginia
42.13
42. 89
43.45
43.25
+ 4 43.42
Mean correct
2h 40m local aidereal ti
+ 4 43.254
Excluding pu
+ 4 43. 445
...... ..............
Xarmal equations.
0=- 2.51 + 11.00 ^T - 0.51 a' + 1.28 c
= + 18. 44 - 0. 57 ^ T -f 68. 94 a' + 62. 19 c
= + 35. 55 + 1. 28 <J T + 62. 19 a' -\- 140. 36 c
5T = + 0». 2.">4
a' = - 0«. 058
c = - 0». 230
(To avoid large mimbera, an azimuth of + 18».50 was introduced : a', found by the method of least squai ea,
gives the correction of the adopted aziiuuth ; therefore, a = + la".442.)
22
Carlin, Xevada, May 23, 1871.
Name of star.
Ophiuchi
Herculis
Opbiuchi
Ophiuchi
UrssB Minoris
Herculis
■n
K
9
a
it) Draconis
Clamp.
E.
W.
W.
W.
W.
W.
E.
h. m. 8.
16 25 20. 82
33 49. 96
43 12. 84
46 52. 46
55 14.38
17 4 4.77
33 13. 82
8.
•0.02
■0. 22
■0.17
■0.18
-0.72
-0. 15
-0.03
aA
cC
8.
8,
+ 4.46
-0.01
+ 0.20
+ 0.02
+ 2.90
+ 0.01
+ 2.96
+ 0.01
-27. 78
+ 0.08
4 2.58
+ 0.01
- 7.35
-0.03
h.
16
17
m. 8.
25 25. 25
33 49. 96
43 15. 58
46 55. 25
54 45. 96
7.21
5.81
4
33
AK.
h.
m. 8.
16 30 4. 89
38 30.22
47 55. 84
51 35. 16
59 25. 94
17
8 47.38
37 46. 01
AT
Mean correction for 17'> 0»° local sidereal time ^-4-4 40. 060
m. 8.
+4 39. 64
40.26
40.26
39.91
39.98
40.17
+4 40.20
Xorinal equationa,
= - 1. 90 + 7. 00 « T - 3. 90 a — 7. 97 c
= + 10. 25 - 3. 90 J T + 27. 26 a' +32. 16c
= + 12. 66 - 7. 97 JT + 32. 16 a' + 68. 53c
(5 T = + 0».060
a' = - 0. 353
c = - 0. 012
I introduced a preliminary azimuth of + 6».00 ; the azimuth of the instrument was + 5«.C47.
observatious of tj Draconis and o) Draconis ditfer so much that they had to be excluded.
The
Carlin, Xerada, May 24 1871.
Name of star.
Cephei, L. C
Leonis
UrsfB Majoris . .
Virginis
Draconis
Corvi
21 Cassiopete, L. C .
32 Camelopardalis
Virginis
a Virijinis
Y
4
Clamp.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
E,
W.
W.
W.
TV.
T
6B
h.
Ttl: 8.
*.
11
29 21. 72
+ 1.22
37 49. 86
-0.55
42 23. 65
-0.97
53 59. 94
-0.48
12
1 30.32
-1.84
22 58. 86
-0.24
32 31. 19
+ 0.34
43 30. 87
-2.68
58 37. .P2
-0.24
13
13 45. 64
-0.15
a A
8.
-4.18
-0.48
+ 0.44
-0.57
+3. 2.3
-1.04
-3
+7
-0.77
-0.85
57
10
cC
8.
+ 1.32
-0. 31
-0. 52
-0.30
-1.48
-0.32
-1. U
+ 2.90
+0.30
+ 0.31
h.
m. 8.
11
29 20. 08
37 48. 52
42 22. 60
53 58. 59
12
1 30.23
22 57. 26
32 26. 85
43 38. 19
58 37. 21
13 13 44. 95
h. m.
11 34
12
13
8.
2.59
43 29. 27
47 3.00
58 38. 92
6 10.58
27 37. 76
37 6.05
48 19. 81
3 17.36
18 25. 05
Mean correction of chronometer excluding the polar stars, for 13'' 0™ local sidereal time
nu 8.
+4 42.51
40.75
40.40
40.33
40.35
40.50
39.20
41.62
40.15
+4 40. 10
+4 40. 372
Xormal equationa,
= + 4. 22 + 10. 00 8 « + 0. 63 a
= - 89. 14 + 0. 63 J « + 82. 97 a
a= - 1«.072
Several other computations have been made, givinpr for the coiTection of chronometer no better
result. The error of coUimaiiou was adopted to — 0».30.
Carlin J Xevada, May 24, 1871.
Name of star.
Clamp.
T
&B
aA
cC
T'
AR.
AT
e Serpentis
C Ursaj Minoris . .
p* Scorpii
W.
VV.
W.
W.
E.
E.
E.
E.
h. m. 8.
15 40 45. 54
44 1.61
53 19. 06
16 2 57. 60
11 14.00
17 30. 72
25 26. 92
33 51. 10
8.
-0.06
-0.19
-0.01
0.00
-0.17
-0.24
-0.07
-0.13
8.
-1.25
+6.32
-1.95
-1.48
+0.32
+ 1.61
-1.67
-0.07
8.
+ 0.30
+ 1.47
4 0.32
+ 0.30
-0.44
-0.64
-0. 30
-0-39
h. m. 8.
15 40 44. 53
44 9.21
53 17. 42
16 2 56. 42
11 13.71
17 37. 45
25 24. 88
33 50. 51
h. m. 8.
15 44 24. 65
48 49. 34
57 57. 84
16 7 36. 65
15 53. 70
22 17. 79
30 4.89
38 30. 22
+ 4 40. 12
40.13
40. 42
B Ophiuchi
T Herculis
ri Draconis
^ Opbiuchi
ri Herculis
40.23
39.99
40.34
40.01
+ 4 39.71
Mean correction for i
6h 10™
+4 40. 12
Xormal equations.
= - 2. 78 + 8. 00 ^ « - 0. 86 a
= + 24. 99 - 0. 86 d « + 11. 74 a
The error of collimation of the instrument is adopted as — 0».30.
St- + 0M20
a = - 2M20
23
The following table contains the corrections of the chronometer and
its rate, to obtain the correction for the time of exchange:
Date.
Mav 19, 1871
May 23, 1871
May 24, 1871
Local side-
real time.
h,
12. 667
17. 000
14. 508
Corrections of
chronometer.
m. 8.
+ 4 43.445
+ 4 40.060
-f 4 40.246
Hourly
rate.
8.
- 0.034
+ 0.009
+ 0.009
For exchange, mean-solar-time chronometer Hutton No. 288 was
always used. May 19, I find in the proper place only one comparison
of Negus 1344 with Hutton 288 :
h. m. 8. h. m. 8.
Negus. -.1344 13 30 20 13 33 27.0
Hutton.. 288 9 21 20.0 9 24 26.5
Hutton 288, at 9^ 22"^ 53«.25, is slow of local sidereal time 4^ 13"
43^666. In another place I find one comparison made May 19, in the
morning, and one at nearly the same time May 20 :
May 19.
h, tn, 8,
Negus... 32 12.0
Hutton.. 20 25 21.50
May 20.
h. m, 8. h. m, 8.
1 41 31.0
21 30 29.5
1 44 34.0
21 33 32.0
Therefore, I find the rate of Hutton 288 from the morning to the
evening of May 19, + 9^.9785, and from the evening to the next morn-
ing, + 9".9641, both for one hour of Hutton 288. To reduce Hutton
for the time of exchange, the mean + 9^9713 is used.
For May 23 and May 24, one comparison was made before and after
exchange.
May 23.
Negus... 1344
Hutton.. 288
h, m. 8.
13 27 18.0
9 2 24.5
h, m. 8.
i:j 30 25.0
9 5 31.0
h. m. 8.
13 33 34.0
9 8 39.5
And after exchange :
Negus.. .1344
Hutton.'. 286
Negus... 1344
Hutton.. 280
Negus... 1344
Hutton.. 288
h. m. 8.
16 12 10.0
11 46 49.5
May 24.
h. m, 8,
13 34 32.0
9 5 37.5
After exchange
h. m. «.
15 30 19.0
11 1 5.5
h. m, ».
16 15 15.0
11 49 54.0
h. m. 8.
13 37 35.0
9 8 40.0
h, m. 8,
15 33 20.0
11 4 6.0
From these comparisons and the rate given for Negus 1344, the fol-
lowing table for Hutton 288 is derived :
Date.
May 19, 1871
May 23, 1871
May 24, 1871
Honrs on the face
of Hutton'ri chro-
nometer.
h. m. 8.
9 22 5.3.25
10 26 56.72
10 4 52.25
Hntton 288 be-
hind local si-
dereal time.
h. m. 8.
4 13 43.666
4 29 47.454
4 33 44.496
Losing per
hour on face
of Button's
chronometer.
8.
9. 9713
9. 8478
9.8832
Logarithm.
0. 9987518
0. 9933402
0. 9948986
The logarithm is used to convert the chronometer- time of the means
of the signals into sidereal time.
24
EXCHANGE OF SIGNALS.
Signals sent from the Washington Observatory.
On thb 19th of May the first sip^uals to Carlin were at intervals of one
second, and were sent by so arranging the apparatus that the clock
hrolce a closed circuit at each second. These signals could not be used
at Carlin.
Afterward an attempt was made to send signals by causing the clock
to close an oyen circuit, but these signals failed to get through.
So much objection was made at Carlin to the clock-signals that sig-
nals were sent, finally, at intervals of ten seconds, with an ordinary
message-key, by breaking the circuit in coincidence with the beat of the
clock as indicated by the sounder in the local circuit.
Similar signals were sent on the 23d and 24th of May.
On the 16th of June signals were sent, at intervals of ten seconds,
directly from the clock, by switching the clock into the main line at the
proper time to enable it to break the circuit at the desired second.
Signals sent to the Observatory.
Signals from Carlin and Austin were received on the Observatory
chronograph.
Exchange of signals heiween Washington, D. C, Detroit, Mich,, and Carlin, JSev.
May 19, 1871. — Sig^ials sent from Washington.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin cliro-
nometer.
h. m. 8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m.
s.
h. m.
8.
h.
w.
8.
h. vn. 8.
17 35 0.00
17
11
30.75
10 44
45.20
17 37
30. 00
17
14
0.90
10 47 15.00
10.00
40.70
55.40
40.00
10.82
24.80
20.00
5U.77
45
5.30
38
50.00
0.00
20. 85
30.80
34. 90
45.00
36 0. 00
12
30.77
45
45. 60
10.00
40.82
55.00
10.00
40.83
55. 10
20.00
50.81
48 4. 80
20.00
50.86
46
5.60
30.00
15
0.82
14.90
'AO 00
13
89
15 20
40.00
10.91
25.10
Mean, 17 36
52. 94
17
13
23. 78
10 46 38.06
50. 00
20.90
35.20
37 0.00
30.86
44.90
May 23, 1871. — Sig}ial8 sent from Washington.
Washington
clock.
h.
18
m.
35
36
37
8.
0.00
10.00
20. 00
30.00
40.00
50. 00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30. 00
40.00
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
W ashing
ton clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
h. w.
8.
h. m.
8.
h.
m.
8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m. *.
18 11
45. 19
11 28
48.30 i
18
37
50.00
18
14
35.11
11 31 37.90
55. 28
58.60
•
38
0.00
45.05
47.90
12
5.23
29
8.50
15.27
18.50
39
0.00
15
45.18
32 47.70
25.20
28. 40
10.00
55.18
57.60
35.19
38.40
20.00
16
5.00
33 7. 60
44.99
48.10
30. (JO
40.00
15.00
25.00
17.60
27.60
13
45.05
30
48.10
50.00
35.00
37.60
55.80
58.60
40
0.00
45.20
47.60
14
5.16
15. 11
31
8.00
17.90 !
Mean, 18
37
30.00
18
14
15.15
11 31 18.02
25.05
28.00 !
1
25
Mat 23, ISll.— Signals ftent from Carlin.
FIRST SERIES.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
A. nt. s.
h. m. 9.
h. m. 8. '
17 53
17 29
10 47
15.80
30 0. 52
10.00
21.20
5 84
15.00
25.80
10.49
20.00
30.90
15.69
25.00
35.90
20.60
30.00
40.80
25. 52
35.00 I
45.90
30.59
40.00 '
50.90
35.61
4,'i. 00
55.90
40.61
50.00
54 1.00
45.69
55.00
6.00
50.70
48 0.00
55 6.10
31 51.05
49 0.00
11.20
56.05
5.00
16.20
32 1.00
10.00
21.30
6.00
15.00 i
26.30
11. 05
20.00 ,
31.50
16.15
25.00
36.40
21.10
30.00 1
41.30
26.00
35.00 1
t
Washington clock.
h. m. 8.
17 55 46.20
51.20
56.50 '
56 1.50
6.30
57
58
6.50
11.50
16.50
21. 60
26.50
31.40
36.50
41.40
46.60
51. 60
56. 50
1.70
6.60
Mean, 17 55 44. 24
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
h. m.
8.
h.
m.
8.
17 32
30.90
35.80
41.20
46.20
10
49
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
51.00
50
0.00
33
51.18
56. 20
51
0.00
5.00
34
1.20
P. 40
11.30
16.18
21.25
26. 00
31.40
36.39
41. 22
46.40
10.00
15. 00
20.00
25.00
30. 00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
51.35
52
0.00
17 32
28.97
10
49
37.97
Mat 23, 1871. — Signals sent from Carlin.
SECOND SERIES.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer. 1
h. m.
8.
h. m.
8.
h. fn.
1
8. 1
18 26
11. 20
18 2
56.00
11 20
0.00 '
16.20
3
1.00
5.00
21.20
5.99
10.00
26.20
11.00
15.00
31.30
16.00
20.00
36.20
21.00
25.00 1
41.10
25.92
30.00
46.40
31. -28
35.00
51.50
36.33
40.00
56.40
41.17
45.00 '
27
1.60
46.40
50.00
6.30
51.00
55.00
11.30
56.12
21
0.00
16.50
4
1.50
5.00
26.50
11.30
15.00
31.40
16. 25
20.00
36.40
21. 29
25.00 1
41.30
26. 00
30.00 ,
46.00
31. 40
35.00 1
51.80
36.60
40.00 ,
28
1.60
46.40
50.00
6.50
51.26
56. re
55.00
11.40
22
0.00 1
16.50
5
1.29
5.00 '
21.40
6.29
10.00 '
26 40
11.29
15.00 1
31. .50
16.37
20.00 ;
36.50
21.27
25.00 ;!
41.60
26.60
30.00 ,
46.60
31.61
35.00 ,
51.60
36.69
40.00 j
Washington clock.
h.
18
m.
28
29
30
31
s.
56.80
1.70
6.80
11.60
16.70
21.60
26.80
31.60
36. 70
41.70
46.80
.51. 80
56.80
2.00
6.70
11.80
16.90
21.70
26.90
32.00
36.90
41. 90
47.00
52.20
57.10
2.30
7.20
12.10
Mean, 18 26 43. 92
Detroit clock.
h.
18
m.
5
8.
41.63
46.81
51.61
56.41
1.49
6.39
11.58
16.45
21.48
26. 51
31.60
36.64
41.67
46.80
51.59
.56.70
1.80
6.50
11.78
16.80
21.70
26. 70
31.80
37.00
41.89
47. 18
52. 05
56.95
18 5 28. 5h
Carlin chro-
nometer.
h.
11
22
:3
24
25
8.
45.00
50.00
55.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45. 00
50.00
55.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55. 00
0.00
11 22 32.12
26
May 24, 1871. — Signals 8entfrom Washington.
FIBBT SERIES.
TVashington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
Washington clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
h. m, 8.
16
54 36."66
40.00
50.00
56
h. Tfki. 8.
16
31 17.' 90'
28.00
37.69
32
33 '.'.'.'.'.'
17.70
27.65
h. m. 8.
44 34." 36'
45.50 '
54.20 1
1
46 1
34.' 06'
43.90
h. m. 8.
16 56 50.00
57 0.00
58 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
59 0. 00
•h . tn. 8.
16 33 37.60
47.80
34 47.82
57.76
35 7.70
17.69
27.54
37.89
47.89
h. m. 8.
9 46 54.10
47 4.20
48 4. 20
13.90
23.70
33.60
43.40
53.80
49 3. 80
30.00
40.00
Mean, 16 57 10. 71
1
16 33 58.47
9 47 14.76
SECOND SERIES.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
•
Washington clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
h. m. 8.
h.
Tn.
8.
h. m. 8.
h.
m. 8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m. 8.
17 1
16
37
38
9 51
17
4
10.00
16
40
47. S6
57.80
9 54 3.00
12.80
30.00
17.70
33.20
40.00
27.70
43.00
5 10.00
41
57.89
55 12.70
50.00
37.79
53.30
20.00
42
7.79
22.60
2 0.00
47. 85
52 3. 20
30.00
17.70
32.60
10.00
57.89
13.20
50.' 66'
37.' ii'
52.' 60
3 10.00
39
57.89
53 13.10
6 0.00
47.71
56 2. 60
20.00
40
7.62
22.30
10.00
57.90
12.60
30 00
17.60
27.70
32. 80
42.80
40.00
Mean, 17
3 49.44
16
40
37.21
9 53 52.33
50.00
37. 76
53. 00
THIRD SERIES.
"Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
•
Washington clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
h. W. 8.
17 26 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
h. tn. 8.
17 2 48.00
57.90
3 7.68
17.85
h. m. 8.
10 15 59.60
16 9. 30
19.20
29. 30
h. m. 8.
17 26 40.00
50.00
h. m. 8.
17 3 27.93
37. 80
h. m. 8,
10 16 39.50
49.10
Mean, 17 26 25. 00
17 3 12.86
10 16 24.33
27
May 24, IffJl.—Signals sent from Carlin.
FIRST SERIES.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
A. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. a.
h. m.
8.
•
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
17 9 59.30
16 46 46.55
10 0. 00 '
17 12
39.70
16 49 27.00
10 2 40. oa
10 4. 40
51.70
5.00 '
44.90
32.28
45.00
9.30
56.65
10.00 1
49.70
37.10
50.00
14.40
47 1. 70
15.00
54.80
42. 15
55.00
19.40
6.69
20.00 ,
59.80
47. 15
3 0.00
24.50
11.81
25.00 1
13
4.90
52.20
5.00
i>9.40
16.71
30.00
9.80
57.13
10.00
31.20
21. 51
35.00 1
14.ti0
50 2.10
15.00
39.60
26.90
40.00 ,
19.80
7.05
20.00
44.70
32.00
45.00
24.80
12.10
25.00
49.50
36.80
50.00
29.80
17. 15
30.00
54.50
41.88
55.00 1
35.10
22.45
35.00
59.70
46.90
1 0.00 ,
39.90
27. 15
40.00
11 4. 60
51.91
5.00
44.90
32. 15
45.00
9.50
56.80
10. 00 !
50.00
37. 30
50.00
14.00
48 1. 90
15.00 '
54.10
42.39
55.00
19.70
7.00
20.00 1
59.90
47.20
4 0.00
24.70
12.00
25.00 1
14
5.00
52.21
5.00
29.70
16.98
30.00 1
9.90
57.10
10.00
34.60
21.92
35. 00 !
15.10
51 2. 30
15.00
39.80
26.98
40.00
19.80
7.10
20.00
44.60
31.87
45.00
24.90
12.15
25.00
49.80
37.10
50.00
29.80
17.15
30.00
54.80
42.00
55. 00
35. 20
22.50
35.00
59.70
47.00
2 0.00
40.20
27.50
40.00
12 4. 70
52.00
5.00
45.10
32.38
45. 00
9.70
57.00
10.00
50.40
37.30
50.00
49
55.10
42.39
55.00
19.80
7.00
20.00
15
0.10
47.21
5 0.00
24 70
11 Q5
25.00
30.00
29.70
16.99
Mean, 17 12
30.06
16 49 17.29
10 2 30.25
34. 70
21.99
35.00
SECOND SERIES.
"Washington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometer.
VV ashington
clock.
Detroit clock.
Carlin chro-
nometef.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. w.
8.
h. m. B.
17 17 0.50
16 53 47.89
10 7 0. 00
17 19
40.90
16 56
28.18
10 9 40.00
5.70
52.81
5.00
46.00
33.21
45. 00
10.30
57.56
10.00
51.00
38.29
50.00
15.50
54 2. 79
15.00
56.00
43.30
55.00
20.50
7.80
20.00
20
0.90
48.15
10 0.00
25.30
12.53
25.00
5.90
53.19
5.00
30.60
17.80
30.00
11.00
58. 19
10.00
35.30
22.61
35.00
16.10
57
3.33
15,00
40.70
28.00
40.00
21.00
8.30
20.00
45.70
3.3 00
45.00
26.00
13.70
25.00
50.60
3l»9l
50.00
31.10
18. 50
30.00
55.70
42.90
55.00
36.10
23.55
35.00
18 0. 60
47.90
8 0.00
41.20
28.60
40.00
5.60
53.10
5.00
46.10
33.49
45. 00
10.40
57.70
10.00
51.50
38.59
50.00
55
56.20
43.70
55.00
•••••■
21
1.20
48.50
11 0. OO
25.70
12.88
25.66
6.20
53.52
5.00
30.50
17.79
30.00
11.20
58. 50
19.00
35.60
2ii.90
35.00
16.20
58
3.50
15.00
40.70
28.05
40.00
21.10
8.36
20.00
4.i. 70
a3.oo
45.00
26.40
13.72
25.00
50.80
38. 10
50.00
31.20
18.50
30.00
55.80
43.10
55. 00
19 0. 80
48.10
9 0.00
41. 30
28.60
40.00
5.80
53.10
5.00
46.20
51.30
•
33.48
36. 59
45.00
50.00
56
• • * • ■ •
56.40
43.70
55.00
20.90
8.19
20.00
22
1.30
48.60
12 0. OO
25.90
13 20
25 00
30.90
18.10
30.00
Mean, 17 19
31.88
16 56
19.00
10 9 30. 9^
36.00
23.22
.35.00
•
28
May 23, 1871, I find one more set sent from Washington to Carlin,
but not recorded at Detroit :
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h.
m.
*.
h.
m. 8.
17 21 10.00
10 15 10.80
17 47
10 41
17
49
30.00
10
43 26.00
20.00
• 20. 80
40.00
50.00
36. 10
46. 30
40.00
50.00
35. PO
45.90
40.00
40.40
48 0. 00
56.20
1
50
0.00
55.80
50.00
50.30
10.00
42
6.20
1
10.00
44 5.80
22 0.00
16 0.20
20.00
30.00
16.20
26.10
20.00
15.70
Mean, 17
40
56.47
10
34 53.81
And one set sent from Carlin to Washington, on the same date,
recorded only at Washington and Carlin :
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h.
m. 8.
h.
m.
8.
18 1 37.40
10 55 30.00
18
3 7.80
10
57
00
42.30
35.00
17.60
10.00
47.30
40.60
22.70
15.00
57.20
50.00
27. 60
20.00
2 2.40
55.00
32.60
2.1, 00
7.30.
56 0.00
!
37.40
30.00
12.80
5.00
1
42.60
35.00
17.60
10.00
,
47.50
40.00
22.70
1.5.00
1
1
52.60
4.5. 00
27.50
20.00
57.80
50.X)0
32.30
25.00
4 7.60
58
0.00
37.50
30.00
Mean, 18
1
2 51.22
10
56
43.70
.J
29
•^loa-jod JO optcjT2a(yi
C7
-S20
§5,
go o
eB S d
•:H0J^9CI
•nofjSniqsB,^
^*= 3
'%ioj%Qa
CO
■ CO
•no^SuiqaB^
o
■n
i
o
00
d
3
•c^TO-i-jaa
•ncx^SniqsB^
CO
CI
00
in
to
t' in
<o r-
o
2?
o
^
o
r- » or
QD C5 CS
• • •
r- r- »>-
J>;0
.CO
-s.
v.
o
•siBaSis aqj jo wsQva
9q^ jo Qciiiij iHaaayis i^oo^
n
Otcd
irs •* o
T-i o i>
r-t <N O
'ja!)9aionojq3
mxJBO oq^ JO noi^'joojoQ
00
OD ^f 00
r- r> O
^■(NtO
•Jl
Qj^monojqo ai[j«3
CO
o
00 o
?? S§2
00 CO
0»H
<" O (?l
OJ t- —
W"V ?0
® <0 5i
^ UOOl
O OiH
•1 »-< •■ 4
'SiBoSis 9X1% JO nvonx
eq-j JO oaii:^ i^aaapte i^ooi
uo
*cl
•3[00X0
!»10J!J9Q[ JO a0p09iI00
CO
•^00X0 (jioxjacE
00
I-
n
^2
wo
CO
co
CO
CO »-l
-H CO
00
o
o
CO
ci
I
o
w
00
Oi
00
o
c<
CO
00
00
CO
ei
to ^ «r
— 00 CO
Irt UO Tt«
CO CO CO
,<»«0 IrtCO wo UO UO ^-^rtf TP •«9«
ir: ^ ro
CO O f-
CO o o
irt co»-<
^f ^* ^^
OJ OD O
•n CO Tj<
• • •
i— <?» CO
^" ^ ^
eo
CO
oior-
1-1 X ^
• • •
CO -H t*
1-llrtd
C0OJC«
coco
coco I-
UOCO O)
CO CO CO
uo »rf irS
^^ 'f ^'
00
»(0
00
t^ 1-1 CO
•*»• C« 00
00 t^ffi
»ft CO »H
CO oco
eo ■*
coco t*
•sxBuSre eqi jo msoni
oq'j JO 9inx;^ x'^^^'^^PT^ xboo^
CO tn
oir-
cioj
UO CO
"VCO
^i- t- 00 r-0000
CM O 00
OOCO
• • •
r-'^co
O C) CO
T-i UO 0»
r- CO CCS
lO ©I
CO t* h-
•:qooxo
uo^OTq8Bj4\^ JO noxi09JJO0
Oiin
aioi
00 00 CO
r^ t^ t-
+ + +
»0 UO CO
1-H f-H iH
oictd
+ + +
*3[00[o no^.SaiqsB^
«0
^co
5cO
^g
'"f CO
• a •
rt* — CO
^ UO "V
r- TO r- 0000
— raOJJ %V199 SXBllSlg
O
o
-♦a
^^^
o o
o © Q
• • •
9
O)
00 5»
giSi u^^
'^
00 ^ CQ
TT •* TP
Odd
c3 c3 (8
o
o
ifO
C5
•f
t-
CO
eo
CO n
CO n
CO coco r- h-
CO •*
Old
• •
•* CO
coco
COtP
— CO
O d
^ Iff
CO CO CO
r- coco
rococo
"V UO iH
csoo oo
in 00
cow
CO
CO CO
00 lO
toco
t- TO
eo CO
UOirf
Oi CO
CO CO
•"I CO
Oi o
coro
oicj
+ +
-H TP O CO 00
I^ rp O O 00
• • • • •
05 1ft O -H
1-1 ■«P <M CO CO
I--C0CO GHOi
tn a »H ^
CO h- 1- r-t'
oo
©Id
Co A
«3 toco
^6oo
ooo
■H -H-H
»-• ^^
gcodSJ
'*>ddO
d
o
to
• d
; o
" d
Cm
O O
OQ OD ®
« « t^
d d*S
e8 e8 ®
OOA
30
Meanpln^a of stars for 1871.0 used for determination of latitude of Carlin, Nevada.
No. of
pair.
No. in
B. A.C.
Declination.
No. of
pair.
No. in
B. A.C.
Declination.
No. of
pair.
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
/
n
o
/
//
o
/
It
4526
25
1
2.73
4825
37
11
39.22
52.34
J8
32
30.71
1
4.540
56
36.66
6
4841
44
11
57.58
11
5249
62
59
56.06
4568
55
20
5.00
4885
42
55
27.50
5322
23
9
52.30
2
4594
26
21
2.56
7
4897
38
20
36.56
12
5348
58
54
37.13
4640
29
17
1.25
4952
47
47
15.90
5385
36
49
12.83
3
4684
51
35
32.39
8
5000
33
34
10.00
13
5400
44
9
52.74
4728
4758
4804
42
39
50
7
23
2fi
33.27
16.50
22.70
9
5071
5098
5116
14
5432
5463
34
46
11
37
14.06
4
18.00
62
43
17.93
5
4808
30
56
20.26
10
5146
18
5
14.96
Observations for latitude, — Station, Carlin, Kevada.
1
so
tM
o
6
4568
4594
Micrometer-
readings.
Level.
Bemarks.
Date.
1
•
«
•
o
5Z5
Level.
Date.
N.
13.5
8.0
S.
N.
13.8
15.7
S.
16.4
13.9
Bemarks.
1871.
May 17
12 52. 2
24 66. 3
10.0
15.0
r
1871.
May 26
5322
.5348
32 51.6
3 15.4
4640 7 94. 7
4684 31 72.6
11.0
15.0
12.5
8.3
.5385' 9 64. 8
5400 28 8a 7
13.2
13.8
16.2
15.2
4804 17 35.8
4808 15 25. 6
9.8
14.8
14.0
9.2
1
5432 4 41. 7
5463| 36 62. 2
16.2
7.8
13.2
20.8
Must be 31'.
25
4568' 12" 92. 7
4594 25 8.0
17.2
12.4
13.0
le.O
i 27
II
i «
4526' 6 99. 8
4540| 24 6.
22.2
17.8
16.2
2J.5
•
•
4640
4684
7 53.0
31 30. 9
14.8
17.0
15.3
13.9
1
4568
4594
10 9.2
22 22.8
21.2
15.8
16.8
22.7
4728 19 16. 9
4758 23 16. 7
15.0
16.8
18.0
15.0
Mistake in reading,
to be oxcladed.
464o! 3 18. 5
4684 27 8.0
16.0
20.0
23.0
19.5
4604! 18 32.
4808 16 8.5i
16.0
13.2
16.2
18.8
47281 10 10. 9
4758 13 78.9
18.8
17.5
20.7
22.0
Must be 14* 58d.9.
26
45261 11 73.6
4540) 28 74. 9
17.0
12.4
10.0
14.7
1
4804
4808
13 22.2
10 87. 7
18.0
18.2
22.0
21.8
4.568' 9 59.
4594 21 83.2
14.2
15.7
12.8
12.5
1
4825
4841
14 9.3
15 12. 8
19.0
17.0
21.2
23.3
4640 1 45.3
46{^4 25 26. 9
14.8
12.8
14.0
16.3
4885
4897
19 69. 4
13 5.0
18.8
17.6
22.0
23.0
Very faint.
47^8 16 20. 4
4758 20 65. 7
4804 17 52. 5
4808^ 15 20. 8
13.0
16.0
9.8
19.0
16.0
13.9
21.0
11.8
4952
5000
5071
5098
11 30.
8 52. 9
2 76.9
27 51.
20.9
13.7
5.0
2.3
20.0
....
10.2
13.0
Bubble beyond
scale.
4825] 11 91.2
4841 12 88.3
7.2
21.3
23.5
9.6
■
5116
5146
30 6.0
3 54:7
22.8
20.7
18.8
21.3
Mistake in reading,
excluded.
4885
4897
25 6.7
18 53. 5
16.2
11.3
15.0
20.2
5234
5249
14 97. 8
9 75.9
13.8
0.0
10.8
21.0
Must be 9» 45«».9.
4952
5000
15 66. 2
12 99. 2
9.2
16.9
19.8
11.7
•
5322
5348
32 87.
3 58.3
12.0
11.2
9.8
10.8
5071
5098
1 62.5
2H 51. 6
13
13.0
15.2
15.4
5385
5400
5 11.1
24 37. 4
18 3
13.2
15.7
20.7
.5116' 33 23.9
5146 6 18.7
17.8
9.U
10.5
19.2
■
5432
5463
4 36.0
31 48. 1
14.0 23.0
21. 16. 2
« *
5234
5249
•
20 74. 2
15 20.
17.8
9.7
11.2
19.8
31
Computations for latitude of Carlirij Xevada.
Date.
May 27
1871.
May 17 ...
May 25 ...
May 26 . .
2
3
5
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
."i
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Corrections.
nalf-8Tim of
declination.
Micr. and ref. I Level.
//
40 50 37. 68
26 19.97 I
40 53.23
I
40 50 39. 29 i
26 21. 67 I
45 29. 14 '
40 55. 10
/ //
- 8 11.00
+16 1.70
+ 1 25.00
- 8 11.49
+ 16 1.69
- 2 61. 68
+ 1 30. 50
40 30
50
26
45
40
41
38
40
59
24
46
62
29
24
40 30
50
'26
45
. 40
41
38
40
59
24
46
62
29
24
55.63 I
39.48 I
21.88
29.37
55.33 ;
52.30 !
5.52 I
44.81 i
17.83 I
17.32 ,
13.38 '
14.01 '
31. 73
14.68
I
55.82 ,
39. 69 j
22.09
29.61
55.56 I
52.57 I
5.77 I
45. O.J I
18.07 ,
17.55 I
13.54 I
14.30
32.00 I
14.94
+11
— 8
+ 16
- 3
+
+
-f
—16
+ 18
- 3
-19
+ 12
+ 18
28.04
15.08
3.18
0.08
33.70
39.26
24.16
47.97
46.65
14.08
44.13
47.47
58.04
20. 25
+ 16
— 2
+11 30. 02
— 8 10. 80
6.37
.58. 75
34.83
41.85
28. 69
52.05
-16 40.59
— 18 12.51
— 3 43. 24
—19 44. 44
+ 12 59.01
+18 16. 85
+
+
+
+
1
4
1
//
-2.36
+ 3.51
+ 95
— 0.95
-I- 1.76
— 0.81
— 3.92
+
+
3.17
3.10
1.82
0.6L
2.70
3.10
5.20
3.65
.3.10
1.28
2.36
0.27
2.97
6.75
+
2.
1.
— 4.
— 4.
— 5.
— 5.
— 5.
— 8.
—10.
+ 2.
— 5.
+ 1.
— 3.
— 2.
23
69
39
32
13
74
80
50
73
30
40
76
31
83
Merid.
Latitude.
o / "
40 42 24. 32
25.18
19.18
40 42 26. 85
25.12
[26. 36]
21.68
40 42 26. 84
27.50
23.24
28.68
26.33
28.46
24. 48
29.13
28.08
30.12
26.89
26.27
26.80
28.18
40 42 28. 07
27.20
24.07
26.54
25.26
28.68
28.66
28.60
26.75
[32. 36]
24.90
31. 62
27.70
28.96
Mean, 40° 42' 26".67 ± 0".28.
We conclude, therefore, that the longitude of Carlin station is 39^
04' 18".80 west of Washington, or lltio 07' 20".6 west of Greenwich,
and the latitude = N. 40- 42' 26".67.
BATTLE MOUNTAIN, NEVADA.
Geographical position of station : Lonffitude, 116- 56' 13" .50 ; latitude, 4(F 38' 18" .74
±0".21.
The astronomical station is situated near Battle Mountain, Nev., a
town on the Central Pacific Railroad. The track of the railroad runs at
this point in a nearly north and south direction. The astronomical
monument is placed southeastward from the town, and 1,475 feet east
of the track, and 1,166 feet from the public-school building. Battle
Mountain has about 800 inhabitants. The astronomical station is but
slightly elevated above the railroad-track ; the place is level, but at a
distance of one mile prominent hills- and ridges, rising 3,000 feet above
the station, are visible. The elevation of the station is determined to
be, approximately, 4,500 feet above the level of the sea.
Meteorological conditions. — ISTo detailed meteorological observations
were taken at this station. From the diary of the observer it can be
seen that it was cloudy almost always during the day, but clear at night.
The observer lost much time waiting for the line to Detroit. On some
32
days only very few observations for latitude were taken, after he had
waited until late at night expecting to get the use of the w ires for longi-
tude-work.
Description of observatory and instruments tised. — The construction of
the observatory was the same as at Oarliu, and a description of it will
be found in the report for that station.
The same instruments for time-determination and exchange of signals
were also used. For the latter purpose the wires of the Western Union
Telegraph Company were employed. The observer, E. P. Austin, was
assisted at this point by two enlisted men.
Points with which connections were made, — It was intended to connect
Battle Mountain with Washington and Detroit, but it was impracticable
to connect with Washington, and the exchange of signals was made
with Detroit only, where Mr. O. B. W^heeler, assistant United States
lake-survey, conducted both observations and computations.
An explanation of the signs and symbols used in the determination of
time at Detroit will be found in the report for Carlin station. The ob-
servations made at Battle Mountain were reduced in 1873 by Dr. F.
BTampf, and revised in ^874. The arrangement of the report was also
made by him.
Instrumental values^ cfcc. — The instrumental values are given in the
report for Carlin station. The signals were sent by sound from Battle
Mountain, and recorded by eye and ear. At Detroit they were sent by
sound also, but recorded on a chronograph. By means of automatic
repeaters at Coriune, Cheyenne, Omaha, and Chicago, the signals were
transmitted direct to the connected stations. .
It has been found impossible to get a better result for longitude. The
observer used for temporary monuments pieces of wood buried in the
ground, which proved too unsteady to give the most accurate results.
These temporary monuments were replaced later by a sandstone pier.
ComputaiUm of clock-correction for Detroit, June 1, 1871.
HI.
w.
w.
E.
E.
star.
a Serpentis
e Serpentis
§ UrasB Minoris «. .
e CoronsB Borealis
/? Scorpii
6 Ophiuchi ,
T Horcnlis
K Ophiuchi
S UrssB Minoris
1 AqnilsB
^ AqnilsB
(o AqiiilsB
S AquilfiB
y Aqnilad
a AqnilsB
fi Aquila3
C i
Aberr,
Bb
•
,Cc
8.
s.
8.
8.
+.03
-.01
+ .23
+ .11
+.03
-.01
+ .20
+ .10
+.16
-.07
+ .94
+ .51
+.03
-.02
+ .24
+ .12
+.03
-.02
+ .10
+ .11
+.03
-.01
+ .12
+ .10
+.04
-.02
+ .27
+ .15
+.03
-.24
+ .21
+ .11
-.24
-.01
..2.18
+ .12
-1.76
- .11
—.03
-.03
-.01
+ .19
- .11
—.03
-.01
+ .19
- .11
—.03
-.01
+ .16
- .10
-.03
—.01
+ .19
- .11
—.03
-.01
+ .19
- .11
—.03
-.01
+ .19
- .11
h. fn, 8.
15 39 04. 91
45 .33. 21
49 5fi. 06
53 24. 93
59 06. 39
16 08 45. 31
17 02. 15
52 44. 06
18 15 23. 94
29 21. 54
19 00 39. 26
12 56.11
20 10. 03
41 17.97
45 39. 61
50 08. 92
/Lm. 8.
15 37 56. 36
44 24. 71
48 49. 16
52 16. 53
57 57. 91
16 07 36. 71
15 53. 74
51 35.27
18 14 17. 23
28 12. 61
59 30. 13
11 46.95
19 00 85
40 08. 78
44 30. 50
48 59. 71
19
(a~0
m. 8.
-1 08. 91
oa82
08.44
08.77
08.70
08.84
08.85
09. 13
06.89
08.90
09.17
09.20
09.20
09.23
09.15
09.25
V
8.
+.08
- 02
-.03
-.22
-.06
+.08
+.20
-.23
+.05
+.06
+.03
+.04
—.05
+ .04
Normal equations.
+ 151.98a+ 0.96p - 6.88<Ifl +19.62 =
+ 0. 96 a + 42. 91 p - 3. 57 =
- 6. 88 a + 16. 00 <J + 13. 45 =
a = - 0«. 17
c = — 0». 10, lamp eaflt.
p = + 0». 087, per hour.
A t= - in. 08-. 91 ± 0«. 021, at 11^ 38".
33
Computation of clock-correction for Detroit j June 3, 1871.
IlL
E.
E.
W.
Star.
c CoroDSB Borealis.
Seorpu
6 Ophiuchi
f Opbinchl
f iHerculis
If Hercahs
W.
a Ophinchi
5 XIrste Minoris
5 Urs® Miiioris
1 Aquilfe
§ Aquilte
a SaKittarii
M Aquilfe
6 Aqoilse
y AqailsB
a Aqailfle
Cai
8.
-.04
-.03
—.03
-.03
-.04
-.04
-.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
-1-.03
+.03
+ .03
Aberr.
-.08
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.24
-.24
-.01
-.01
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.01
Bb
8.
+ .21
+ .10
+ .13
+ .10
+ .19
+ .20
+ .13
+1.19
+ 1.88
+ .09
+ .09
+ .05
+ .07
+ .06
+ .16
+ .21
Ce
8.
-.03
-.03
-.03
-.03
-.03
-.03
-.03
-.64
+.64
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
\h.in. 8.
15 53 30. 18
I 58 11. 40
16 08 50. 28
31 18. 13
37 40.56
39 43. 82
17 30 12. 10
18 15 31.93
29.96
29 26.39
19 00 44. 14
11 20. 41
13 00. 93
20 14. 73
41 22. 71
45 44. 57
h.m, 8.
15 52 16. 54
57 57. 93
16 07 36. 73
30 05.02
36 27.16
38 30. .30
17 28 56. 34
18 14 17. 33
28 12.65
59 30. 17
19 10 06. 58
11 46.99
19 00.90
40 08. 83
44 30. 55
(a-0
•tn. 8.
-1 13. 76
13.49
13.61
1J.44
13.50
13.63
13. 82
14.91
14.91
13.88
14.11
13.92
14.06
13.94
14.09
-1 14 28
8.
+.32
+.08
+.15
-.10
-.10
+.01
+.07
-.06
+.06
-.14
-.04
-.17
-.10
+.06
Normal equations,
+ 144. 49 a + 3.96p - 3.7259-15.88 =
+ 3. 96 a + 29. 78 p - 5. 67 =
- 3.72a +15.00^6+13.44 =
o = + 0«. 08.
e = + 0*. 03, larap east,
p = + 0«. 201, per hour.
A f = - 1" 13*. 86 ± 0». 024, at 17«» 50«
Computation of clocJc-correction for Detroit, Jane 10, 1671.
lU.
Star.
B.
E.
W.
w.
w.
E.
a- Bootis
p Bootis
c Bootia
a* LibrsB
/3 UrssB Minoris . . / .
Ursad MiDoris
Librffi
Ii} Bootis
a Serpentia
< SerpentiB
Urase Miuoris —
0^ Scorpii
^ Opbiocbi
K Opbiaohi
c TJrsiB Minoris
a} Herooiis
CAi
8.
-.03
-.04
-.03
-.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.16
+ .03
+.03
+.24
+.03
I? Serpentis ' +.03
51 Cephei. L.C '
51 Cepbei.L.C |
d
B
Aqaila).
S^gittarii
Aqailfe...
AqnilsB ..
Aquilie...
03
03
03
03
03
Aberr.
8.
-.02
-.02
-.02
-.02
-.05
-.05
-.01
-.02
-.02
-.01
-.07
-.02
-.01
-.01
-.10
-.01
-.01
+ .29
+.29
-.01
—.02
-.01
-.01
-.01
Bb
8,
+
+
+
+
+
13
15
07
42
71
14
+ .28
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
18
88
11
13
17
+1.12
+ .17
+ .12
-3.06
- .65
+ .06
+ .05
+ .10
+ .10
+ .10
Cc
+.
03
03
03
03
10
10
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.13
+.03
+.03
+.03
+.19
+.03
+.03
-.53
+.53
—.03
-.03
-.03
-.03
-.03
14
15
16
17
18
19
11
27
40
45
52
11
20
39
45
50
59
31
52
00
10
16
40
00
11
13
20
31
8.
09.32
39.02
44.04
07.50
30.36
30.95
26.75
59. 72
17.67
46.17
08.03
19.29
26.46
56.73
44.49
09.00
01.00
18. 12
14.64
51.88
28.38
08.75
22.64
19.97
k. tn.
14 09
26
39
43
51
15 10
19
37
44
4b
57
16 30
51
59
17 08
19
59
10
11
19
29
8.
47.84
17.59
22.60
46.10
10. :«
05.50
3a 74
56.38
24.74
48.83
57.97
05.08
.35. 35
25.78
47.59
18 14 39.64
6 38 49.29
30. ."^
06.75
47.14
01.05
58.46
(«-<)
V
m. 8.
8.
-1 21,53
+.08
21. 49
+.10
21.50
+.09
21. 39
-.19
20. 33
20.51
21.41
-.15
21.30
-.06
21.51
.00
21.66
+.15
20.30
21.44
-.17
21.56
-.02
21.60
+.09
20.16
21.63
+.M
21.53
-.04
25.53
.52
21.55
+.04
21.60
-.05
21.64
+.12
21.62
-.03
-1 21.54
-.06
FF-3
Xormal equations.
+ 17. C3 d e + S4. 99 =
- 12. 35 =
+ 22.00 J0 + 11.92 =
+ 296. 13 o - 3?. 83 p
- 38. 83 a + 69. 42 p
+ 17.03 a
o = - 0». 03
c- — 0». 03, lamp east.
p -• + 0. 009, per hour.
Af= - 1«. 21*. 34 ± 0».0l7 at 1G»' 42"
34
Battle Mountain^ Nev., June 1, 1871.
Name of star.
Clamp.
a YirgiDM
f Virginia
If tJrsflB Migoris.
H Bootia
50 Cap., L. C
r Hercolis
Scorpii
15 Draconis
a Camelop., L. C
tJrseeMinoris.
W.
E.
h. m.
13 17
16
8.
5.98
26 49. 52
41 13.48
47 16.24
50 59.16
14 39. 59
20 12.34
27 10.04
39 44. 96
58 35. 38
bB
aA
eC
8.
8.
8.
+ 0.02
+ 3.23
+ 42
+ 0.08
+ 2.66
+ 0.41
+ 0.26
-1.02
+ 0.64
+ 0.18
+ 1.60
+ 0.43
-0.23
+12.11
- 1.31
-0.36
- 0.61
-0.60
- 0.11
+ 4.17
- 0.46
-0.54
- 5.44
- 1.15
-«- 0.14
+ 9.65
+ 1.01
- 1.21
-20.12
- 3.04
h. tn.
13 17
16
8.
9.65
26 52.67
41 13.36
47 16.45
51 9.73
14 3a 02
20 15. 94
27 2.91
39 55.76
58 11.01
AR.
h. 91. 8.
13 18 35. 01
28 8.32
42 2a 88
48 33.74
52 25. 27
16 15 53.75
21 31.80
28 la 51
41 11.40
59 25.98
Mean for 15>> O*" local sidereal time .
AT
fn.
1
+ 1
8.
15.36
15.65
15.52
15.29
15.54
15.73
15.86
15.60
15.64
14.97
+ 1 15.52
Four different compatations to find the error of chronometer were made. The error of coUimation
adopted from two computations = — 0*.4l. The method of least squares gave an unsatisfactory result ;
the azimuth of the instrument was therefore computed from polar and sooth stars = + 4*.09. fi Dra-
conis is excluded in the above determination of time, as it gives a result differing too much from those
of the other stars.
Battle Mountain, Xev-jJune 3, 1871.
Name of star.
Clamp.
T
^ Virginis
rj XJrsai Midoris . .
IT ISootis
W.
h. vn. 8.
13 26 52. 96
41 13.50
47 18.44
50 (^assiop., L. C . .
a Draconis
1
51 9.85
59 41. 45
bB
a A
eC
8.
8.
8,
—
0.16
+
0.33
+
0.32
—
0.11
—
0.13
+
0.50
—
0.12
+
0.20
+
0.34
+
0.20
+
1.50
1.02
J —
0.35
-
0.49
+
0.86
T'
AR.
h. m. 8.
13 26 53. 45
41 13.76
47 18.86
51 10.53
59 41. 47
h. m. 8.
13 as a 31
42 28. 85
48 33. 74
52 25. 39
14 46.21
AT
Mean for V3^ 45'" local sidereal time ,
m. 8.
+ 1 14.86
15.09
14.88
14.86
+ 1 14.74
+ 1 14.886
Normal cqnationy.
- - 0.23 + 5.00 8 t + 2.78 a
-- - 2-o6 + 2.78 6 1 + 10.33 a
it= -0M15
a = + 0«.308
By preiiniinary rodnction tho error of collimation* in found = — 0*32 : adopted error of azimuth
I + O'.SO. The "azimuth of the instrument found by the method of least 8<iuareM = + 0\508.
Battle Mountaiit, Xev., June 3, 1871.
Name of star.
6 Corvi
K Draconis
y Virginis
35 Virginis
12 Oanum Vonat.
Virginis
Virginis
Clamp.
E.
T
h.
m. 8.
12
22 51. 52
26 55. 48
33 49. 00
40 59. 21
48 45. 52
54 2a 28
13
1 57. 84
Mean for 12'' 40"" local sidereal time
6B
aA
cC
s.
T'
AR.
AT
s.
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
m. 8.
-0.02
+5. 84
-0.33
12 42 57. 01
12 23 12. 00
+1 J2. 99
-0.08
-9.99
-0.96
26 44. 45
27 59. 50
15.05
-0.04
+ 4.43
-0. 32
33 53. 07
35 a 07
15. (K)
-0.06
+4. 02
-0. 32
41 2.85
41 la 10
15.25
-0.14
+ 0.27
-0.41
48 45. 24
50 0.39
15. 15
-0.12
+3. .35
-0.33
54 31.18
55 46.32
15.0
-0.10
+ 4.83
-0.32
13 2 2. 25 i 13 3 17. 30
+1 15.0
3
+1 15.09
Normal equations,
= + 0. 05 +7.005« +1.90 a ct = -0\ 01
= - 0. 02 + 1.90 6 t + 4. 55 a a = + 0». 009
The error of collimatiou is found by preliminary reduction = — 0*. 32
Tho azimuth was determined hy 6 Corvi and k Draconis = + 6». 10
And by mean of the least squares the azimuth is given ' 1- 6«. ^0 )
35
Battle Mountain, Nev.y June 10, 1871.
Name of star.
Clamp.
T
(B
aA
cC
T'
A£.
AT
I FraaMinoris ..
i Scorpii
W.
K m 8,
15 47 41. 85
51 35. 88
56 49.56
16 4 54. ^
14 45. 42
20 23.40
sidereal time
8.
-2.25
-0. 24
-0.29
-1.43
-0.83
—0.24
8.
+0.40
—0.13
—0.12
+0.17
+0.02
—0.13
8.
+0.06
+0.01
+0.01
+0.03
+0.02
+0.01
h, Tn, 8.
15 47 40. 06
51 35.52
56 49. 16
16 4 53. 19
14 44. 63
20 23.04
15 48 48. 84
52 44. 21
67 57. 97
16 6 2.00
15 53. 76
21 31.88
m. 8.
+1 8.7*
8.69
jfif» Scorpii
aai
Groom. 2320
8.41
T Rercnlis
9.13
« Scorpii
a84
> 0» local
Mean for 16'
+1 8.84
Normal equations.
+0.59 + 6.00^« —1.47 a —12.29 c
+1.73 — 1.47<J« +13.47 +13.71 c
+0.36 — 12.28 ^« +13.710 +36. 75 c
« = — 0-. 16
a = — 0«. 133
c = — 0«. 012
From the preceding observations, the following table containing cor-
rections of chronometer and adopted rates for Negus No. 1344 is
derived.
1871. k. m. s. 8.
Jnne 1, 15.0 local sidereal time: cor. of chronometer, -|- 1 15.52; adopted rjite, -\- 0.011
June 3, 13,2 local sidereal time : cor. of chronometer, -\- 1 14.99 ; adopted rate, -j- 0.023
June 10, 14.8 local sidereal time: cor. of chroaometer, -j- 1 ^'84 ; adopted rate, -j- 0.035
Before and after exchange, comparisons of Negus 1344 and Hutton
288 (mean solar chronometer) were made, as follows :
1871
Jane
1. Negus 1374,.
Hutton 288..
After exchange :
Negus 1344..
Hutton 288.-
Jnne 3. Negus 1344..
Hutton 288..
After exchange :
Negus 1344..
Hutton 288..
June 10. Negus 1344..
Hutton 288..
After exchange :
Negus 1344..
Hutton 288..
h. in. 8.
h. m. 8.
h.
m.
s.
13 56 30.
13 59 34. 0.
8 55 57. 5
8 58 51. ;
■
• •
15 57 .56.
16 00 59. \
16
4
6.
10 56 53. 5
10 59 56. ■
11
3
2.
5
14 5 2.0
14 . 8 5.
8 56 25.
8 59 27. 5
'
15 40. 5
15 3 44.
15
6 49.
9 51 fS4.
9 54 57.
9 58
1.
5
14 14 13.0
14 17 17.0
8 37 57.
8 41 0. 5
<
15 38 24.
15 41 26.
10 1 54.0
10 4 55.5
From these comparisons the following table for mean-time chronome-
ter Hutton 288 is derived.
Button 288.
Jane 1, 1871 .
Jane 3, 1871.
June 10, 1371
Hutton time.
h.
8. 95535
10.99925
8. 96562
9.91597
8. 65799
10. 06021
Slow of sidereal
time.
h,
5
tn.
1
2
9
10
37
37
8.
58.28
18.51
52.20
1.94
2.5. 11
39.06
Losing per
hour.
8. .
9.898
10. 249
9.949
Log.
0. 9955363
1.0106754
0. 9977580
36
Exchange of signals between Detroit, Mich,, and Battle Mountain, Xer,
June 1, Isn.^SignaU 8ent from Detroit
•
Battle Moont-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mooni-.
i)etroit clock.
ftin
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
•
chronometer.
••
h. in.
8,
ht tn. 8,
h.
fn. 8.
h» in. 8.
h. m.
8.
A. flK f.
17 22
4a 25
10 3 49.80
10 5
17 26
20.05
10 7 29.00
5a06
50.60
17
24 4a 10
49.30 1
30.20
39. m
23
a 35
4 9.80
1
50.20
25 a 24
59.10
6 9.40
40 20
50.15
49. oa
59.00
24
a 21
iao3
2a 05
5 9.80
19.20
29.20
26 a 25
xai9
7 9.30
19.00 1
1
27
a 21
8 9.00
Mean, 17 25
3.92
10 6 13.03
SECOND SERIES.
Detroit clock.
Battle Mount-
ain
chronometer. |
Detroit clock.
Battle Mount-
ain
chronometer.
Detroit clock.
Battle Mount-
ain
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
17 52 40.29
50.21
53 a 21
ia20
20.15
30.20
4a 11
54 40.08
i^ fn, 8.
10 33 44.80
54.70
34 4.60
14.50
24.50
34.50
44.50
35 44.30
h, tn, 8.
17 54 50.10
55 a 06
iai8
20.10
30.20
4a 20
56 40.05
50.14
h. m. 8.
10 35 54.40
36 4.30
14.30
24.00
34.10
44.20
37 43.90
54.00
h. m. 8m
17 57 a 05
iao5
20.10
30.20
40.10
h. m. 8.
10 38 4.00
14.00
23.90
83.00
44.00
Mean, 17 55 la 14
10 36 14.26
SigntU8 8ent from Battle Mountain.
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit dock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. wir-' 8.
h. fn. 8.
h.
f».
8.
A. fn. 8.
17 40 24.31
10 22 laoo
17 44 54.92
10 26 4a 00
17
46
15.10
10 28 a 00
29.50
15.00
59.95
45.00
20.05
5.00
34.22
20.00
45 4.90
50.00
2.112
laoo
39.31
25.00
9.92
55.00
30.25
15.00
44.28
30.00
14.91
27 a 00
35.20
20.00
49.45
35.00
19.90
5.00
4a 50
25.00
54.60
4a 00
24. 98
laoo
45.35
3a 00
A
30.10
15.00
50.30
35.00
41 14.88
26 a 00
35.15
20.00
55.31
40.00
19.69
5.00
4a 40
25-00
47
a 20
45.00
24.80
laoo
45.10
30.00
5.19
50.00
29.90
15 00
50.27
35.00
ia30
55.00
34.88
20.00
55.06
40.00
15.20
29 a 00
39.92
4.5. 00
25.00
30.00
46 a 20
5.18
45.00
50.00
Mean, 17
44
56.44
10 26 41.48
49.75
35.00
iao6
55.00
June 3, ISll.— Signals eent from Detroit
Battle Mount-
Battie Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit dock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
A. fn.
8.
h. fn. 8.
h.
fn.
8.
h. m. 8.
A. fn.
8.
h, fn. 8.
16 41
9 14
16
43
iai2
9 16 28.80
16 45
20.05
9. 18 3&40.
ia25
29.10
90.08
38.60
30.^
48.50
20.00
39.00
30.10
48.60
40.12
5a 90
30.15
49 10
4a 20
5a 70
5a 12
19 a 30
4a 25
59.10
50.29
17 8.60
46
a 40
ia5o
50.3;
25
15 9.20
19.00
44
a 30
18.80
42
Mean, 16 43
37.70
9 16 56.24
45
a 28
la 18.00
43
a 38
16 19.00
iao8
28.40
37
SECOND SEBIBS.
Battle Moant-
t
Battle Moont-
Battle'Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
hv m*
1
8.
h. m, 8.
*.
m. 8.-
h. m. 8,
h.
m.
8.
h. m. 8.
17
0.25
10.05
9 31 16.50
26.10
17
1
)
2 10.20
20.18
9 33 25.80
35.80 '
17
4
20.20
9 35 35.40
20.13
36.20
1
1
30.15
45.80
40.18
55.50
30.21
46.30
40.21
55.80
.
50.25
36 5.40
,
40.11
56.00
50. 13
34 6.00
5
0.20
15.20
50 23
32 6 00
1
3 0.18
16 00
1
0.41
16.00
1
•
Mean, 17
2
24.19
9 33 39.83
1
4 0.10
35 15.40
2
0.30
33 15.90
1
10.20
25.50
•
Signals 8cnt from Battle Mountain.
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
•
chronometer.
k. tn,.
8.
h. W; 8.
h. m. . 8.
h. m. 8.
h. fn.
8.
h. m. 8.
16 49
43.23
9 23 0.00
16 51 28.72
9 24 45.00
16 53
13.93
9 26 30.00
48.30
5.00
33.45
50.00
19.05
35.00
53.12
10.00
38.60
55.00
23.88
40.00
5&20
15.00
43.70
25 0.00
28.80
4.5.00
50
3.30
20.00
i 48. 70
5.00
33.90
50.00
8.83
25.00
53.59
10.00
38. 85
55.00
13.50
30.00
58.59
15.00
43.82
27 0.00
ia6i
35.00
52 3. 85
20.00
48.90
5.00
23.68
40.00
8.83
25.00
53.80
10., 00
9.8. 6«
45.00
13.81
30.00
59.10
15.00
33.45
50.00
18.89
35.00
54
4.10
20.00
38.60
55.00
! 23.78
40.00
9.34
25.00
43.42
24 0.00
2d. 71
45.00
14.10
.30.00
48.41
5.00
; 33. 74
50.00
19.20
35.00
53.45
10.00
38. 59
55.00
24.36
40.00
5a 55
15.00
43. 60
26 0.00
29.20
45.00
51
3.50
20.00
48.68
5.00
34.08
50.00
8.82
25.ro
53. 70
10.00
39.15
. 55.00
13.60
30.00
58.75
15.00
44.00
28 0.00
18.70
35.00
40.00
53 3.71
8.95
20 00
23.70
25.00
Mean, 16 52
13.75
9 25 30.00
Juke 10, 1811.— Signals sent from Detroit.
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h. m.
8.
A. m. 8.
h.
m. a.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
17 12
9 17
17
14 10.00
9 19 44.80
17 16
20.10
9 21 54.60
io.io
45.10
20.15
54.90
30.10
22 4. 50
20.25
55.40
1
30.10
20 4.90
40.10
14.40
30.20
18 5. 40
40.10
14.90
50.15
24.20
40.45
15.50
,
50.20
24.80
17
0.55
34. 10
50.20
0.20
25.10
35.10
1
15 0. 10
34.60
13
Mean, 17 14
37.69
9 20 12.32
16 0. 43
21 34.60
14
0.25
19 35.10
10.10
44.40
SECOND SERIES.
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer^
k. m.
8.
h. vn. 8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
«.
h. m. 8.
17 26
30.24
9 32 3.00
17
28
40.21
9 34 12.60
17 30
50.15
9 36 22.00
40.00
12.70
50.21
22.50
31
0.00
32. 00
50.20
22.70
59.84
32.20
10.26
42.10
27
0.20
32.70
29
10. 12
42.40
20.10
52.00
10.10
42.60
20.15
52.40
30.30
37 2. 10
20 12
52 50
30 21
35 2 40
30.10
33 2.60
30
30.21
36 2.20
Mean, 17 29
O.IS
9 34 32.40
28
30.27
34 2.60
»
1
40.18
12.20
x
38
Signals »ent from Battle Mountain,
Battle Monnt-
BatUeMoont-
Battie Mount-
Detroit dock. I
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock. I
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h. m.
8.
h. tn, 9.
A. m, 8.
A. 911. f.
h.
m.
«.
A. fn. 9.
17 19
28.69
9 25 0.00
17 21 6.93
9 . 26 40. 00
17
28
47.89
9 88 80.00
31.75
5.00
12.08
45.00
52.38
3S..00
36.60
10.00
17.20
50.00
57.30
30.00
41.80
15.00
21.86
55.00
23
3.46
35.00
46.90
20.00
27.08
27 0.00
7.48
; 40.00
51.84
25.00
32.01
5.00
18.49
45.00
56.88
30.00
36.82
10.00
17. 45
50.00
20
1.92
35.00
41.90
15.00
22 50
55.00
7.15
40.00
47.18
20.00
87.55
89 0.00
12.10
4.?. 00
51.92
25.00
38.41
5.00
17.03
50.00
57.25
30.00
37.48
10.00
22.00
55.00
22 2.15
35.00
48L40
15.00
26.90
26 0.00
7.24
40.00
47.68
80.00
32.00
5.00
12.45
45.00
53.55
85.00
37.00
10.00
17.25
50.00
57.50
30.00
41.96
15.00
22.50
55.00
84
8.73
35.00
46.95
51.95
20.00
25.00
87.35
32.35
28 0.00
5.00
Mean, 17
21
44.66
9 87 17.50
56.98
30.00
37.32
10.00
81
2.00
35.00
42.30
15.00
39
«
'«
2»
o
9»
IS
o
^
m w
2 s»
<fi a
Q
gj ♦* 43
'3 A s •*
IS
si
O o
eg «
>3
it •
5
I
z
I
i
a
S
«
&
"58
OQ
s
as
P
00
to
et
s
coo
s
n
CO 00
n
U
Q'^'S' {:*'»* wwoo
^ncoo «eo»^ ^^^.
nnn rsnn cSnn
toooifS (0«-a» ^«o
: 00 001
eo(
cb • • •
^stetet
Ok Ok 91
-!«
Soro
CO n c*S
r-r-r-
00 50 CO
KO
• • •
Oi Ok Ok
Ok Ok Ok
ssss sss ss^sgs
^r-i-r* <o^••o r-^•^•
^3«S? '^0>»* a*©^
OkAOk «o(0<o meooo
ooaoToao eoeow ^ — -J
e«'^^ CAio oioce
o>-<^ ^•*H^- <c ^ ©
1-tO CO O) ^ CO ^
*Hr^r^ i^^^^H ^<*H»i^
e8 (* 2
o o»-t
9 ® a
ttfSg
Q O O
■*a ^A ,40
« o eS
2.2 --S
•532
e H 9
o ©►-<
*^ a
III
■♦a -iS^
•S'S ®
a c «
9 9 Q
«g
s
&&& (S(S(2
QD X 00
00 X 00 So 00 00
COO
1-4 *7« •-«
i-^-»i-^ cocceo
A A ^ A ^ ^J A A A
o a a ft p a a a a
sss sro sss
o
-H
a
'*a
I
^
«3
40
Mean places of stars far 1871.0 used for determination of latitude of Battle Mountainy Nev.
No. of
pair.
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
1
; No. of
I pair.
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
1
No. of
pair.
1
1
No. in
B. A. (y.
Declination.
/ //
■
o
/ //
/ //
1
4568
55
20 5.00
7
4825
3?
11 39.22
.5385
36
49 12. g?
4594
26
2L 2.56
1
4841
44
11 57.5t<
13
5400
44
9 52. 74
2
4605
55
4 38. 28
1 3
i
4663
37
1« 26.30
14
5432
.34
11 14.06
4640
29
17 1.25
1
1
4952
47
47 15.90
5463
46
37 18.00
3
4684
51
35 32. 39
! 9
5000
33
34 10. 00
15 '
1 1
5479
34
6 14.86
4694
31
28 3.52
5072
ai
23 49. 53
1
1
.•>54l
30
46 15. 72
4
4701
50
4 5.00
10
.'S113
48
9 26.29
16
5549
50
24 52.85
4723
29
42 34. 42
1
5157
43
35 44.60
5596
49
10 53.84
5
4752
51
54 18.25
11
5178
:rr
3 21. to
17
5604
31
50 17.80
4804
50
25 22. 70
1
5252
21
22 3.96
i
5752
56
52 42.77
6
4808
30
56 20. 26
12
1
5307
59
17 3.64
18 ■
5798
24
23 49.00
Obse}'rations for latitude. — Station , Battle Mountain^ Nev,
1
icrometer-
readings.
Level.
star.
0m H
Level.
Date.
00
o
•
N.
1
1
S.
Kemarks.
Date.
«5
o
N.
s.
Remarks.
}z;
^
^
s
1871.
t d.
1871.
t d.
Jane 6
5432
1 41.5
18.2
15.5 ,
JuaeS
5252
7 91.0
15.0
10.0
5463
22 13.9
18.5
15.2 ,
5307
35 67.0
10.0^
15.0
5479
-2 3^.4
18.2
15.8
5385
8 97.8
13.0
12.5
5541
12 62. S
17.5
16.8
5400
26 90.5
14.8
11.0
Must be 21*.
5549
16 49.0
22.0
12.0
\
5432
13 76.8
15.8
10.0
June 7
5252
7 48.2
17.0
15.0 1
5463
.34 43.5
12.8
13.0
5307
35 8.2
18.0
13.8
5479
10 1.6
15.8
10.0
5.185
11 72.2
21.8
10.2
5541
18 16.2
9.5
16.8
5400
24 59.5
12.8
19.0
5549
21 98.9
21.2
5.0
5432
13 81.0
15.6
15!
5596
25 79.9
12.0
14.0
5463
34 47.8
20.0
12.8
5604
14 51.0
17.5
8.8
5479
10 19.2
16.3
16.3 ■
5752
23 64.8
17.8
9.2
5541
18 53.0
20.3
13.0
5798
23 83.8
17.0
10.2
5549
22 35.3
18.0
15.0
June 9
4568
9 86.2
12.0
11.0
June 8
4568
4594
11 10.0
29 47.0
12.0
12.0
10.5
10.5
4594
28 12.
8.0
15.8
4605
22 55.8
10.7
12.0
4G40
10 87.9
13.5
10.3
4684
28 79.0
4.0
20.8
4640
11 88.8
10.2
12.2
4684
29 50.3
13.0
10.2 1
4^94
26 40.2
6.2
18.8
4701
14 8C.0
17.0
8.0
4694
26 51.0
15.5
8.0
4701
14 83.6
8.0
16.0
4723
4752
25 68.9
5 93.8
11.2
11.2
13.5
13.2
Must be 23«v
4723
23 2S.0
12.6
11.8 '
4752
5 48.9
14.0
10.3
Is No. 4742.
4804
4808
12 78.2
16 67.7
12.0
13.0
13.0
12.2
4825
23 27.9
14.8
10.0
#
4841
17 78.8
14.0
10.5
4825
22 94.2
14.0
11.8
4863
28 28.0
14.0
11.0
4841
4863
17 .56.7
27 94.5
12.8
16.0
13.2
10.5
5072
5113
24 9.1
11 63.6
11.8
12.8
11.8
11.8
49.52
5000
20 42.5
24 28.5
19.2
13.0
7.8
15.0
5157
32 29.5
15.0
9.5
5072
23 56.7
14.0
14.0
"5178
4 65.3
i
10.0
14.8
•
5113
10 87.0
20.8
7.2
41
Computations for latitude of Battle Mountain^ Nev.
Date.
No. of
pair.
Half-snm of
decliuation.
Correotiona
Latitade.
Micr. and refr.
Level.
Mord.
Jiine6. 1871
- _
O ' /'
40 24 17. 66
21 47.85
/ //
+ 13 58.11
.;-16 30.13
+ 4.05
+ 3.85
+ 7.26
+ 4.19
+ 3.64
+ 5.26
+ 4.86
+ 6.95
+ 2.02
+ 0.14
+ 0.54
+ 0.34
+ 3.04
+ 5.60
+ 4.32
+ 0.67
+ 0.47
0.00
+ 2.90
+ 3.78
+ 3.78
+ 6.01
+ 4.52
+10.39
— 4.59
— 9.18
— 2.43
— 2.90
— 0.14
+ 1.21
+ 3.44
+ 6.34
+ 9.18
. o / //
40 38 19. 82
21.83
35 35. 02 1 4- 2 36. 42
1&70
June7 1871
40 19 36. 46
-^-18 36.24
16.89
29 34.96 I .4- R 40.61
19.21
24 17. 95
21 48.09
35 35.30
40 50 41. 76
42 56. 26
26 24. .30
46 11.65
50 17.23
41 54.87
45 18. 28
46 42. 34
19 3G. 73
19 36. 72
29 35.22
24 18.20
21 48.38
35 35. 57
30 36.80
38 15. 72
40 50 41. 91
26 24. 51
46 11.84
50 17. 41
40 58.28
41 5.5. 08
45 18. 49
40 48. 50
46 42. 59
+ 13 56.25
+ 16 22.16
+ 2 34. 57
-12 22. 92
- 4 .39. .54
n 11 52.38
- 7 52. 12
-11 59.50
- 3 42. 07
- 7 4. 31
- 8 23. 70
+ 18 37.91
+ 18 42.71
+ 8 42. 78
+13 55.82
+ 16 27.55
+ 2 34. 77
+ 7 36. 54
- 7.68
-12 18.29
+ 12 4.34
- 7 49.20
- 11 57.88
- 2 37 51
- 3 37. 37
- 6 59. 70
- 2 36. 10
- 8 3;J. 49
19.46
15.11
16.82
« June 8. 1871
40 38 20. 86
........
16.86
17.22
19.19
20.77
18.40
18.29
19.31
15. 11
19.43
20.90
17.80
19.71
16.35
I
17.86
I
18.43
June 9.1871
18.93
19.67
• . 20. 21
16.63
20.63
18. 92
22.23
18.74
9
18.28
Mean latitude of Battle Mountain, Nev , 40° 38' 18". 74 i-O". 21.
BesuJting astronomical co-ordinates.
Adopting the longitade of Detroit as given in the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1971, to be —
0* 24« 0. 14' west of Washington, or
830 3' 3". 90 west of Greenwich—
The resolting astronomical co-ordinates of Battle Mountain, Nev., will be —
Longitude : 116o 56' 13". 50 west of Greenwich.
3^'^ 53' 11". 70 west of Washington.
Latitude: N. 40° 38' 18". 74 ±0".21.
AUSTIN, NEVADA.
Longitude 117o 03' 41".70; latitude 39o 29' 21''.92.
The astronomical station is situated near Austin, Nev., in the caiion
through which the road to Behnont passes. A short distance above the
Manhattan Mill, to the east of the station, the land rises rapidly to
Mount Prometheus ; to the north, there is a slope downward to the valley
of the Keese Kiver. The mountains to the south and west rise to a height
of several hundred feet above the station. The weather seems to have
been quite fair when the station was occupied ; at least, at night. During
the day the clouds accumulated about 3 p. m., clearing again at 11 p. m.
No detailed meteorological observations were made by the observer. The
observations were taken in the same tent used at Carlin and Battle
Mountain ; the instrument was placed on three pieces of board buried
tliree feet in the ground. The observer, E. P. Austin, was assisted by
two soldiers.
1
42
The. wires of the Western Union Telegraph Company were used for
exchange of signals. For time and latitude observations the same in>
strnments were used as at Carlin and Battle Mountain, a description of
which is given in the proper place in the report on Carlin.
Connection was made with Washington and Detroit; Washington
could be reached only once. The result derived from the exchanges
between Austin, and Detroit and Washington for the longitude of De-
troit is again larger than that given in the Eeport of the Chief of Engi-
neers for 1871. This discrepancy of the results, being all independent
of each other, will be investigated at another time.
The observations for time were taken on the 16th, 26th, and 29th of
June ; those for latitude on June 15, 17, 21, and 23. The corresponding
determinations for time at Detroit were taken by Mr. O. B. Wheeler,
assistant United States lake-survey, and at Washington by Prof.
John R. Eastman, United States Naval Observatory. The reductions
of- the observations, made at the connected places, were made in the re-
spective offices; those for Austin station by Dr. F. Kampf, who also
prepared the report.
The explanation of signs in the report for the Detroit observations
will be found in the report for Carlin ; the same report contains the
observations and computations for time relating to Washington.
For the reductions of observations made at Austin, the same instru-
mental values as given in the report on Carlin station were used. The
signals were sent through by means of automatic repeaters; the num-
ber of them and also the places where they are situated are given in the
Carlin report.
Computation of clock-correction for Detroit^ June 16, 1871.
Ul.
W.
Star.
W.
E.
E.
E.
E.
W.
w.
P Bootis
48 Cephei, L. C
LiorsB ,
ft Coronse Borealis
a Serpentia
t SerpeDtis
i UrsseMinoris ...
t CoroiiflB Borealla .
h (>|)hiuchi
C, 0phiu6hi
n Herculis
«c Ophincbi
c UrsaB Minoria . . .
a} Hercolis
K AquiI«B
Y AquilflB
a Aqnilffi
AquilsD
A UrssB Minoria
A UrAflB Minoria
a' Capricorni
t Ddlphini
C Ai
i.
+ .04
-f .03
-f .03
-f .03
+ .03
-f .16
+ .03
+ .03
- .03
- .04
- .03
- .03
- .03
- .03
- .03
- .03
-H .03
+ .03
Aberr.
«.
- .02
+ .06
- .01
- .02
- .01
- .01
- .07
- .02
- .01
- .01
- .02
- .01
- .10
- .02
- .01
- .01
- .01
- .01
- .74
+ .74
- .01
- .01
B&
+ .29
- .47
-f .14
-f .23
+ .19
+ .19
+ .97
+ .28
+ .18
+ .12
+ .24
+ .17
-fl.l6
-f .18
+ 06
+ .08
+ .08
+ .07
4-3.88
+3.88
+ .06
-f .09
Cc
8.
+ .08
- .29
-f .07
+ .07
-f .07
+ .06
+ .31
+ .07
+ .06
- .07
- .08
- .07
- .47
- .07
- .07
- .07
- .07
- .07
-3.39
+ .07
+ .07
h. tn.
14 58
15 05
11
30
39
45
50
53
16 09
31
39
53
00
10
17
32.36
25.12
30.94
40.68
22.07
50.31
12.81
42.05
02.44
30.68
56.30
01.20
50.24
13.51
19 31 24. 57
41 35.08
45 56.92
50 26.10
19 55 44. 83
29.67
20 12 21. 07
28 3U.22
(a-t)
h. m.
14 57
3 03
15 10
29
37
44
48
92
16 07
30
38
51
59
17 08
«.
06.78
5&79
05^49
15.14
56.38
24.75
48.52
16.54
36.79
05.11
30.35
35.39
2.*). 52
47.64
19 29 58. 59
40 09. 12
44 30.85
49 00.06
54 13.55
20 10 55. 20
27 04.33
m. »,
-1 25.97
35.63
2.'S.68
25.85
25.97
25.83
25.66
23.87
25.91
2.^58
26 05
2.'. 87
2.'. 31
25.93
25.93
25.93
26.04
26.00
31.03
+ .16
- .15
+ .01
H- .12
- .03
- .16
+ .01
+ .03
- .33
+ .14
- .05
.00
- .01
- .05
+ .07
4- .03
26.02 + .08
26.07 U- .Ofr
Normal equaHons.
+ 49.63 a + 9.61 p + 1.74 5 0+ ^.60
+ 1480.91 a' + 90.89 p - 34.62 69- 228.03
+ 9.61 a + 90.89 a' + 77.44 p - 16.81
+ 1.74 a- 34.62 a' +21.00^0+ 23.13
a = - 0«. 01
a' = + 0-. 14
e =r — 0*. 06 lamp east.
p = + 0'. 051, per hoar.
M= - 1» 25*.93 ± 0M)19 at 17»' 19^
43
Commutation oftiook-wrrtcHonfor Dttroit, Junt 26, 1871.
lU.
Star.
CAi
&b«tT.
S6
Ce
'
•
(— «
-'.m
-.06
-.o«
+.06
+ .06
+.06
+!d6
-ios
-:oi
-:oi
-ioi
—.03
-:o3
..
+
+
X*
09
08
00
08
08
08
00
00
"11
31 33. M
17 30 38.85
14 57 06.66
15 03 59.68
39 15l09
44 !m!74
17 ae sa56
-l' MM
98.61
ae.84
38.63
9a54
38.41
38.68
SB. 41
as. 33
38.54
3&57
38.35
38,58
38.39
38.36
32.35
tiin
Is
38133
..
18 Cepbei.L.C
+
+
+
+
+
16
13
+
+
+
+
-■
a Corona BotMlis..
01
OS
( CoroniBBoreaiii.
04
so as.M
S5 M.4fl
aa as 3Z83
S a.™
iO S7 04.5i
37 03.96
45 43.19
31 01 0& 83
07 98.3a
E
. Delphlal
-!o6
-.07
-.08
13
as Volpecnlst
0«
K.
( cISi :;;:.::::;:;
04
Xomai tqiuUio
isoaasa +
83.30a +
95.67 a
111.16*
+ 33.00
- + O-. 10
= -O-.OB.
lamp esM.
per honr.
1=, -1- 38-
54 to-. 019, ftt IB*
CompiUaHon of eloolc-
for Detroit, Jum 29, 1871.
^BoDtia
,» Lib™
ji'BooHs
aSerpuntia
I Serp«Dtia
f UrxieMlnoriH ...
n Hercnlla .,..
K OpMnohl
( TTrste Uinoris . . .
aOpUni-bl!!'.!!"!
iiHetcolis
S UrM Mlnoris. . .
a AciollB !!!'."!.'!
45 48.84
50 10.47
59^05
37 56. ..
44 34 73
33 16! 49
57 58.00
30 05.13
51 35. 43
38 5&58
44
Kormal eqttations,
I 1361. 89 rt -]- 125. 63 p- 51.00«fl + 19.91-0
+ 125. 63 a + 55. 18 p -j- 4. 89=0
- 51. 00 a + 24. 00 ie + 6. 02=0
a = — 0". 003.
c = — 0« .03, lamp east,
p = — O*. 082, per hour.
A f= -1» 24*. 33 db 0«. 019, at le"* 53«.
Austin, iS>c., June\16, 1871.
Xame of star.
ti Boot! 8
50 CaMiopesB, L. G.
a BrHOonis
Bootis
CaasiopesB, L. C.
Bootis
Ursa) Minoris . .
Bootis
.Clamp.
E.
W.
h. m.
13 48
51
14
8.
1.08
47.76
26. 42
9 13.28
17 50. 35
20 17. 51
27 24. 62
38 49. 72
Mean for 14^ SO^ local sidereal time
&B
8.
aA
cC
8.
t.
+0.29
+0.76
-0.36
-0.25
+ 6.15
+ 1.08
+0.53
-2.11
-0.80
+0.29
+ 0.74
-0.36
-0.12
+5.04
-0.86
+0.28
-0.76
+0.56
+0. ^
-5.20
+ 1.43
+ 0.13
+0.48
+0.38
h.
13
14
tn. 8.
48 1.70
51 54. 74
24. 04
9 15.95
17 54. 41
20 17.59
27 21. 43
38 50.71
k. tn. 8.
13 48 33. 64
52 26. 28
14 55. 45
9 47.80
18 26.44
20 49.86
27 53.23
39 22.56
AT
+0 31. 94
31.54
31.41
31.85
32.03
32.27
31.80
+0 31. 85
+0 31. 836
Xoimal equations.
= + 0. 08 + 8. 00 ^ « — 2. 47 a' — 3. 15 c
= + 1. 00 + 2. 47 <J e + 22. 68 a' + 5. 92 c
= + 14.82 -3.15ae + 5.99 a' +46. 35 c
6t=- 0«.163
a' = + 0-.063
c = — 0».339
Adopted azimuth — + 2". 00; tbe whole azimuth of the instrument, a ==> -|-2\063.
Austinj Kei\, June 16, 1871.
Name of star.
9 Sagittarii
3 Draoonis.
Aquil£B . .
AqnilsB . .
Aquilee..
Aquilee .
Dracouis
Clamp.
E.
h.
19
tn. 8.
9 31. 4()
12 9.85
18 27.26
29 23.80
39 35. 78
43 57. 38
48 15.98
Mean for 19'* 30" local sidereal time
6B
aA
cC
8.
8.
8.
-0.03
+ 4.44
-0.36
-0.15
-6.00
-0.89
-0.06
+2.93
-0. 34
0.00
+3.56
-0.34
+0. 04
+2.39
-0.35
+0.06
+2.54
-0. 35
+0.25
-7.22
-0.99
h.
19
fn. 8.
9 35. 45
12 2.81
18 29. 79
29 27.02
39 37.86
43 59. 6:{
48 8.02
AR.
19
tn. 8.
10 6.88
12 34. 46
19 1.17
29 58. 59
40 9.12
44 30. 85
48 39. 22
AT
m. 8.
HO 31. 4.!
31.65
31.38
31.57
31.26
31.22
+0 31.20
+0 31.387
Xormal equations.
= - 0. 55 + 7. 00 J « + 0. 54 a' 6t-.-{- 0*. 08
= + 0. 68 + 0. 54 ^ t +5. 93 a' a' = - 0M22
Adopted azimuth, + 5».00 ; whole azimuth, + 4». 878.
JusliUj Xev.y June2Q, 1871.
Name of star.
a Draoonis
K Virginia
a Bootis
e Bootis
5 UrsJB Minoris.
e Bootis
a« Librai
/? Urs8B Minoris.
Bootis
Libree
/K^ Bootis
Clamp.
W,
E.
h.
m. 8.
14
9.75
5 42. 48
9 22.60
20 14.20
26 47.28
38 55. 40
43 27. 50
50 13.66
56 36. 80
15
9 45. 84
19 9.85
Mean for 14*> 40" local sidereal time
ftB
aA
cC
T
AR.
AT
8.
8.
8.
h. m. 8,
h. 7n. 8.
m. 8.
+ 0.91
+ 13. 11
+ 1.35
14 2.'». 12
14 55. 45
+0 30. 33
+ 0.25
- 9.89
+0.58
5 33. 42
6 2.09
28.67
+0.30
- 4.60
+0.61
9 18.91
9 47. 72
28.81
+ 0.58
+ 4.74
+0.93
20 20. 45
20 49. 67
29.22
1 0.95
+ 2.44
+2.41
27 23. 08
27 52. 54
29.46
f 0.29
-32. 98
+0.64
38 53. 35
39 22. 48
29.13
+0.11
-10. 93
—0.59
43 16. 09
43 46. 04
29.95
+0.6S
+28.08
—2 16
50 40.26
51 9.44
29.18
+0.46
+ 0.49
0.37
56 36. 88
57 6.68
29.80
H-0. 06
-10. 13
—0.56
15 9 35. 21
15 10 5. 46
30.25
+0.11
- 0.48
-0.72
19 8.76
19 38. 19
+0 29. 43
+0 29,475
45
Xormal equations,
0=-4.68 +11.00 a f- 3.09 a— 2.80 c 6t= --0«.525
0= +42. 80 — 3. 09 Bt +14. 48 0+ 5. 64 c o= — 2«. 858
0= +43.17 —2.80 ^f+ 5.64 a+49.98c c= +0«.570
Adopted azimuth, —10*. 00 ; whole azimuth of the instrament, —12*. 858.
Ausiinj Xev.f June 29, 1871.
Name of Btar.
Ursse Minoris.
BootlB
Bootis
Librae
Ursse Minoris.
Bootis . . .
48 Cephei,L,C...
fi LibrsB
c
I
y* Ursse Miooris.
a CorousB . .
a SerjientiB
Clamp.
frB
aA
W.
■i
h. tn, 8.
14 27 40. 83
34 16.22
38 «8. 40
43 19. 20
50 57.06
56 43.98
3 18.96
9 38.22
90 45.32
28 50.50
37 30. 08
15
8.
-0.41
-0.20
-0.31
-0.20
—0.16
-0.20
+0.43
-0.22
-0.86
-0.35
-0.34
8.
-10. 64
+ l.fc3
+ 1.05
+ 3.90
-10.00
— 0.18
+ ia57
+ 3.62
- ai6
+ 1.10
+ 2.48
cC
8.
—1.11
-0.28
-0.30
-0.27
-1.00
-0.40
—1.19
+0.27
+0.87
+0.29
+0.27
h. 9FI. 8.
14 27 28.67
34 17.57
38 58.84
43 22.63
50 45.90
56 48.20
3 36.77
9 41.89
80 37.17
28 51. 54
37 32.49
15
AR.
h. fn.
14 27
34
39
43
51
57
3
10
31
29
37
15
8.
52.32
41.00
83.04
46.02
9.85
6.63
59.96
5.45
0.04
15.07
56.36
Mean for 15>> 0"> local sidereal time
AT
m.
+0
8.
83.65
33.43
83.20
83.39
S3. .35
83.43
83.19
33.56
83.87
83.53
+0 33.87
+0 33. 405
Normal equations,
0= + 1.48 +11.00 6t-\- 0.78 a+10.86c
0= —13.57 +0.78 J<+31.61 a+ 8.91c a= — 0«.415
0= -15,71 +10.86 6t+ 3.91 a+78.60c c= — 0«.363
Adopted azimuth, +5'. 00 : whole azimuth of the instrament, +4*. 585.
The followiDg table shows the coiTections and rates for the sidereal
chronometer :
Ne^is 1344.
Date.
June 16, 1871
Jane 26, 1871
Jane 29, 1871
Local sidereal'
time. I
Correction of
chronometer.
A.
17.0
14.7
15.0
m, 8.
+0 31. 612
+0 29. 475
+0 23.405
Adopted hourly
rate.
8.
+0. 042
+0. 070
+0.085
The signals were sent by sound from the mean -time chronometer
Hatton No. 288. It was compared with Negus 1344, both before and
after exchange. The comparison, June 16, 1871, made before exchange,
is:
h. m, 8. h. fn. 8.
Negns 1344 14 45 45.0 14 48 50.0
Hutton -288 8 45 37.0 8 48 41.5
and after exchange —
h. m. 8. h. m. 8.
Negna 1344 18 44 16.0 18 47 20.0
Hutton 288 12 43 37.0 12 46 40.5
The hourly rate of Hutton 288, derived from these comparisons, would
be 7*.773; this first comparison has to be rejected, as there is evidently
a mistake in it, as shown by the comparison below. Both chronometers
were compared again the next morning.
h, tn. 8.
Negus 1344 6 44 37.0
Hutton 288 41 59.5
The rate derived from this comparison and that made after exchange
is 9».8561, and is used for the determination of the change of Hutton
288 against sidereal time.
36
Exchange of signals between Detroit, Mich,, and Battle Mountain, Net,
June 1, 1871.— jS^maZs 8ent from Detroit
J)etroit clock.
Battle Moimt-
ain
chronometer.
Detroit dock.
Battle Mount-
ain
chronometer.
Detroit clock.
Battle Monnl-.
ain
chronometer.
h. fn. 8,
17 22 40.25
5a 06
23 0.35
24 a 21
10.03
2a 05
h. m. 8.
10 3 49.80
5a 60
4 9.80
5 9.80
19.20
29.20
h. f}|. 8.
17 24 4a 10
50.20
25 a 24
26 a 25
iai9
A. m. 8.
10 5
49.30
59.10
6 9.40
7 9.30
19.00
h, tn. 8.
17 26 20.05
30.20
40.20
50.15
27 a 21
n. 7ll-> 8m
10 7 29.00
39.00
49. 0<)
59.00
8 9.00
Mean, 17 25 3. 92
10 6 13.03
SECOND SERIES.
Detroit clock.
Battle Monnt-
ain
chronometer.
Detroit clock.
Battle Monnt-
ain
chronometer.
Detroit clock.
1
Battle Moont-
ain
chronometer.
b. m. 8.
17 52 40.29
50.21
53 a 21
ia20
20.15
30.20
4a 11
54 40.06
h. m. 8.
10 33 44.80
54.70
34 4.60
14.50
24.50
34.50
44.50
35 44.30
h. fn, 8.
17 54 50.10
55 0. 08
iai8
20.10
30.20
4a 20
56 4a 05
50.14
h. m. 8.
10 35 54.40
36 4. 30
14.30
24.00
34.10
44.20
37 43.90
54.00
h. m. 8,
17 57 a 05
iao5
20.10
30.20
4a 10
h. m. 8.
10 38 4.00
14.00
2.3.90
33.90
44.00
Mean, 17 55 iai4
10 36 14.26
SignaL8 sent from BatHe Mountain,
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit dock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. fn. 8.
A.
WT' *.
A. m. 8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m. 8.
17 40 24.31
10 22 laoo
17
44 54.92
10 26 4a 00
17
46
15.10
10 28 a 00
29.50
15.00
59.95
45.00
2a 05
5.00
34.22
20.00
45 4.90
50.00
2.5. 12
laoo
39.31
25.00
9.92
55.00
3a 25
15.00
44.28
30.00
14.91
27 .a 00
35.20
20.00
49.45
35.00
ia90
5.00
4a 50
25.00
54.60
4a 00
24. 98
laoo
45.35
3a 00
A
30.10
15.00
50.30
35 00
41 14.88
26 a 00
35.15
20.00
55.31
4a 00
19.69
5.00
4a 40
25.00
47
a 20
45.00
24.80
laoo
45.10
30.00
5.19
50.00
29.90
15 00
50.27
25.00
ia30
55.00
34.88
39.92
4.'>. 00
2a 00
25.00
3a 00
55.06
46 a 20
5.18
40.00
45.00
5a 00
15.20
29 a 00
Mean, 17
44
56.44
10 26 41.48
49.75
35. 00
iao6
55.00
June 3, l^l.—SigvMU sent from Detroit,
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
BatUe Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
am
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
b. tn.
8.
h. m, 8.
h.
m. 8,
b. m. 8.
b. tn.
8.
b. fn. 8.
16 41
9 14
16
43 iai2
9 16 28.80
16 45
20.05
9. 18 3a40L
ia25
29.10
^.08
38.60
30. «5
48.50
20.00
3a 00
30.10
48.60
40.12
5a 30
30.15
49 10
4a 20
5a 70
5a 12
19 8. 30
4a 25
59.10
50.29
17 8.60
46
a 40
ia50
50.3*4
a 25
15 a 20
laoo
44 a 30
18. 80
42
Mean, 16 43
37.70
9 16 56.24
45 a 28
18 18.60
43
a 38
16 laoo
iao8
28.40
37
SECOND SEBIES.
Battle Moant-
1
1
Battle Moant-
Battle'Moont-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h. m*
r
h. m. 8.
' h.
m. 8.
h. fit. 8.
A.
m. 8.
h. in. 8.
17
0.25
10.05
9 31 16.50
26.10
: 1'
1
2 10.20
20.18
9 33 25.80
35.80
17
4 20.20
9 35 35.40
20.13
36.20
'
30. 15
45.80
40.18
55.50
30.21
46.30
I
40.21
55.80
50.25
36 5. 40
•
40.11
50.23
56.00
32 6 00
1
50.13
3 18
34 6.00
16 00
5 0.20
15.20
1
0.41
16.00
i
4 0.10
35 15.40
Mean, 17
2 24.19
9 33 39.83
3
0.30
33 15.90
1
10.20
25.50
•
Signals 8€nt from Battle Mountain.
Battle Monnt-
\
Battle Moant-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
•
chronometer.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m, 8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m. 8.
16 49
43.23
9 23 0.00
16 51 28.72
9 24 45.00
16
53
13.93
9 26 30.00
48.30
5.00
33.45
50.00
19.05
35.00
53.12
10.00
38.60
5.5.00
t
23.88
40.00
5&20
15.00
43.70
25 0.00
28.80
45.00
50
3.30
20.00
1 48. 70
5.00
33.90
50.00
8.83
25.00
, 53. 59
10.00
38.85
55.00
13.50
30.00
5a 59
15.00
43.82
27 0.00
laoi
35.00
52 3. 85
20.00
48; 90
5.00
23.68
40.00
8.83
25.00
53.80
lOhOO
^8.6«
45.00
1 13. 81
30.00
59.10
15.00
33.45
50.00
18. 89
35.00
,
54
4.10
20.00
38.60
55.00
i 23.78
40.00
1
9.34
25.00
43.42
24 0.00
28. 71
45.00
14.10
.30.00
48.41
5.00
; 33. 74
50.00
19.20
35.00
53.45
10.00
38. 59
55.00
24.36
40.00
58.55
15.00
1 4.3. 60
26 0.00
29. 20
45.00
51
3.50
20.00
1 48. 68
5.00
34.08
50.00
8.82
25.ro
5,3. 70
10.00
39.15
, 55.00
13.60
30.00
58.75
15.00
44.00
28 0.00
18.70
35 00
53 3 71 '
20 00
23.70
40.00
8.95
25.00
Mean, 16
52
13.75
9 25 30.00
June 10, 1871.— SiffndU 8ent from Detroit
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
17 12
9 17
17 14 10.00
9 19 44.80
17 16
20.10
9 21 54.60
10.16
45.10
20.15
54.90
30.10
22 4. 50
20.25
55.40
30.10
20 4. 90
40.10
14.40
30.20
18 5. 40
40.10
14.90
50.15
24.20
40.45
15.50
50.20
24.80
17
0.55
34. 10
50 20
25 10
15 10
34 60
13
0.20
35.10
1
16 0. 43
21 34.60
Mean, 17 14
37.69
9 20 12.32«
14
0.25
19 35.10
1 10. 10
44.40
1
SECOND SEBIES.
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Battle Mount-
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
Detroit clock.
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer*
h. m.
8.
h, m. 8.
h.
7n.
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
17 26
30.24
9 32 3.00
17
28
40.21
9 34 12.60
17 30
50.15
9 36 22.00
40.00
12.70
50.21
22.50
31
0.00
32. 00
50.20
22.70
59.84
32.20
10.26
42.10
27
0.20
32.70
29
10. 12
42.40
20.10
52.00
10.10
42.60
20.15
52.40
30.30
37 2. 10
20. 12
52.50
30.21
35 2. 40
30.10
33 2.60
30
30.21
36 2.20
Mean, 17 29
O.IS
9 34 32.40
28
30.27
34 2.60
*
1
40.18
12.20
y
38
Signals sent from Battle Mountain.
Battle' Monnt-
Battle Mount-
i
Battle Mount-
Detroit clocks
ain
Detroit dock.
ain
Detroit clock. I
ain
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
h, vn. e.
A. tn, s.
A. m. 8,
h. fn. 8.
h.
m. t.
h. tn» e.
17 19 26.69
9 25 0.00
17 21 6.93
9 . 26 40. 00
17
22 47.29
9 88 90.00
31.75
5.00
12.08
45.00
52.38
85.00
36.60
10.00
17.20
50.00
57.30
30.00
41.80
15.00
21.86
55.00
23 2.46
35.00
46.90
20.00
27.08
27 0.00
7.42
; 40.00
51.84
25.00
32.01
5.00
12.49
45.00
56.88
30.00
36.82
10.00
17. 45
50.00
20 1.92
35.00
41.90
15.00
22 50
55.00
7.15
40.00
47.18
20.00
27.55
29 0.00
12.10
4.\00
51.92
25.00
32.41
5.00
17.03
50.00
57.25
30.00
37.48
10.00
22.00
55.00
22 2.15
35.00
42.40
15.06
26.90
26 0.00
7.24
40.00
47.62
90.00
32.00
5.00
12.45
45.00
52.55
25.00
37.00
10.00
17.25
50.00
57.50
30.00
41.96
15.00
22.50
55.00
24 S.72
35.00
46.95
51.95
20.00
25.00
87.35
32.35
28 0.00
5.00
Mean, 17
21 44.66
9 27 17.50
56.98
30.00
37.32
10.00
21 2.00
35.00
42.30
15.00
J
39
o
3S
• •
•
.s
P
5:
•0 ;
!^
$^
S^
Final d
«nces o
gitude.
iH
*omii
^ •
s
s
«e
9A«ii-9iqno(x
«• •
d
o
'e
1
:SS
??5
•0 00
•
gfsj
^^
*S
^w«o
r-f-r-
<o«ooo
m^
n w-«
^^r-
2 s»
ro w w i
sst^^
ft w w
a-*»
^o
<S a
1-t
la o
S"
<0i
iereal
)f the
of the
8.
sss
SSS
sss
•"gl^s
Se?«
;t«*S
"S « a <
pS 2 * o
l*ss
^9£?
<J222
^^ ^^ »H
tioD of
meter.
@SS
SSoS
sssss
^^^
ss?«
Correc
ohrono
gstetet
Ok 0> 91
s;$;p;
^^
ss$
ssss
gs^s
pi
A--
-^SSS
a»e>o>
Ok Ok Ok
III
sss
C0Xc9
^Si;s9
=s;s
I5a-a
^^•^•^-
«or-»
^•^•^•
>^
"^i-if-i 11
r4 fH vH
iX fHf-l
oor-
ion.
SS^
sss
rt CO w
•»Q(5x(x5
CO CO CO
^- ^* ^•
MS
^ r^i-(
0«OIG«
§2 -
•<-4<H.^
^^ ^H ^
mm* w4 «^
^H M
R T
^^ ^^ ^^
o
*^ 1
1
1
^
oeto
SM9«0
1
^•PH^-
«c ^<o
*WC>«)
E:3 w
tfo^
"o
rHO
M«»H
w ■^
1
g^iS^
^Sic«
<s
<r-r-r-
<c r-to
r-r^r-
^*i-i n n
1-N n — <
r-^w^t^
1
"3*1
|5§
• • I
e H 3}
33|
P P^
a
§|«
iB^
ii«
1
^^S
S5JS
:?;^3
i
« « g
III
s&t
"3
5£|
m
"lla
■i2:§
-^■*a2
•«ax:-«^
•*a^43
« o es
« 49 cS
&Q&
fiQpp
fiOpq
^ «» -N
^ _j ^
w^ ••* r^
QD X 00
00 00 00
00 00 00
m
1
•^ ^4 r^
r^ 1-H-t
T^r^ ^^
i-r»i*"»-r
« « eo"
*« f9« r^
® ® 4)
« « o
o « «
a a a
fl P
p p p
9 3
SCO
c 3 s
1-5 h.
Ha
•n
•^
Ha
Hs 1-3 1-3
«
&
-H
CO
I,
1-1
>3
^
o
50
8f£C0ND 8BBIEB.
Detroit clock.
Austin chro-
nometer.
Detroit clock.
Austin chro-
nometer.
Detroit clock.
Aostin chro-
nometer.
h, m, 8,
19 10 0.38
10.32
20.12
30.23
40.16
50 25
h, m. 8.
10 31.6
41.5
51.6
1 1.6
11.5
21.6
31.5
2 31.3
h.
19
ffl: 8.
12 10.26
20.17
30.20
40. 21
50.22
13 0. 18
16 0. 28
10.20
•
h. 971. 8.
10 2 41.0
51.1
3 1.0
11.0
21.1
31.1
6 30.7
40.5
h,
19
m. 8.
16 20.21
30.30
40.20
50.00
17 0. 32
h. fn. 8.
10 6 50.5
7 0.6
10.5
20.4
30.5
11 0.27
12 0.27
Mean, 19
13 10.23
10 3 41.06
Signals sent from Austin.
Detroit clock.
, Austin chro-
nometer.
Detroit clock.
Austin chro-
nometer.
Detroit clock.
Austin chro-
nometer.
h. m. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h. in. 8.
h. m. *.
h.
7N. 8.
h. vn-. 8.
19 1 27.99
9 52 0.00
19 3 13.13
9 53 45.00
19.
4 58.43
9 55 30.00
32.98
5.00
18.27
50.00
5 3.47
35.00
37.83
10.00
23. 32
55.00
8.42
40.00
43.00
15.00
28.46
54 0. 00
13.55
45.00
48.18
20.00
33.37
5.00
18.67
50.00
53.00
25.00
38.29
10.00
23.63
55.00
58.10
30.00
1 43. 26
15.00
28.77
56 0.00
2 2.93
35.00
48.27
20.00
\
33.76
5.00
8.00
40.00
53.25
25. 00
38.48
10.00
13.00
45.00
58. 42
30.00
43.70
15.00
18.16
50.00
4 3. 52
35.00
48.79
21.00
23.10
55. 00
8.45
40.00
.■53. 64
25.00
28. 00
53 0.00
13.46
45.00
58.72
30.00
33.23
5.00
18.45
50.00
6 3. 80
35.00
38.00
10.00
; 23.35
5.'>. 00
8.85
40.00
43.00
15. 00
i 28.65
.•55 0. 00
13.79
45.00
48.00
20.00
33. 66
5.00
18.73
50. CCT
53.10
25.00
38.41
10.00
23.83
55. CO
58.22
30.00
43.35
15.00
28.84
57 0. 00
3 3 26
35 00
4H 45
20 00
8.24
40.00
53.58
25.00
Mean, 19
3 58.37
9 51 30.00
51
*9pn)f8aoi
«e
at
25
00
.g
*01IZl<) 9A«il-9{qilO(X
3
o
s
'Ba«9]f
•©pm
-i9aoi JO B9oaoj9j^(x
*8fBa9[8 JO a«9ni aq^
JO 9aip [«9J9pi8 [VOO^
'j9;9nionojq9
in!)snY JO nonoaxiof)
cle<
eleo
O rH -*
.8* e<
-s'-*
+
SS2
woo 1- t o«^
^0» OO ^00
e«oi
d G< oi «-< R d d qI
O) CO
eopf -i
^ so
eotfS^
r-f r>» (occ <e
r C9 V ;d r> r* r> to cc «b
fC rH 1^ •^ ^4 tH rH rH^f^
^ ® I*
n
+
s
•2
*ji9^aaioaojq9 apsny
:o OO
^noi o
oodo
.CO CO
:S
^ «eo
ooto
•eiBaSis JO iTB9ai 9qj
JO 9ai{^ [B9Japis ivoo'x
wor-
;uo— !«>•
O) 00 I
UO to I
•llDOp
)T0J!)9(J JO aOlp9JJ03
»^ 01 "H
;ooo
•^OOp !)I0j;9(J
. O — f
•b . . .
OOOQ
.^ CO o
Sir"'**
• COOi Oi
»«: iH -N »H
^ — CO
o^ CO
www
oooco
I
a
a
to
a a*3
W 9 S
s 0) 9
2
eB
«0«0'0
. pi 1-1 1-1 01
(O coo
" SIO«
occoo
r-oo
CO»H
g
^•eo^
^OOO O — « f' o»oo»
•^ 1^ r^ »^ ^4 rH r^ r^
eco-^co r-aoi
_: X O) a> Oi O O CD Oi Oi
i<: i>^ «-t i>H r4 i?( 01 r4 i>^ ,.4
0«Ci»H
OOOI
• • •
OCO V
CO
IC^OI
1ft iH
LT CO CO t- ^ o
'N oi oi O* 01 ot
0i O O OL) Oi Oi
r^ oi 0< r^ »^ »^
rH OICO
• • ■
ooog
CO coco
00 03 O)
00 • H
iSS P
P 3"g
2 -P
2 £-5
09
« « fl
SIS^S^
o
-H
o(
ift
a
CO
0<
£
Q
09
a;
fl
-<1
52
Determination of loil^itude between Washington, D, C, and Austin, Nev,
Jane 16, 1871.
Mean of sig-
nals sent
and received.
Time correc-
tion.
Corrected
time.
Difference of
longitude.
Means.
Washington clock
K m. 8.
20 16 0. 00
11 34 .'SO. 16
20 .38 15. 40
h. m. 8.
-0 2.27
+ 6 59.26
-0 2.28
-f6 1 2.90
-f6 1 0.78
-0 2. 28
+6 1 4. 65
-0 2.28
+6 1 6.29
-0 2.28
h. m. 8.
20 15 57. 73
17 35 55. 42
20 38 13. 12
17 58 10. 80
17 45 13. 52
20 25 17. 09
18 8 54. 65
20 48 5a 13
18 18 51. 79
20 58 55. 35
h. tn. 8.
h. m. s.
Austin chronometer
2 40 2. 31
Washincrton clock
Aostin chronometer
Anstin chronometer
11 57 7.90
11 44 12. 74
2 40 2. 32
2 40 2.32
Waehintrton clock
20 25 19. 37
12 7 50. 00
20 49 0. 41
12 17 45. 50
20 58 57. 63
2 40 3. 57
Anstin chronometer
Washington clock
2 40 3. 48
Austin chronometer
Washington clock
' 2 40 3. 56
2 40 3. 54
Austin, Nev., west of Washington, D. C, 2^. 40in. 2. 93«.
Mean places of stars for 1871 used for determination of latitude of Austin, Kev,
No. of
pail-.
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
No. of
pair.
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
o / //
o / //
4847
16 58 22. 31
5693
31 55 0. 47
1
4874
61 48 45. 81
11
5706
46 44 55. 94
4905
19 38 14.45
12
5740
65 19 54. 64
2
4918
59 49 7. 80
13
5745
65 14 7.35
57.53
13 47 26.25
4980
48 39 1. 13
5757
13 45 la 36
3
5001
29 43 14. 44
5785
54 38 26. 40
5075
30 45 18.71
14
5798
24 23 49. 00
4
5113
48 9 26. 29
5863
32 38 9. 99
,'5259
36 3 33. 20
15
5871
46 22 6. 04
5
5271
42 48 4a 95
5900
20 11 30.49
5319
33 41 43. 38
16
5918
58 45 37. 83
6
5388
45 16 26. 88
5951
55 15 38. 97
5426
19 8 a 60
17
5967
24 23 la 74
7
5459
60 4 6.27
6021
27 47 52. 65
5480
34 16. 80
18
6052
50 48 45. 30
8
5497
44 59 9. 56
6087
30 12 5. 28
5568
46 52 31. 27
19
6129
48 27 33. 22
9
5604
31 50 17. 80
6162
43 26 50. 67
5628
64 50 1. 62
20
6235
36 27. 75
10
5647
13 29 20. 80
53
Observaiions for latitude. — Staiionj Austin ^ Nev.
JUNE 15, 1871.
• ■
Level.
1 I
Ma
Level.
No. of
s s .
c C «o
Komarks.
No. of
star.
Hemarka.
star.
s*-
N.
S.
- —
1
•^ «i a
N-
S.
t. d.
d.
d.
1
t. d.
d.
d.
4847
12 9.1
14.0
11.8
i 5740
12 18. 2
41*74
20 61.6
12.2
13.6
1 5745
5753
16 48. 1
18 48. 5
16.8
11.0
4905
26 80.8
14.0
12.0
! 5757
16 93. 4
6.5
21.5
4918
5 12.5
13.2
12.5
5785
12 69.7
15.8
12.5
5075
16 41. 2
13.3
13.0
5798
15 38.0
1L5
16.5
5113
19 25.6
12.5
13.8
1 5863
18 41. 1
12.8
15.7
5319
13 80.2
13.8
13.0
5871
17 27. 4
14.2
14.0
5388
14 21.
12.0
15.0
.
5900
20 10.6
13.0
15.0
5426
25 88.2
10.5
16.8
5918
21 22.4
14.5
14.0
5459
15 76. 7
13.0
12.0
6021
11 19.6
13.5
15.0
5480
19 95.
13.3
14.2
6052
27 67.7
13.0
15.6
5497
19 36. 2
12.2
15.4
6087
15 27. 5
14.0
14.8
5568
24 99. 9
12.5
15.7
6129
29 49.6
11.2
17.2
5604
13 19. 5
14.0
14.4
6162
7 45.0
12.5
16.2
5628
34 57. 9
11.8
16.8
6235
28 60.
16.5
12.8
5647
5 50.3
16.0
12.5
5693
8 75.
14.5
13.8
1
5706
22 49. 2
18.8
9.3
i
— -
JUNE
17, 1871.
Microme -
terread-
logs.
Level.
Microme -
ter-read-
ings.
Le^
vel.
No. of
Remarks.
No. of
star.
Remarkfi.
star.
N.
S.
N.
S.
t. d.
d.
d.
t d.
d.
d.
4905
26 3.7
14.0
12.0
5740
11 61.0
4918
4. 77. 6
9.0
17.0
5745
5753
15 92. 5
18 10.2
13.0
16.9
4980
33 3a 7
13.8
12.8
5757
16 56.3
16.5
13.5
5001
6 60.6
15.3
10.8
5765
13 36.7
14.0
15.8
5075
16 98. 4
2.0
25.0
Must be 68'».4.
5798
15 94. 4
13.7
16.3
5113
19 51. 5
22.0
5.2
5863
19 39.4
17.0
12.8
5319
13 63.6
13.0
15.8
•5871
18 30.0
12.3
17.2
5388
14 7.8
12.0
17.2
5900
21 13.8
1.').8
14.8
5426
26 81.
15.2
12.8
5918
22 31. 6
11.8
17.8
5459
16 71. 8
11.5
17.8
6021
11 41. 3
11.2
17.2
5480
20 15.2
13.8
16.0
6052
27 84. 8
15.8
12.8
5497
19 59. 5
13.7
15.6
6087
14 61. 7
13.0
15.0
5568
24 22.3
15.5
14.2
Must be 2«».3.
6129
28 fc7. 9
11.2
16.2
5604
12 27.9
16.0
14.0
Ezcl.
6162
6 89.4
12.2
14.6
5628
34 42. 7
8.5
21.2
6235
27 92. 7
9.8
16.5
5647
5 15.5
20.2
9.3
■
,54
Ohservaiwns for latitude. — Station, AmtiHf Kev, — Continned.
JUNE 21, 1871.
§1
Level.
ii
LeveL
No. of
^
Remarks.
No. of
star.
IH
Remarka.
star.
^sa
N.
S.
^sa
N.
S.
t d.
d.
d.
t d.
d.
d.
5568
24 75. 3
14.8
17.8
5863
18 91.4
16.0
17.2
5604
17 97. 6
17.2
15.5
Most be 12*.
5871
17 81. 9
14.9
18.5
5628
34 59.7
11.7
21.2
5900
22 20.0
16.4
17.0
5647
5 40.2
21.2.
11.5
5918
23 35.9
14.7
ia7
5693
9 37.0
16.8
16.0
5951
4 81.0
17.0
16.5
5706
23 29.1
15.0
17.7
5967
34 71.4
16.8
17.0
5740
12 83.3
14.7
l&O
6021
11 34. 5
17.5
16.1
5745
17 2.9
6052
27 75.1
14.0
19.6
5753
19 27.4
18.1
15.0
5757
17 69. 7
■
6087
6129
14 63.7
28 78.7
17.5
15.9
16.3
18.0
5785
13 51. 2
15.7
17.2
5796
16 21. 3
16.2
17.0
6162
7 73.0
15.9
lai
6235
28 95.0
19.8
14.0
JUNE 23, 1871.
No. of
star.
5259
5271
5319
538d
5426
5459
t d.
16 5.5
20 65.4
13 86.7
14 31. 9
26 49.9
16 45. 5
LeveL
1
N.
S.
d.
15.5
15.2
d.
16.0
17.0
14.5
14.2
lao
19.0
12.8
17.5
20.5
15.5
Bemarks.
No. of
star.
5480
5497
5568
5604
5628
5647
9 '
eS .
p <r d
S9 a
t d.
20 86.2
20 33.4
25 29.5
13 47. 9
34 25.0
5 4.1
Level.
N.
d.
20.8
&8
16.5
12.0
las
14.5
S.
d.
12.5
24.5
17.0
21.0
19.5
18.8
Semarkfl.
Computations for latitude of Austin, Nev,
Date.
t
No. of
pair.
•
Half-sam of
declination.
Corrections.
Latitude.
Micr. and refr.
Level.
Mend.
June 15. 1871
1
2
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
U
15
16
18
19
20
o / //
39 23 40. 78
43 47. 75
27 28.27
29 9.43
36 10.96
29 46. 70
21 27.37
9 43.52
20 0.40
33 42.18
29 44.56
31 9.20
30 8.97
28 34. 74
18 18. 66
19 4& 31
4:t 37. 46
/ //
+ 5 44. 77
-14 36. 93
+ 1 5». 01
+ 16.50
— 6 49. 06
— 23. 78
+ 7 57. 37
+19 35. 97
+ 9 15. 75
— 4 14. 91
— 18. 31
— 1 48. 50
— 45. 98
+ 45.22
+11 6.53
+ 9 35. 12
—14 15. 35
II
+0.54
+1.82
—0.67
—1.48
. —2.23
—2.77
—2.43
-1.01
+6.88
-6.21
-6.21
-1.15
-1.82
—1.01
—2.77
-4.59
0.00
o ' «r
39 29 26. 09
23.64.
32. 6L
24.45
19.67
20.15
22.31
20.48
23.03
ia84
20.04
19.55
21. 17
1&9S
'
22.42
18.84*
22.11.
55
Computations for latitude of Austin, Nev, — Continned.
Date.
No. of
pair.
Half-som of
declination.
•
Corrections.
Latitude.
Micr. and refr.
LeveL
Herid.
Jane 17. 1871
2
3
4
6
7
8
10
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
5
6
7
8
9
10
o / //
39 43 4a 10
11 14.51
27 2a 70
29 9.90
36 11. 43
29 47. 20
9 43.99
33 42.60
29 44.98
31 9.73
30 9.53
28 35.28
18 19.22
19 4a 90
43 38. 14
39 21 28. 92
9 44. 91
20 2.10
33 43.72
29 46.02
31 10.80
30 10. 64
28 36. 34
49 30.82
18 20.36
19 50.06
43 39.50
39 26 17. 51
29 11. 32
36 12.79
29 4a 69
21 29. 43
9 45.38
1 II
-14 19. 87
+ 18 3.10
+ 1 54.48
+ 17. 87
- 6 4a 13
- 22.53
+19 43. 90
- 4 22.55
- 25.79
- 1 44.22
- 44.24
+ 47. 65
+11 4.67
+ 9 36 78
-14 10.62
+ 7 56.27
+ 19 40.78
+ 9 22.99
- 4 20. 49
- 27. 01
- 1 49.23
- 44.28
+ 46. 88
—20 9.42
+11 3.49
+ 9 32.25
—14 la 18
+ 3 5.99
+ ia27
- 6 46. 19
- 21.36
+ "7 57. 85
+19 41.35
II
-4.05
+3. 71
-2.16
5.40
—2.63
-2.77
-1.21
—0.61
—a 61
-2.97
-0.47
—3.38
—2.02
-4.72
-6.14
—0.88
+0.14
-1.28
-0.14
-0.13
—1.55
-3.24
-3.10
+0.20
-2.83
-0.61
+2.43
+1.55
+ 5.60
+3.85
+4.99
+6.41
+6.75
39 29 24. 18
21.32
31.02
22.37
20.67
21.90
26.68
19.44
18.58
22.54
24.82
22.55
21.87
20.96
•
21.38
Jnne 21. 1871
39 29 24.31
25.83
23.81
33.09
ia88
»
20.02
26.12
20.12
21.60
21.02
21.70
23.77
Jane 23. 1871
39 29 31. 95
23.99
22.75
22.34
20.87
19.98
Hean latitude of Austin, Nov., 39<3 29' 21".93 ±0".20
Adopting for the lonzitnde of Detroit 83° 3' 3''.90 west of Greenwich, the resulting astronomical
oo-ordmates of Austin, Key., will be :
Longitude, 117° y 41".70 west of Greenwich.
4XP (y 39".90 west of Washington.
Latitude. N., 39° 29' 21".92 ±0".20.
ST. GKORGE, UTAH.
Longitude, IIS^ 35' 0".30 ; latitude, 37° 06' 29" 33 ± 0''.08.
The astronomical station is sitaated in St. George, a Mormon town in
Southwestern, Utah, of about 2,000 inhabitants. The monument, a sand-
stone pier buried in the ground and 24 inches above the surface, is lo-
cated 30 feet distant from the southern door of the school-house, 72 feet
distant from the street running from east to west, and 150 feet from
Main street. The connection with natural objects was made in the year
1872 by Mr. Thompson, topographer of the expedition of that year. The
town is situated in the valley or canon of the Virgin Kiver, near the
junction of the Santa Clara with this stream. To the westward, fifteen
miles distant, is the Virgin range; to the north, the high Pine Valley
range ; while, to the south and east the broken, eroded, and faulted
plateaus of the Colorado extend. In the immediate neighborhood are
several smaller settlements, the most promising of which is Washing-
ton. The climate is mild, and the principal industry fruit and wine
growing.
No detailed meteorological observations were taken at this place
5G
when tbe station was occupied by tbe astronomer. As far as can be
learned from the diary, the nights were pretty clear, and the condition
of the air very favorable for astronomical observations. In 1872 some
barometric observations were taken to determine the altitude of the
place.
The astronomical observations were taken in a common wall-tent, as
at the other stations. Mr. A. E. Marvine, tlie obvserver, was assisted
by a recorder and two soldiers, and Mr. E. P. Austin had charge of the
Salt Lake observatory, the use of w hich was kindly tendered by Presi-
dent Brigham Young, of the Mormon church. Through him the use of
the Deseret Telegraph line, for exchange of signals, was secured. The
wires were brought into the tent by a loop.
The astronomical instruments used at 8t. George were the combined
transit, used before by Assistant E. P. Austin, in Nevada, and the side-
real chronometer, Negus No. 1344. The Salt Lake instrument belonged
to President Young, and was used by a Coast-Survey partv, and by the
expeditions of 1872 and 1873. All the data relating to this instrument
will be found in the general report for 1873 by J. H. Clark..
Hutton mean-time chronometer No. 288 was used for the determina-
t'on of time. All the observations were taken by eye and ear, and the
exchange of signals made by sound.
Connection was made, as stated, with Salt Lake observatory. Ex-
changes of signals were effected on the nights of September 13, 14, and
15, 1871.
The observations at both stations were compared in 1873 by Dr. F.
Kampf, and rereduced in 1874, when this report was made up by him.
The instrumental values for the St. George instruments will be found
in the Carliu report, and those for the Salt Lake transit in J. H.Clark's
general report for 1873. The telegraphic line is three hundred miles
long, and the signals were transferred direct, without repeaters. The
discrepancy between the results for longitude on the first and second
days is very remarkable, but too large on the second day to take into
the final result. It may be that this change is an example of rapid va-
riation in personal equation.
Salt Lake City, September 13, 1871.
Kame of star.
I Lyrre
/3 Lyras....
iSO DracoDis.
C Aquilae . .
Draconis.
S AquilsB..
K Aquilas..
Aquila) . .
s Draconis.
a
w.
E.
h.
6
7
8
fit.
54
6
12
21
34
40
51
1
10
8.
12.09
56.94
9.50
6.88
9.65
37.59
35.09
45.70
14.64
6B
8.
aA
cC
«.
8.
-0.33
0.00
+0.02
-0.26
-f0.02
+0.02
-0.65
-0.28
+0.06
-0.22
+0.06
+0. 02
-0.40
-0.15
+0.04
-0.17
+0.08
-0.02
-0.15
+0.09
-0.02
-0.20
+0.07
-0.02
-0.34
i -0.18
-0.05
h, tn.
6 54
7 6
12
21
34
40
51
8 1
10
8.
11.78
56.72
8.63
6.74
9.14
37.48
35.01
45. .55
14.07
AR.
h.
18
19
m.
32
45
50
59
12
19
29
40
48
8.
35.48
20.37
32.36
30. 33
32.64
1.31
58.86
9.35
37.84
Hean for 7'». 5369 Huttou's time
AT
h.
+11
38
+11 38
8.
23.70
23.65
23.73
23.59
23.5(L
23.83
23.85
23.80
23.77
+ 11 38 23.713
Xowial equations.
0= + 0.12 +9.00J« -1.25a -4.10c
= - 1. 35 - 1. 25 (J « + 9. 79 a + 8. 84 c
= - 1. 66 - 4. 10 (J t + 8. 84 a + 36. 01 c
it= -^ o». 013
o = + 0*. 125
c = - 0*. 016
57
Salt Lake Cilyj September 13, 1871.
Name of star.
e TefiOMi
/i Capricomi
79 Draconis..
a Aquai'ii....
T
6B
aA
h. fill f.
8.
8.
9 59 2. 53
-0.06
f
0.13
7 27. 46
- 0.02
f
0.21
12 29. 62
0.00
0.44
20 20.91
-0.06
+
0.16 1
8.
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.02
h. tn. 8.
9 59 2. 62
10 7 27. 67
12 29. 24
20 21. 03
h. tn. 8.
21 37 53. 24
46 18.06
51 19.74
59 11.74
Mean for 10^.1616 Hutton's time
h. 971'. 8.
-1-11 38 50.62
r>0. 39
50.50
f 11 38 .50. 71
^-11 38 50.555
A lopted c ==
Normal equations,
=r + 0.52 + 4.00 «J « + 0.24 a J< = -0-.145
= - 1 .23 i- 0.24 6 1 -1- 4.69a a = -|- 0«.238
— 0'.016. It \% not possible to solve normal equations if factors for c are introduced.
Name of star.
i
6
K
Y
m.
e
T
Draconis .
Aqailse . .
Aquilse . .
Aqnilae . .
A qoilie . .
Draconis.
AqniljC . .
Clamp.
W.
E.
Salt Lake Cityj September 14, 1871.
h.
7
m. 8.
30 7.07
36 35.50
47 32. 92
57 43. 50
2 .M6
6 12.38
15 26. 03
&B
aA
cC
8.
8.
8.
0. 00 *— 0. 32
i- 0.05
— 0.04
+ 0.17
+ 0.02
0.00
f 0.21
+ 0.02
-f- 0.06
+ 0.14
— 0.02
-h 0.U6
+ 0.15
— 0.02
-}- 0. 20 — 0. 39
— 0.06
r 0.07
H- 0.16
— 0.02
Hean for 7''.8796 Hntton's time 288
h.
7
tn, 8.
30 6.80
36 35.65
47 33. 15
57 43. 68
2 5.35
6 12. 13
15 26.24
h. tn, 8.
19 12 32. 59
19 1.29
29 58. 84
40 9.33
44 31. 12
48 37. 78
57 52. 12
AT
h. m. 8.
j-U 42 25.79
25.64
25. 69
25.65
25. 77
25.65
fU 42 25.88
4 11 42 25. 724
Normal equations,
= 4- 0.41 + 7.00 6 1 + 0.41 a St=- 0«.076
= - 1.41 -f 0.41 (J «-f- 5.18a o = 4-0«.278
Error of collimatlon found by preliminary reduction = — 0".02.
Salt Lake City, September 14, 1871.
Name of star.
I Aquarii . . .
UCephei....
fi Capricomi
79 Draconis . .
a Aquarii...
Aquarii....
Clamp.
E.
W.
bB
h. m. 8. 8.
9 48 06. 08 -0. 14
57 16. 36' -0.10
10 03'28.76:-0.02
08 30. 76
16 22. 57
0.00
-0.04
27 14.421-0.10
aA
8.
-HO. 16
-0.31
-HO. 18
-0.38
-HO. 14
-fO.16
cC
8.
-0.02
-0.06
-0.02
-hO.07
+ 0.02
+0.02
Mean for 10i>.1279 Hutton 288
h. m. 8.
9 48 06. OH
57 15. 89
10 03 28. 90
08 30. 45
16 22.69
27 14.50
AB.
h. m. 8.
21 30 55. 26
40 05. 01
46 18.05
51 19.71
59 11.74
22 10 03. 89
AT
h. Tn. 8.
+11 42 49. 18
49.12
49.15
49.26
49.05
+ 11 42 49.39
+11 42 49. 192
Normal equations.
0= +0. 07+6. 00 (J e— 0.27 a
0» —1. 69—0. 27 (J f +8. 06 a
Adopted c = — 0».02
6t
a '■
-0-.108
+0«.206
58
Salt Lake City, September 15, 1871.
Name of star.
1 Aqnilse
a LyrsB ..
S
Lyr«B ....
50 Draoonis.
AqnilsB ..
Draconis
Aqnilaa ..
Aquilffi ..
AqnllsB ..
AqailsB ..
K
y
a
Clamp.
W.
E.
hm in,
6 41
46
58
7 04
13
26
32
43
53
56
».
51.86
15.03
59.85
12.47
09.94
12.37
40.70
38.21
48.70
10.48
bB
a.
+0.03
0.00
-0.06
-0.10
—0.05
+0.12
+0.04
+0.02
+0.03
+ 0.03
aJL
a.
+0.23
+0.01
+ 0.05
—0.69
+0.15
—0.36
+0. 19
+0.23
+0.16
+0.17
eC
a.
+0.02
+0.C3
+0.02
+0.06
+0.02
1—0. 05
—0.02
— 0. 02'
—0.02
—0.02,
h. tn,
6 41
46
58
7 04
13
26
32
43
53
58
a.
52.14
15.07
59.86
11.76
10.06
12.08
40.91
38.44
48.87
10.66
AR.
h. m. #.
18 28 12. 71
32 35.43
45 20.32
50 32.17
59 30.29
19 12 32. 52
19 01. 27
29 58.83
40 09.32
44 31. 11
Mean f jr 7^ 3337 Hntton 288
AT
h.
+11
+11
nt, 8.
46 20.57
90.36
20.46
90.41
20.23
20.44
90.36
20.39
20.45
46 20.45
+11 46 90. 412
Xormal equations,
01= + 1. 74+10. 00 (J «+ 0.47 a
0= —2.59+ 0.47(J« +8. 67a
Adopted c=—0«. 02
dt
a
— O". 188
+0'.309
Salt Lake City, September 15, 1871.
l^ame of star.
a
ir
226 Cephei.
Aqnarii. .
Cephei . . .
CapricorDii
Aqnarii
Aqnarii
Aquarii
Clamp.
E.
W,
9
10
nt. a>
44 5.42
53 15.48
59 27.96
12 21. 94
23 13.93
31 53.79
43 15. 74
Mean for 10>>.227e Hutton*8 time.
&B
aA
cC
8.
8.
a.
+ 0.03
+ 0.27
-0.02
+ 0.42
-0.53
-0.06
+ 0.03
+ 0.31
- 0.02
- 0.04
+ 0.23
+ 0.02
+ 0.03
+ 0.27
+ 0.02
+ 0.03
+ 0.22
+ 0.02
+ 0.45
-0.92
+ 0.09
h.
9
10
tn, 8.
44 5.70
53 15.31
59 28.28
12 22.15
23 14.25
31 54.06
43 15. 36
AR
21 30
40
46
59
22 10
18
30
a.
55.25
04.97
18.04
11.74
03.86
43.63
04.97
AT
h. ?n. 8,
+11 46 49.55
49.66
49.76
49.59
49.63
49.57
+11 46 49. 61
+11 46 49.624
Normal equations,
= _ 0.72 + 7.00 Je— 0.43 a ^e= + 0«.124
= — 4.15 — 0.43 fi t + 12.05 a a = + 0«.349
Adopted c = — 0».02
St, George, Utah, September 13, 1871.
Name of star.
a Sagitarii...
r Draoonis . .
K Aqnilee
Aqnila)
r Aquilte . . . ,
K Cephei
TT Capricorni,
€ Delphini...
Clamp.
W.
E.
h. m. a.
19 06 04. 44
14 00. 18
25 56.62
44 58. 83
53 50.47
20 09 15.02
15 56. 56
23 03 52
&B
aA
8.
0.11
1.39
0.43
0.34
0.18
l..'i3
0.32
0.52
8.
0.13
0.29
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.18
0.05
0.03
cC
8.
+ 0.42
+ 1.28
+ 0.40
- 0.40
- 0.41
- 1.82
- 0.42
- 0.41
h. m. 8.
19 06 04. 62
14 00.36
25 56. 49
44 5a 06
53 49. 85
20 09 11.85
15 55.77
23 02.56
AR.
A. tn. 8.
19 10 07. 05
18 02.76
29 58. 66
49 00. 40
57 52.14
20 13 14. 25
19 56.30
27 04.92
Mean for 19'' 40°> local sidereal time.
AT
+
4
+ 4
8.
02.43
02.40
02.:i7
02.34
02.29
02.40
02.53
02.36
+ 4 02.39
The aeimnth of the instrument is changed after reversing. The error of collimation is derived by
preliminary compntatiou, = — 0*.40 ; and the azimuth determmed for both positions separately.
For clamp west :
For clamp east : =
Normal equations,
- 0.06 + 3.00 8 « - 0.44 a
+ 0.78 - 0.44 (J t + 5.39 a
+ 0.04 + 5.00 « f - 0.59 a
+ 0.61 - 0.59 6 1 + 10.13 a
8e=
0«.000
a =
— 0M45
8t =
- O'.Ol
a =
-0«.O6O
59
St, George, Utah, September 13, 1871.
Name of ^tar.
Clamp.
T
&B
aA
eC
T'
AK.
AT.
•
8 Pegaai;.
T A anarii - r t -
E.
h. m. 9.
21 33 50. 76
22 14 41. 04
31 01. 65
41 08. 34
23 17 24.31
20 17.88
8.
— 0.57
— 0.51
— 0.66
— 1.66
— 0.94
— 1.02
8.
— 0.07
— 0.09
— 0.07
+ 0.36
— 0.08
— 0.08
8.
— 0.75
— 0.74
— 0.75
— 1.79
+ 0.74
+ 0.75
A. tn. 8.
21 33 49.37
22 14 39. 70
31 00. 17
41 05.25
23 17 24. 03
29 17.53
h. tn» 8,
21 37 53. 23
22 18 43. 64
35 03.99
45 09. 12
23 21 27. 82
33 21.38
+ 403.86
03.94
C Pecrasi
03.82
I Cephei.....
a3.87
Piscinm
* Piscinm
W.
03.79
+ 4 03.85
If^An for 22^ ^"* ^^lr'S
k1 sidereal tii
n©
+ 4 03. 855
Normal e^[uation8,
= — 0.30 -\- 6.00 it +0.28 a
0= + 1.03 +0.28 5 < +6.57 a
Error of collimation foand by preliminary reduction = — 0'.74.
fie= + 0'.055
a=— O-.ISS
St, George, Utah, September 14, 1871.
Name of star.
I A^narii —
e Peicasi
H Capricomi
a Aqnarii —
T Aqnarii
226 Cephei
C Pejcasi
I Cephei
a Pegasi
6 Pisclum . . ,
Clamp.
W.
E.
h. fit.
21 26
33
42
54
22 14
26
30
40
54
23 17
8.
42.34
40.54
05.11
58.92
30.82
00.90
49.11
54.56
07.67
12.90
bB
+
8.
0.03
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.10
1.28
0.24
0.79
0.29
0.50
Mean for 22^ 25" local sidereal time
aA
+
+
+
8.
0.64
0.42
0.71
+ 0.55
0.52
2.23
0.41
2.03
0.35
0.46
+
+
+
eC
8.
— 1.46
— 1.46
— 1.46
— 1.44
— 1.44
— 5.79
+ 1.46
+ 3.48
+
+
1.49
1.45
h. m.
21 26
33
42
54
22 14
25
30
40
54
23 17
8.
41.49
39.59
04.30
5a 03
29.80
51.60
50.74
55.22
09.22
14.31
AR.
h. fn.
21 30
37
46
59
22 18
30
35
45
58
23 21
8.
55.26
53.23
18.05
11.74
43.64
05.00
03.98
09.11
22.53
27.82
AT
+ 4
m. 8.
4 13,77
13.64
13.75
13.71
13.84
13.40
13.24
1.3.89
13.31
13.51
+ 4 13. 606
Normal equations.
= + 4.31 +10.00 J « — 0.23 a — 3.57 c
= — 16.67 — 0.23 rf« +14.34 a + 2.78 c
= — 45.50 — 3.57 <J« + 2.78 a + 30.07 c
o = + 0".884
c= + l*.444
St, George^ Utah, September 15, 1871.
Name of star.
Clamp.
S TJTBSd Minoris . .
a Lyr»
C AqnilsB
T Draconis
AqnilaB
AqnilflB
Aquilse
K
y
a
E.
W.
h.
18
19
m.
10
28
55
13
25
35
40
8.
06.18
12.63
06.36
43.67
33.83
44.16
06.46
Mean for 19i> 0"> local sidereal time.
bB
8.
+4.18
+0.38
+0.26
+0.26
+0.10
+0.14
+0.17
aA
8.
-33.93
- 0.08
1.08
5.37
1.32
1.22
}.24
+
+
+
+
cC
8.
-5.46
-0. 43
-0.33
+ 1.12
+0.33
+0.33
+0.33
h. m.
18 09
28
55
13
25
35
40
19
8.
30.97
12.51
07.37
39.68
35.58
46.45
08.20
AR.
h. fn. 8.
18 13 53. 94
32 35. 43
59 30. 29
19 18 02. 62
29 58.83
40 09. 32
44 31. 11
AT
tn, 8.
+ 4
+ 4
22.97
22.92
22.92
22.94
23.25
22.87
22.91
+ 4 22.97
Normal equations,
= + 38. 84 + 7. 00 ^ f - 13. 04 a + 12. 69 c
== - 516. 71 - l.^ 04 d e + 16«. 32 a - 210. 22 c
= -I 654. 68 + 12. 69 (J e — 210. 22 a +301. 96 c
J f = - 0«. 030
a = + 2«. 647
c = - 0». 324
60
St, George, Utah, September 15, 1871.
Kame of star.
Aquarii
$ Aquarii
a Aquarii
ir Aquarii
a Pegasi
B Piscium
Y Cephei
Groom. 4163.
a AndromedsB
7 Pegasi
a CassiopesB...
21 CassiopesB...
Clamp.
W.
E.
h.
21
22
23
70
m. 8.
20 21. 48
26 28. 60
54 45. 11
14 17. 20
53 56.92
17 01. 49
29 53. 33
44 23. 63
57 21. 36
02 13. 10
28 53. 74
33 02. 86
Mean for 23^ 5™ local sidereal time.
bB
a A
1
cC
8.
8.
8.
-0.20
+1.53
+0.38
—0.06
+2.15
+0.38
-0.13
+ 1.85
+0.38
-0. 24
+ 1.76
+0.38
—0.38
+1.19
+ 0.39
—0. 31
+ U56
+0. 38
—1.50
—7.86
+ 1.66
-1.32
-6.34
-1.34
-0.43
+ 0.54
—0.42
-0.37
+ 1.23
0.39
-0.80
-1.70
-0.67
-2.67
6.67
-1.38
h. m.
21 20
26
54
22 14
53
23 17
29
44
57
02
28
32
8.
23.19
31.07
47.21
19.10
58.12
03.12
45.63
14.63
21.05
13.57
50.57
52.14
AR.
h. m.
21 24
30
59
22 IB
58
23 21
34
48
01
06
33
37
8.
48.25
55.25
11.74
43.63
22.52
27.82
10.25
40.14
45.88
38.08
15.31
15.71
AT
+
4
+ 4
, 8.
25. 0€
24.18
24.53
24.53
24.40
24.70
24. 62
25.51
24.83
24. 51
24.74
2.3.57
+ 4 24. 60
No)'Jiial equations.
= + 33. 83 f 12. 00 ^ e — 3. 60 a + 0. 72 c
= — 66.22— 3. 60 (J f + 18. 84 a— 7. 91 c
= + 46. 58 + 0.1idt- 7. 91 a + 57. 38 c
St^ -1\ 900
a = H 2«. 992
c = — 0». 375
The foUowins: table contains correction and rate of Hutton 28S :
Date.
Hutton's time.
September 13, 1871
September 14, 1871
September 15, 1871
h.
8.8492
9.0038
8. 7807
Correction of
Huttou.
h. m. 8.
+ 11 38 37.1.34
42 37. 458
46 35. 018
Rate per hour.
8.
-10.2265
-10. 4379
-10.0937
The corresponding observations at Saint George give for Negus 1344:
Date.
September 13, 1871
September 14, 1871
September 15, 1871
Local sidereal
time.
21.1
22.4
21.0
Correction of
Negus 1344.
h. m. 8.
+ 4 3.122
13. 606
23.785
Rate per hour
. adopted.
8.
-0.410
-0. 432
-0. 450
Exchange of signals between Salt Lalce City and Saint George.
SEPTEMBER 13, 1871.
SignaJ8 sent from Salt Lake City.
Salt Lake
Saint George
Salt Lake
Saint Greorge
Salt Lake chronom-
Saint Greorge
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
eter.
chronometer.
h. 7n, 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m, 8.
9 11 0.
20 38 52.7
9 13 10.0
20 41 3.0
9 15
20.0
20 43 13.2
10.0
39 2.8
20.0
13.1
30.0
23.2
20.0
12.6
30.0
23.2
40.0
33.2
30.0
22.6
40.0
33.0
50.0
43.1
40.0
32.6
50.0
43.0
16
0.0
53.2
50.0
12 0.0
42.7
52.8
14 0.0
63.2
Mean, 9 13
30.00
20 41 23.00
15 0.0
42 53.4
13 0.0
40 52.9
10.0
43 3.4
i
1
61
SEPTEMBER 13, 1871.
Signals sent from Salt Lake City — Continued.
SECOND SERIER.
Slalt Lalce
chronoiueter.
h. m. 8.
9 26 4.2
Saint Greorge
chronometer.
A. m. 9.
20 53 59.9
1.3.8
54
8.8 1
25.1
20.1 1
35.2
.30. 1 i
45.1
40.2 1
55.1
50.1
27 4.7
59.9
28 5.2
56
0.6
Salt Lake
chronometer.
1
Saint George '
chronometer.
Salt Lake chronom-
eter.
Saint George
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
9 28 14.0
25.3
35.2
45.7
29 s'i
h. m. 8.
20 56 9.6
20. 6
30.5
40.9 '
57 '6.'7
58 ... '
11.2
h. m. 8.
9 30 26.0
35.7
45.6
55.4
31 • 5. 6
h. m. 8.
20 58 21.3
31.5
41.3
51.0
59 1.1
30 ....
15.6
Mean, 9 28 29.35
20 56 24.70
Signals sent from, Saint George,
Salt Lake
Saint George
Salt Lake
Saint George
Salt Lake chronom-
Saint George
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
1
chronometer.
eter.
chronometer.
h, m. 8.
h. m. 8.
1
h. fn. 8.
h, in. 8.
h. tn.
8.
"h. m. 8.
9 19 6.3
20 47 0.0
9 21 15.8
20 49 10.0
9 23
25.4
20 51 20.0
16.1
10.0
25.8
20.0
35.4
30.0
26.2
20.0
35.7
30.0
45.4
40.0
36.0
30.0
45.6
40.0
55.3
50.0
46.1
40.0
\ 55. 5
50.0
24
5.2
52 0.0
56.0
20 6.0
50
22 5.5
1
50
48 0.0
Mean, 9 21
35.72
20 49 30. CO
23 5.4
51 0.0
21 5. 9
49 0.0
15.5
10.0
SECOND SERIES.
Salt Lake
chronometer.
h.
9
m.
36
37
8.
44.1
53.7
3.6
14.2
24.1
34.0
43.9
38 43. 8
Saint George
chronometer.
hf m. 8.
21
4 40.2
50.3
5 0.2
10.7
20.7
30.4
4U.5
6 40.9
Salt Lake
chronometer.
h. in. 8.
38
39
40
54.1
3.6
14.6
24.2
34.0
44.0
44.2
54.4
Saint George
chronometer.
h.
21
6
8
8.
51.0
0.6
11.1
21.0
31.0
41.1
41.4
51.5
Salt Lake chronom-
eter.
h.
9
m.
41
8.
4.0
14.8
24.6
34.5
44.2
Mean, 9 39 14.12
Saint George
chronometer.
h.
21
9
8.
1.3
12.0
21.9
31.9
41.7
21 7 11.02
SEPTEMBER 14, 1871.
SignaU 8entfrom Salt Lake City.
Salt Lake
Saint George j
Salt Lake
Saint George
Salt Lake chronom-
Saint George
chronometer.
chronometer, i
chronometer.
chronometer.
eter.
chronometer.
h. m, 8
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
1
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
9 6 0. 00
20 37 41.1
9 8 10.0
20 39 51.5
9 10
20.0
20 42 1.8
10.0
51.1
20.0
40 1.5
30.0
11.8
20.0
38 1.2
30.0
11.5
40.0
21.8
30.0
11. t
40.0
21.6
50.0
31.9
40.0
21.3 1
50.0
31.5
11
0.0
42.0
'50.0
7 0.0
31.1 1
41.3 ;
9
41 7
Mean, 9 8
30.00
20 40 11.53
10 0.0
41 41.8
8 0.0
. J
39 41.4
10.0
52.0
62
SEPTEMBBR 14, 1871.
Sijnah sent from Sail Lake City — Continaed.
SECOND SBHIB8.
Salt Lake
chronometer.
A.
9
18
19
8.
46.8
57.0
6.7
16.6
26.0
37.6
47.2
20 47.2
Saint Georfjre
ohi'onometer.
h.
90
m.
50
51
29.8
40.0
49.9
0.0
9.1
20.5
30.4
52 30.4
Salt Lake
chronometer.
9
m.
20
21
*22
8.
57.1
16.9
17.0
26.1
37.0
47.5
47.4
57.5
Saint Groorge
chronometer.
20
m.
52
53
54
8.
40.5
50.4
0.5
9.6
20.5
30.7
30.9
41.1
Salt Lake chronom-
eter.
h.
9
23
Mean, 9 21 17.33
Saint Oeot^
chronometer.
8.
51.0
1.1
10.4
21.4
31.4
8.
h, m.
7.1
90 54
17.3
55
26.4
37.6
47.7
20 53 0.46
Signals sent from, Saint Oeorge.
Salt Lake
SaiDt George
Salt Lake
Saint George
Salt Lake chronom-
Saint George
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
eter.
chrononteter.
h. m. 8.
h. vn. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
9 12 18.2
20 44 0.3
9 14 27.5
20 46 10.0
9 16
37.1
20 48 20.0
27.9
10.0
37.6
20.0
47.1
30.0
37.8
20.0
47.5
,mo
57.1
40.0
47.7
30.0
57.6
40.
17
7.0
50.0
57.7
40.0
15 7.5
50.0
17.1
49 0.0
13 7 6
50
17 5
47
17.6
45 0.0
' 16 17.2
48 0.0
• Mean, 9 14
47.48
20 46 30.00
14 17.6
46 0.0
' 27.2
10.0
1
^
SECOND 8EKIES.
Salt Lake
Saint Greorge
Salt Lake
Saint George
Salt Lake
chronom-
Saint George
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
chiouometer.
j oter.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h.
m.
8.
h. m. 8.
9 25 36.6
20 57 20.5
9 27 46.0
20 59 30.6
9
29
56.5
21 1 41.4
45.7
30.0
55.9
4U.5
30
7.7
5-2.3
55.7
40.1
28 7.1
51.6
16.7
2 1.7
26 7.1
51.3
16. 8
21 1.6
27.6
12.6
16.2
58 0.6
27.1
11.7
37.2
22.2
27.6
37.0
11.7
21.4
37.1
21.7
1
Mean, 9
28
6.79
20 59 51. 3o
29 37.2
1 22.0
27 37.2
59 21.7
46.6
31.8
»
SEPTEMBER 15, 1871.
Signals seiit from Salt Lake City.
Salt Lake chro-
St. George chro-
Salt Lake chro-
St George chro-
1
Salt Lake chronom-
St George
nometer.
nometer. ,
nometer.
nometer.
eter.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m, 8.
8 53 0.0
20 28 27,5
8 55 10.0
20 30 37.6
8 57
20
20 32 48.1
10.0
37.4
20.0
47.7
30.0
58.1
20.0
47.3
30.0
57.6
1
40.0
33 8.0
30.0
57.4
40.0
31 7.7
50.0
18.0
40.0
29 7.5
50.0
17.7
58
0.0
28.0
50.0
54 0.0
17.5
27.5
56 0.0
27.8
Mean,
8 55
30.00
20 30 57.76
57 0.0
32 28.0
55 0.0
30 27.5
10.0
3a 1
63
SEPTEMBER 15, 1871.
Signals sent from Salt Lake City — Continued.
Salt Lake chro-
St GreoTge chro-
1
Salt Lake chro-
St George chro-
Salt Lake chronom-
St George
nometer.
nometer.
nometer.
nometer.
eter.
chronometer.
K. m. 8.
h. ffl. 8.
1
h. tn. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h, tn.
8.
h. m. 8>
9 8 ....
22 44 ....
1 9 10 47.6
22 46 17.7
9 12
57.2
22 48 27.6
47,5
17.1
1 57.4
27.5
13
6.7
37.4
57.5
27.2
; 11 6.6
36.9
17 9
48.4
9 6.6
36.8
Id. 3
48.3
27.6
58.4
18.0
48.0
27.4
57.6
38.0
49 8.5
28.1
37.7
HfL 1
1 37.6
47 HO
45 7.8
Mean, 9 11
15.00
22 46 45.23
12 37.5
48 8.2
10 37.6
46 7.8
47.1
17.3
SEPTEMBER 15, 1871.
Signals sent from St. Oeorge.
Salt Lake chro-
nometer.
h.
9
fn. 8>
2 31.2
41.1
51.2
3 1.2
11.0
21.1
31.0
4 30.9
St George chro-
nometer.
h.
20
m.
38
39
8.
0.0
ICO
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
0.0
20 40 0.0
Salt Lake chro-
nometer.
St George chro-'
nometer.
I
Salt Lake chronom-
eter.
h.
9
m.
4
8.
40.7
50.8
0.6
10.6
20.6
30.6
30.5
40.6
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
20 40
41
42
10.0
20.0
.30.0
40.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
10.
St. George
chronometer.
20
42
43
8.
20
30.0
40
50.0
0.0
20 40 30.00
Salt Lake chro- St George chro-,
1
Salt Lake chro-
St George chro-
1 Salt Lake chronom-
St George
nometer.
nometer.
nometer.
nometer.
1
eter.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m.
8.
h. m. 8.
9 14 ....
20 50 ....
9 16 41.6
20 52 12.9
1
9 18
52.4
20 54 23.6
41.4
12.0
51.6
22. 4
.
19
3.1
34.2
51.3
22.0
17 2.1
3:11
12.6
44.1
15 1.8
32.6
12.0
4:1.2
2-2.8
54.2
11.6
42. 5 1
22.1
53.3
32.7
55 4. 2
21.7
32.4
52.6 ;
51 3.2
, 32. 4
1
53 3.6
Mean,
9 17
9.62
20 52 40.71
1
1
1 18 32.7
54 4.0
16 32.3
52 3.3 1
41.9
1
13.3
Signals sent from—
Recorded at—
Mean of sig-
nals sent
and received.
Time correc-
tions.
C r|r e c t e d
time.
M
^0
P
A. m. 8.
6 45. 03
45.13
45.07
45.33
Means.
September 13. 1871.
StiltLake
St. George
Salt Lake
h. m. 8.
9 13 .30. 00
20 41 23.00
9 28 29. 35
20 56 24. 70
9 21 35, 72
20 49 30. 00
9 39 14.12
21 7 11.02
h. m. 8.
+ 11 38 40.98
+ 4 2.95
+ 11 38 43.53
+ 4 3.05
4 11 38 42. 36
+ 4 3.01
+11 38 45. 36
+ 4 3. 13
h. m. 8.
20 52 10. 98
20 45 25. 95
21 7 12. 88
21 27. 75
21 18. 08
20 53 33. 01
21 17 59. 48
21 11 14. 15
h. m. 8.
St Geortre .. ..
6 45. 14
64
Signals sent from —
Hi/,
September 14, 1871.
Salt Lake
St. George Salt Lake
Kecorded at —
St. George
September 15, 1871.
Salt Lake
St. George
o) ^ a
St. George.
Salt Lake .
h. W: 8.
9 8 30. 00
•20 40 11. 53
9 21 17. a3
20 53 0. 46
9 14 47. 48
20 46 30. 00
9 28 6. 79
o so
u a
<D.2
h. m. 8.
-fll 42 38.90
+ 4 12. 88
+11 42 41.12
+ 4 12. 98
+ 11 42 39.99
+ 4 12.93
+11 42 42. 31
»®
<y g
fci.
hi
O
O
:--0
o .
a a
I-
Means.
20 59 51. 38 + 4 13. 03
8 55 30. 00
20 30 57. 76
9 11 15. 00
22 46 45. 23
9 5 0.75
20 40 30. 00
9 17 9. 62
20 52 40. 71
+11 46 36. 48
+ 4 23. 60
+11 46 39. 12
+ 4 23. 72
+11 46 38. 07
+ 4 23. 67
+11 46 40. 12
4 23. 76
h. m. 8.
20 51 8. 90
20 44 24. 41
21 3 58. 45
20 57 13. 44
20 57 27. 47
20 50 42. 93
21 10 49. 10
21 4 4.41
20 42 6. 48
20 35 21. 36
20 57 54. 12
20 51 8. 95
20 51 38. 82
20 44 53. 67
21 3 49. 74
20 57 4. 47
h. 9/1. 8. h. m. 8
44.49 !
45.01 i
i
44.54 I
I
44.69 ,
44.66
45.12
45.17
45.15
45.27
45.18
h. m, 8.
Final difference of longitnde, St George, west of Salt Lake 6 45. 00
Adopted longitude, (by excluding September 14, 1871) 6 45. 1€
Mean places of stars for 1871.0, used for determination of latitude of St. George, Utah,
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
No. in
B. A. C.
Declination.
No. in
B. A. C.
o / //
o / //
6404
41 18 15. 82
6731
44 24 40. 50
7029
6426
32 39 56. 12
6740
29 51 26. 07
7041
6473
41 26 19. 86
6784
33 25 42. 66
7121
6491
32 30 50. 60
6817
40 16 22. 12
7160
7176
6543
24 3 8.51
6839
16 17 41. 03
7193
6566
5(^ 9 24. 24
6863
57 54 36. 98
7218
6589
21 9 50. 63
6882
24 26 37. 77
7275
6623
53 7 52. 68
6895
49 44 47. 56
1
7317
6659
50 1 11. 62
6912
23 14 38. 59
7368
6674
24 24 19. 93 ,
6959
51 4 35. 00
7410
6712
58 19 28. 10
6986
39 58 0. 90
7448
6724
16 10 29.08
6998
34 34 51. 16
1
1
Declination.
No. in
B. A. C.
Diclination.
o / //
o / »/
31 46 30. 12
7474
23 4 28.25
42 11 1. 46
7512
51 7 27.42
14 8 52. 88
7548
49 5 53. 46
14 7 31. 14
7571
25 3 10. 72
60 2 22. 18
60 8 14.29
7598
48 42 47. 58
7627
25 19 8. 54
52 31 33. 82
21 49 41. 53
7736
58 39 42. 20
7742
15 24 20. el
44 16 .58. 50
7755
58 46 41. 68
29 41 56. 66
7807
20 11 49. 54
23 18 50. 27
7846
53 35 9. 44
51 6 11. 60
1
1
65
Observations for latitude.Statmij Saint George^ Utah,
Date.
s
OB
o
c
\m.
19
20
21
6404
6426
6473
6491
16542
|6566
6589
6623
6839
6863
6882
6895
6404
6426
6473
6491
6542
6566
6659
6674
6712
6784
6731
6740
6784
6817
6839
6863
6882
6895
6912
6959
6986
6998
7029
7U41
6404
6426
6473
6491
6342
6566
6589
6623
6659
6674
6712
6724
6731
6740
c
J bC
r
72.9
Le
I
IS
N.
25
8.9
15
20.0
9.0
19
78.5
8.0
8
46.- 8
9.5
17
81.9
8.4
17
70.9
10.1
22
45.8
9.0
18
49.9
9.1
20
60.0
7.7
20
72.3
11.0
20
34.4
8.0
21
4.5
10.0
25
69.9
8.9
15
20.1
9.0
19
70.5
9.4
8
46.8
9.0
17
24.6
9.0
17
4.9
10.0
16
10.0
11.0
25
90.6
8.3
10
40.3
8.9
23
49.1
10.3
18
13.7
6.0
20
90.8
13.1
12
41.2
8.6
34
78.9
9.9
21
4.0
7.7
21
4.0
13.7
19
45.1
10.0
20
9.5
10.0
21
75.7
9.0
16
63.3
11.2
11
1.0
9.6
26
30.7
10.0
13
13.1
8.8
24
5.0
12.0
26
14.0
8.3
15
59.7
7.5
20
14.5
9.0
8
86.0
7.4
17
48.0
as
17
35.1
8.8
22
41.6
7.0
18
43.2
10.5
15
97.8
11.1
25
74.0
6.5
10
1.3
8.0
23
3.0
10.0
18
13.5
9.7
20
93.0
9.5
s.
8.4
8.5
9.5
8.3
9.7
8.0
9.1
9.0
10.9
7.5.
11.0
8.5
8.0
8.0
7.8
8.5
8.5
7.4
6.8
9.1
8.4
7.0
11.4
4.4
9.3
8.0
10.0
4.0
7.8
7.3
8.5
6.5
8.4
8.7
9.9
6.8
7.1
8.1
6.8
8.7
8.0
8.0
10.2
6.6
• 6.3
11.2
9.7
8.0
8.4
8.8
i
•
m4 A
Remarks.
Date.
ID
o
1
6839
6863
1^
1871.
Sept 21
21 6.7
21 14.1
6882
6895
19 16.0
19 77.1
6912
6959
22 49.4
17 34.7
6986
6998
11 14.0
26 39.7
7029
7041
12 52.8
23 49.7
22
6404
6426
25 33.5
15 41.3
6473
6491
20 10.4
8 68.5
6542
6566
17 56.1
17 43.0
6.'.89
6623
23 5.9
19 9.6
6659
6674
16 6.4
26 1.3
6712
6724
10 26.7
23 33.3
6784
6817
12 35.3
34 90.9
Must be 87.9
6839
6863
21 10.0
21 16.4
6882
6895
19 30.0
20 7.8
6912
69S9
22 50.7
17 42.1
6986
6998
11 27.4
26 48.0
7029
7041
12 85.6
23 83.2
7121
7160
7176
7193
22 24.8
21 24.3
23 8.0
18 73.9
7218
7275
16 16.8
22 78.4
7410
7448
29 10.8
19 73.0
7474
7512
18 46.3
18 81.4
7548
7571
19 76.5
17 34.3
7598
7627
22 86.2
15 14.6
7736
7742
7755
25 0.1
18 77.9
19 76.3
Level.
N.
S.
9.6
9.8
9.4
9.0
8.6
12.0
10.4
6.8
5.0
15.3
13.9
3.4
12.1
7.2
6.3
11.3
7.7
10.0
11.0
7.7
8.8
7.3
7.9
9.3
5.5
8.5
11.5
8.9
7.9
10.0
9.8
7.3
9.0
9.1
8.7
8.4
11.0
12.0
6.9
6.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
6.1
10.4
12.0
11.9
7.6
8.8
11.9
9.4
7.9
10.4
12.0
9.9
10.5
10.3
10.0
10.8
9.2
9.9
11.2
5.5
15.0
15.0
5.5
10.6
10.8
10.3
10.2
10.5
10.6
10.5
10.5
11.0
10.0
10.0
101
11.0
9.9
10.0
11.1
11.3
10.0
10.0
11.3
11.7
9.4
9.4
11.9
11 4
9.5
10.0
12.2
12.1
9.4
12.3
10.0
13.1
9.0
Bemarlcs.
F F— 5
66
Observations for latitude. — StatiaUf Saint George^ CTtoA— Continued.
1
Cm
o
6
icrometer-
ceadings.
Level.
Kemarks.
Date.
•
1
«M
o
o
icrometer-
readings.
Level.
Date.
X.
s.
K.
S.
Bemarkn.
jS
1^
^
S
1871.
1871.
Sept. 22
7807
9 40.7
12.0
11.0
Sept 24
7029
13 2.6
10.7
9.9
7846
28 25.7
11.8
11.8
7041
23 98.3
10.4
10.2
.
23
6404
26 16.1
9.6
8.5
2121
22 24.3
10.1
11.
64.26
15 70.2
10.3
7.7
7160
7176
21 27.5
23 10.8
11.1
10. t)
10.1
11.2
6473
20 16.9
9.7
8.5
7193
18 74.9
10.0
11.1
6491
8 92.5
10.0
8.2
7218
15 8.5.7
10.9
10.6
6542
17 82.9
9.8
8.9
7275
22 49.9
11.2
10.6
6566
17 65.4
10.3
8.3
■*
7317
27 2.0
3.6
13.5
Very faint.
6589
22 52.3
8.6
10 5
7368
16 97.0
9.7
12.3
6623
18 47.1
13.1
5.8
7410
29 13.4
11.9
10.3
6659
16 39.9
10.9
8.5
7448
19 72.4
11.1
11.1
6674
26 20.8
10.0
9.5
7474
23 52.5
12.4
9.9
6712
10 57.9
8.0
11.4
7512
23 78.9
12.0
10.2
6724
23 65.6
12.9
6.9
7548
19 74.3
15.1
6.6
6839
21 8.6
9.0
10,3
7571
17 31.4
7.0
14.5
6863
21 8. 2
13.3
6.4
7598
22 66.3
9.0
12.5
.
6882
19 59.0
9.4
10.1
7627
14 80.6
8.3
13.2
6895
20 22.5
12.1
7.4
7736
25 8.9
7.8
14.1
6912
22 73.9
14.0
5.6
7742
18 99.0
16.8
5.1
6959
17 59.3
8.1
12.0
7755
19 77.4
11.0
10.9
6986
11 34.9
9.8
10.5
7807
9 11.1
10.9
10.5
6998
26 60.3
ia3
7,0
7846
28 1.3
9.0'
12.4
7029
12 94.1
11.5
9.1
25
6404
26 22.0
7.7
9.3
7041
23 68.0
16.4
4.1
6426
15 69.8
9.0
8.0
7121
22 31.0
11.0
10.6
6473
6491
20 28.4
8 96.7
8.6
9.0
9.0
8.6
7160
21 28.9
11.0
10.7
7176
23 4.0
13.5
7.5
6731
17 13.5
ia7
5.0
7193
18 70.1
13.4
7.5
6740
20 4.4
9.5
9.3
•
7218
16 14.4
11.1
11.1
6784
8 65.9
8.0
10.5
7275
22 76.3
11.4
11.6
6817
31 as
11.1
7.6
7317
26 95.0
11. e
11^5
6882
19 53.7
10.0
9.6
7368
16 96.4
10.6
11.9
6895
20 24.0
9.0
10.5
7410
29 50. S
10.7
11.9
7029
13 25.6
11.6
8.8
7448
20 14.0
11.1
11.0
7041
24 23.1
7.5
13.0
7474
18 87.5
11.1
11.0
7121
21 88.9
8.8
10.0
7512
19 13.7
13.8
8.5
7160
7176
20 88.6
22 71.1
9.0
10.6
" 9.9
8.1
7548
20 52.2
12.0
10.3
7193
18 36.4
10.4
a4
7571
18 15.6
12.9
9.5
,
7218
16 13.1
9.3
11.8
7598
22 34.1
j.1. \j
11.4
7275
22 64.5
9.5
12.0
7627
14 70.4
14.
8.1
7410
28 69.4
10.5
11.6
7807
9 28.8
10.0
7448
19 27.7
12.0
9.8
7846
8 4.7
10.6
7474
18 1.7
10.0
12.1
24
6659
6674
16 46.2
26 9.3
13.4
8.9
7512
18 33.6
12.4
9.7
«
7598
22 65.0
11.9
10.5
6731
17 70.0
8.5
7627
14 83.1
7.5
14.9
6740
20 45.4
10.4
7736
25 3.9
13.0
9.9
6784
8 62.0
10.0
7742
18 86.7
9.8
13.2
6817
31 3.4
9.5
7755
19 80.8
14.0
9.0
6882
19 50.5
.1 i,
11.0
7807
9 20.0
12.3
11.0
•
6895
20 18.2
1 Aa \9
7.9
7846
27 98.0
11.8
11.6
67
Computations for latitude of St, George, Utah.
Mean latitade of St. George, Utah : 37o 6' 29".3d ± (y'M.
Date.
September 19, 1871
September 20, 1871
September 21, 1871
September 22, 1871
September 23, 1871
No. of
pair.
I
2
3
4
6
9
10
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
1
3
4
5
7
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
83
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
24
Half-sum of
declination.
//
36 59 23.58
58 52. 98
37
6 33.93
9 9.16
15 15. 90
26.50
87
6
6
36 59
58
37 6
13
15
8
36 51
37 6
6
9
16
36 59
23.61
53.04
34.00
3.77
15.99
21.69
20.96
26.62
1.00
55.07
44.84
4.51
36 59 23. 65
37 6 34. 07
9 9.31
13 3 84
15 16. 08
8 21. 78
.6 26.73
6 1.12
9 55.20
16 44. 97
36 59 4. 65
36 59
58
37 6
9
13
15
36 51
37 6
6
9
16
36 59
37 5
8
10
12
6
4
1
2
5
36^53
36 59
58
37 6
9
13
15
6
6
9
16
36 59
37 5
8
10
36 59
37 12
6
4
1
36 .53
23.69
53.15
34.13
9.38
3.92
16.16
21.17
26.84
1.23
55.32
45.10
4.78
55.35
10.55
56.26
49.32
16.09
50.35
16.23
18.68
48.36
46.64
23.72
53.20
34.18
9.45
4.00
16.25
26.94
1.35
55.45
45.23
4.92
55.49
10.69
56.41
46.58
49.50
16.27
50.54
16.42
46.82
Coirectiona.
Micr. and refir.
4-
7 5.81
7 37.68
4.45
- 2 40. 11
- 8 47. 94
+,0 4.97
+ 28.34
7 4.55
7 34. 44
7.96
6 36.57
8 49. 31
52,07
8.61
0.00
26.04
- 3 27. 23
-10 18.63
-H 7 21. 59
+
- 1
+ 15
+
+
+ 7 6.37
- 51.22
- 2 41.12
- 6 34. 79
- 8 46. 44
- 1 53.04
2.99
24.70
3 28.16
-10 17.01
+ 7 23.61
+
+
7
7
- 2
- 6
- 8
+15
+
+
- 3
-10
+ 7
+
- 1
- 4
- 6
+
+
+
+
+
+12
5.52
41.80
5.30
41.08
42.35
4&42
12.21
2.59
31. 45
25.70
14.95
23.89
3.3.65
41.27
27.57
19.26
14.19
17.95
12.06
11.64
39.79
42.34
+
+
+
7 2.98
7 34.72
7.08
2 43.87
6 36. 69
8 4a 86
0.08
+ 25. 67
- 3 28. 12
-10 16.89
+ 7 14.31
+ 2'J. 52
- 1 44.66
- 4 27. 70
+ 6 43. 84
- 6 la 62
10. 59
1 35. 69
5 a 86
+
+
+
+ 12 38.66
Leyel.
+
+
+
II
0.67
0.14
0.54
0.06
0.07
0.20
1.01
+
+
1.27
1.41
4-2.09
+ 2.29
+ 2.57
+ 2.56
+ 0.80
+ 5.00
+ 3.31
3.51
1.69
+
+
+ 2.77
+
4-
0.40
0.88
+ 0.47
+ 0.07
+ 0.20
+ 1.35
+ 0.67
+ 2.30
+ 2.02
1.15
0.00
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.74
4.32
0.54
0.68
6.82
0.00
5.13
0.81
3.44
0.07
0.74
0.00
0.07
0.07
0.61
0.14
0.00
0.13
0.88
1.08
0.91
o.e?
2.50
2.02
1.96
3.78
1.96
1.76
3.78
2.70
3.04
3.78
9.92
4.32
4.18
0.14
1.22
0.74
3.64
3.44
4.05
2.70
Merid.
Latitude.
o /
//
37 6 30. 06
30.52
30.02
29.05
27.89
31.67
28.20
29.43
28.89
28.13
29.49
29.25
32.18
30.37
31.62
30.35
31.35
27.90
28.87
30.42
29.73
28.66
29.12
29.84
30.09
30.39
28.12
29.06
29.11
2a 26
2&47
30.63
29.37
28.98
2a 39
27.74
28.25
28.62
29.24
29.69
29.41
28.67
28.93
29.21
29.30
29.92
30.28
28.17
27.41
29.24
27.21
29.74
29.20
29. 94
29.06
29.36
29.27
29.15
30.80
29.72
30. .37
32. 12
29.15
29.3:i
30.21
2a 57
29.20
30.14
30.50
29.57
29.3a
28.18
68
Computations for latitude of St, George^ Utah — Continued.
Date.
No. of
pair.
Half-sam of
decllDation.
Corrections.
Latitude.
Micr. and refr.
Level.
Mend.
SeBtember 24. 1871
5
7
8
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
7
8
10
13
14
15
16
o / //
37 13 4. 08
8 22. 05
36 51 21. 36
•37 6 1.45
36 59 5. 05
37 5 5.5. 63
5 10. 83
10 56. 56
36 59 46. 73
37 12 49. 67
6 16. 45
4 50.73
1 16.61
2 19. 07
5 48. 75
36 53 47. 00
36 59 23. 79
58 53. 29
37 8 22. 14
36 51 21. 45
37 6 1.55
36 59 5. 18
37 5 55. 76
8 10. 97
10 .'ifi.72
/ //
- 6 29. 49
- 1 51.38
+ 15 6.47
+ 27. 30
+ 7 23.12
+ 34. 98
- 1 42. 16
- 4 28. 63
+ 6 46. 43
- 6 20.56
+ 10. 67
+ 1 38.23
+ 5 17. 76
+ 4 6.66
1- 31.71
+12 21.44
+ 7 5.52
+ 7 37. 68
+ 1 57.65
■\ 15 6. 95
+ 28. 43
+ 7 23.85
+ 33. 24
- 1 41.99
- 4 23. 45
- 6 20. 84
+ 12. 90
+ 5 16. 22
+ 4 9.61
1 38.05
+ 12 39.75
//
- 4.93
0.00
- 0.40
+ 0.68
+ 0.67
- 1.42
- 0.07
+ 0.61
- 5.06
+ 1.08
+ 2.90
+ 0.67
- 5.67
+ 3.64
+ 7.96
- 2.02
- 0.40
0.00
+ 6.01
+ 0.68
- 0.75
- 1.82
+ 88
+ 0.74
- 3.37
+ 0.74
+ 0.40
- 4.05
- 0.20
+ 1.08
+ 1.01
o / // '
37 6 29. 66
30.67
27. 43
•
29. 43
28. 84
29. 19
28. 60
28.54
28 10
30. 19
30. 02
^
29. 63
28. 70
29. 37
28.42
31. 42
^eniember 2.^ 1871
28.91
30. 97
30. 50
29.08
29.23
27.21
29. 88
'
29.72
29. 90
U 1 12 49. 85
19 6 16. 63
21 1 16.81
22 a 19. 2fl
29. 75
29.93
28. 98
28.69
23
24
5 48. 95
36 53 47. 17
28.08
27.93
Adopting the longitude of Salt Lake, llio 53' 42".90 west of Green-
wich, the astronomical co-ordinates of St. George will be :
Longitude, 113o 35' 0".30 west of Greenwich.
Longitude, 36° 31' 58".50 west of Washington.
Latitude : K. 37° 6' 29".38 ± 0".08.
The results obtained for the longitude by lunar culminations of Camp
Independence, California, and Fort Whipple, Arizona Territory, and
for the latitude of Camp Independence, California, will be incorporated
in the astronomical volume.
In the same publication will appear a list of the geographical posi-
tions established by the survey.
Observations and computations for latitudes—Station, Fort B^ hippie, Arizona Ter,
OCTOBER 27, 1871.
o
Ad •
a
.FN )r
Level.
6990
7029
7061
7131
7275
7301
7372
7387
t d.
12 40. 4
26 52. 2
16 86.3
19 6.5
13 76. 4
24 67.0
17 49. 9
19 32.^
N.
S.
12.5
15.7
11.9
19.0
16.3
15.0
17.0
16.0
Bemarks.
Half-sam of
declination.
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
//
- 9 30.5
- 1 29.0
+ 7 20.7
+ 1 13.8
Level.
//
+2.3
+0.5
—1.2
0.1
Merid.
Latitude.
oil!
34 33 6.9
6.1
6.2
7.2
69
Observations and computations for latititde of Fort Whipple, Arizona — Continued.
OCTOBER 27, 1871.
7275
7301
7345
8299
8307
48
92
166
irj
201
211
232
247
5m
c
« so
.5 2
Level.
Kemarks.
Half Bnra of
declination.
Corrections.
d
3
'A
N.
S.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude.
7455
7474
t. d.
14 82.7
21 3.9
24 70. 4
13 58.7
14 81.4
21 26.5
19 32. 3
20 65.3
19 8.6
22 24.8
19 70.
20 4.2
22 60.7
19 24. 2
20 60.7
16 59.
15 74. 2
23 7a 4
26 10.1
16 50.8
19 80.5
22 0.8
15 42. 4
25 1.5
20 90.1
15 74.8
16 59.
21 0.9
16 83.9
25 23.6
14 0.9
22 60.1
15 93.
13 11.1
25 3.7
1
20.1
12.9
16.4
17.7
5.5
2.9
4.9
4.0
2.8
4.0
7.5
4.9
7.1
5.3
6.7
6.5
8.5
6.5
6.1
6.8
7.9
5.3
8.0
5.1
7.3
6.0
7.1
8.0
8.6
3.2
6.4
5.7
5.8
5.9
14.0
13.6
20.8
17.6
t 10.7
5.6
7.3
4.9
5.8
4.0
3.0
6.4
9.0
7.0
8.9
8.0
8.0
7.4
8.3
8.3
7.9
7.0
9.1
6.7
9.9
7.9
9.1
8.0
7.1
6.0
10.0
7.6
8.2
8.5
8.4
0.4
o / //
34 37 18.
40 35. 8
28 48. 9
34 2.0
30 58.4
33 22.2
30 52.7
30 27.1
27 53.9
26 40. 6
34 36. 1
26 38. 9
36 36. 8
30 5.3
28 28.6
38 55.2
39 7.9
41 3.4
/ //
- 4 11.0
- 7 29.2
4- 4 20.7
- 53.7
4- 2 7.6
- 13. 8
4- 2 16.
+ 2 42.3
4- 5 10. 8
4- 6 27. 6
- 1 29.0
4- 6 27. 6
- 3 2a 2
4- 2 58. 6
+ 5 39. 3
- 5 47. 2
- 6 8.0
- 8 1.9
-0.9
-0.1
3.0
—1.2
o /' //
34 33 6.1
7520
7560
6.5
7606
7676
6. 6
7749
7796
7.1
7807
7820
—0.1
5.9
7915
7923
-2.0
—2.4
-1.9
—0.5
-2.2
-2.0
-2.4
—2.5
0.0
—2.8
-2. .5
+7.3
4-4.1
■
6.4
8023
8032
6 3^
8076
8079
9
1 5
8097
8128
1
4.2
8158
8182
6. a
8195
8206
5.1
8250
8280
4.1
8299
8307
6.1
8335
7
3.9
166
173
5.1
201
211
■
5. 5
232
235
7 2
247
5.6
1
OCTOBER 28, 1871.
t. d.
13 63. 2
24 47. 1
19 48. 3
5.1
9.9
9.6
8.5
4.0
4.0
20 29.2
15 2
8.3
9.6
8.7
6.3
18 98. 8
17 45.
7.0
10.9
9.0
5.3
16 55.9
25 6.0
18.4
15.0
19.6
22.9
14 77. 4
23 45.5
7.8
11.0
9.5
6.4
15 53. 3
24 48.5
4.6
13.0
12.7
4.0
Cloudy.
25 46. 6
29 9.4
36 37.
34 7.6
28 28.8
.38 55. 3
39 8.1
4-7 18.
4-3 56. 4
4-1.7
4-1.5
-3 33.0
4-2.0
-1 2.2
-1-2.4
4-5 43. 5
-6.1
-5 51. 6
4-2.0
-6 1.8
4-0.8
34 33 6. 3
7. a
6.0
7.-8
6.2
5.7
7.1
70
Observations and compulatmis for latitude of Fort Whipplej Arizona — Continned.
OCTOBER 29, 1871.
a.s
§1
Level.
Eemarks.
1
K.
s.
7275
7301
L d.
13 12. 4
23 99.2
18 99.6
16 55.9
18 33.
14 50.2
20 79.1
24 27.4
13 10.
16 6.1
27 3.6
18 72.7
20 13. 5
20 73.0
22 7ao
19 7.0
19 52.4
25 57.0
15 62. 6
22 67.
19 40.7
20 25.8
16 35.4
25 85.0
16 33. 8
16 51.
18 82.2
15 31. 3
24 94.
19 14.5
17 62.1
12 4a 5
26 97. 8
13 76. 2
22 40. 7
15 42.3
12 58.
24 34. 9
7.7
3.3
3.9
6.8
5.6
.'i.3
a 4
7.0
7.2
6.3
9.0
9.1
5.5
3.6
14.7
ao
7.8
6.5
7.2
a 5
7.3
a 2
7.2
5.6
10.0
ai
as
7.4
ai
7.6
7.9
a 5
7.5
a 7
'•.8
a 4
a 2
ao
3.2
7.5
7.7
5.0
6.3
6.8
4.0
5.4
5.2
7.0
4.6
4.5
as
10.7
- 0.8
7.2
6.9
7.8
7.2
6.6
7.8
7.0
ao
9.5
5.2
7.2
7.0
ai
7.3
ao
a 2
7.5
a 7
7.8
a 8
ao
ao
a 3
7345
7372
7387
7455
7474
7520
7560
7641
7683
7749
7796
7807
7820
7915
7923
7943
7953
8023
8032
8076
8079
8158
8182
8195
8206
82.50
8280
48
92
122
146
201
211
232
2.35
\
247
Corrections.
Half Bnm of
deoliuatioii.
o / //
34 25 46. 6
29 9.4
31 53.5
37 la
40 35. 8
25 40.4
34 2.1
30 58.5
33 22.4
39 4a 5
30 52.9
30 27.3
26 40.8
34 36.3
26 39. 1
34 7.7
23 19.7
38 55.4
39 a 2
41 3.6
Mierometer
aBd refer-
Level.
ence.
II
//
+7 19.2
+3 57. 3
+0.2
+0.4
+1 11.6
+0.7
4 14.1
+1.9
-7 31.5
+2.4
+7 23.5
+2.5
-0 56.9
+1.1
+2 3.2
+5.7
-0 ia4
;'t.i
-6 41. 8
^0.9
+2 11.9
+a9
+2 37.7
+0.3
+6 24. 4
+0.6
-I 33.4
+1.6
+6 29.0
0.0
- 1 1.6
-0.5
+ 9 45. 6
-0.1
- 5 49. 3
-0.1
— 6 0.7
+0.1
-0.1
- 7 55.6
Meridian.
Latitude.
o /
34 33 6.9
T. 1
5u8
S. 8
«.7
6.4
6.3
7.4
5.1
5.8
5.7
5.3
5.8
4.5
ai
5.6
5.2
6
7.6
7.9
OCTOBER 30, 1871.
7275
7301
12 90.6
23 83.4
18 7a 4
16 71. 3
23 35. 7
14 47.3
20 70.6
24 44. 9
13 39. 2
15 80. 1
26 84.
7.3
5.8
6.2
6.8
7.8
9.5
6.0
ao
7.3
7.3
a 6
7.0
7.4
a 4
ao
7.0
5.8
9.6
7.4
as
as
7.9
34 25 46. 6
29 9.3
28 36.4
37 la
40 35. 8
25 40. 4
+ 7 21. 6
+ 3 57. 5
+ 4 2a5
- 4 11.9
- 7 26. 8
+ 7 26.1
-^.9
-1.3
-0.3
+0.1
-0.4
-0.3
34 33 7 3
7345
5. 5
7372
7377
4.6
7455
7474
6.2
7520
7560
8.6
7641
7683
•--•
6.2
71
Observations and computations for latitude of Fort Whipple^ Arizona — Continued.
OCTOBER 90, 1871.
o
u .
Micrometer-
readings.
Level.
Remarks.
Half sum of
deolination.
Corrections.
1-
s «
s
N.
s.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude.
7749
7796
t, d.
18 57. 6
19 8a 4
18 95.8
22 0.5
18 95.1
19 35.3
25 64.5
15 70. 2
24 41.0
14 82.2
15 94. 3
25 42.6
20 22.0
15 11. 7
16 31.
20 74.7
19 33.9
17 83.4
13 1.2
12 34. 3
26 80.3
6.0
7.5
6.7
12.5
a 6
7.7
a6
7.4
7.8
ao
ao
10.2
7.9
5.6
'7.7
a6
9.0
a 7
a 9
9.1
9.1
10.3
a 9
9.8
3.7
7.7
a 6
7.5
9.0
a5
ai
7.8
6.4
9.0
11.0
9.2
a8
a 6
9.1
9.1
9.0
a 8
1 II
34 34 2.2
30 58.6
33 22.5
39 4a 6
86 41.0
2
96 39.2
36 37.2
30 5.7
34 ao
23 47.2
83 19.8
/ //
- 52.9
+ 2 3.1
- 16. 2
- 6 41. 8
+ 6 27.5
+ 6 23.2
- 3 26.2
+ 2 59. 3
- 1 0.08
+ 9 17. 3
+ 9 44.3
II
-3.8
+3.9
0.0
-0.3
-0.5
+2.7
-4.4
-1.1
0.0
+0.1
+0.3
1 It
i 34 33 5. 5
5.6
7807
7820
7915
7923
6.3
7943
7953
6.5
8158
8182
8.0
8250
8280
•
5.1
8299
8307
6.6
8333
7
•
3.9
48
92
7.2
116
122
4.6
146
4.4
OCTOBER 31, 1871.
166
173
201
211
232
235
247
7204
7213
7275
7301
7345
7372
7387
7455
7474
7520
7560
7606
7676
7749
7796
7807
7820
.7915
7923
7943
7953
8023
8032
16 53.7
24 91.4
13 86.5
22 49.3
15 12.1
12 29.2
24 10.
28 23.0
9 77.6
13 16.7
23 98.4
19 9.7
16 33. 5'
18 6.4
14 37.0
20 69.2
23 9a 9
12 82.0
13 84. 1
20 14.7
18 16. 7
19 49.3
18 55.2
21 68.
18 89. 5
19 28.0
25 84.9
15 89.
22 80.1
19 52.6
9.5
ao
a 5
10.0
9.0
7.9
9.0
10.0
7.2
6.6
13.1
10.7
11.4
5.0
a 7
4.6
4.5
ao
11.4
12.0
9.0
10.4
9.8
13.0
10.3
13.2
12.0
9.0
11.0
14.6
12.0
a 5
11.0
13.0
12.1
9.4
12.0
13.1
11.5
11.
12.0
10.0
12.2
14.7
16.2
7.8
a 3
12.0
7.7
6.8
7.7
a 5
a 4
ao
6.8
7.4
9.0
6.8
6.7
9.0
Very faint
34 27 29.0
38 55.6
39 a 4
41 3.8
45 32.1
25 46.7
29 9.4
31 53.6
37 la 1
• 40 35. 9
28 49.2
34 2.2
30 5a 7
33 22.6
39 4a 7
30 53.2
+ 5 38.5
-0.7
- 5 4a7
-1.4
- 6 2.9
- 7 57. 2
+3.1
+2.2
-12 25. 7
+0.1
+ 7 17. 1
+ 3 59. 6
+2.2
-2.0
+ 1 9.9
+1.7
- 4 15. 5
+3.4
- 7 31. 3
+1.7
+ 4 14. 8
+1.8
- 53.6
-3.3
+ 2 6.4
+2.5
- 15. 6
-1.1
— 6 42. 5
+1.5
+ 2 12.3
-0.0
34 33 6. 8
.•5.5
8.6
a8
6.5
6.0
7.0
5.2
6.0
6.3
5.8
5.3
7 6
5.9
7.7
5.5
72
Observations and computations for latitude of Fort Whipple, Arizona — Continued.
OCTOBER 31, 1871.
MS
a*
8097
8128
8158
8182
8195
8206
8250
8280
8299
8307
8317
8370
48
92
116
122
146
166
173
201
211
232
235
247
7275
7301
7345
7372
7387
7520
7560
7749
7796
7807
7820
7915
7923
7943
7953
8023
8032
8076
8079
8097
8128
8195
8206
8299
8307
Si
a s
(. d.
18 95.
26 65.6
25 30.6
15 63.3
16 77.6
19 1.6
15 23.6
24 60. 5
20 47.1
15 25.9
12 23. 1
24 74. 4
18 65. 5
17 12.2
13 34. 4
12 70. 9"
27 13.2
16 15. 2
24 68.
13 60.2
22 20.8
14 84. 4
11 95.0
23 71.1
Level.
N.
S.
8.8
7.6
7.4
8.9
7.0
5.7
9.1
10.5
9.9
2.3
6.4
8.8
7.5
13.1
8.8
3.2
9.0
7.4
7.4
9.0
12.1
6.5
4.3
10.2
8.1
8.9
9.0
8.3
10.1
10. 1
7.5
7.0
7.0
9.8
1
5.1
7.1
12.2
10.2
7.2
8.8
10.0
8.4
11.5
11.9
4.6
6.0
5.6
12.9
Remarks.
Very faint
d.
(?) Is 7. 3 .
Half sum of
declination.
o / //
34 27 54. 3
26 41.2
34 36.6
26 39.4
36 37.3
41 31. 6
34 8.0
23 47.4
23 20.
27 29.2
38 55.7
39 8.6
41 4.0
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
Level.
ence.
/ //
II
+ 5 11.4
+0.1
+ 6 30. 9
-4.7
— 1 30. 5
+ 1.3
+ 6 18.6
+5.8
- 3 30.6
0.0
- 8 25.6
+2.8
-1 2.0
-0.2
+ 9 17.2
+ 9 42. 9
+0.5
+ 0.5
+ 5 44. 6
-6.9
- 5 47. 8
-1.6
- 5 58. 3
- 7 55.3
-1.9
-1.3
Meridian.
Latitude.
KOVEMBER 1, 1871.
12 41. 5
23 26.0
18 26.2
8.5
7.9
8.4
7.0
7.9
7.8
16 48. 3
18 ^.4
8.1
7.2
8.0
9.1
24 .34. 6
13 19.6
8.3
9.7
8.7
8.1
18 51. 3
19 82.7
6.1
10.1
12.1
8.2
18 14
21 29.7
10.3
7.8
8.4
12.1
18 86. 8
19 26.0
9.0
9.6
10.0
9.6
17 40.3
7 44.5
6.1
13.0
12.8
5.9
22 93.0
19 60.4
9.5
8.6
9.8
10.9
20 43. 1
16 51.
10.6
8.3
8.9
n.i
18 85.0
26 55.5
9.0
9.8
10.8
10.1
16 6.4
18 31. 1
10.5
9.2
9.2
10.6
20 12.4
14 24.
8.0
13.7
12.1
6.7
34 25 46. 6
29 9.4
31 53.6
40 36.
34 2.2
30 58.8
33 22.7
39 48. 8
30 53.3
30 27. 6
27 54.3
34 36. 7
36 37. 6
+ 7 18. 3
+ 3 56.3
+ 1 13. 8
- 7 30. 6
- 53.1
+ 2 7.6
- 15. 8
- 6 42. 4
+ 2 10. 8
+ 2 38.5
+ 5 IL 4
- 1 30.8
+ 1.0
+1.4
-1.2
+0.8
-2.8
•
-L6
—0.7
+0.3
+1.4
-0.7
•
-1.4
-0.1
4-2.0
34 33 5. 8
7.4
7.4
3.8
6.7
8.8
5.8
5.1
3.4
6.9
6.3
8.4
7.4
34 33 5. 9
7.1
C.2
6.2
6.3
4.8
6.2
6.7
5. 5
5.4
4.5
5.8
6.1
73
Observations and computations for latitude of Fort Whipple, Arizona — Continued.
NOVEMBER 1, 1871.
o I
S OD
u
® •
■gWD
1- a
Level.
Micron
reaUi
N.
S.
Remarks.
CorrcctioDs.
8317
«370 I
t. d.
12 2.6
24 52.1
4 1 11 66. 2
28 ' 29 3.5
48
92
116
122
146
166
173
201
211
232
235
247
18 ^6. 4
16 96.2
13 42. 1
12 76. 1
27 26.5
16 27.3
24 66.3
12 9.3. 5
21 52.0
15 9.0
12 20. 2
23 99.0
10.2
10.1
10.0
8.8
11.8
8.0
9.0
9.0
10.5
8.4
11.2
9.5
10.8
10.6
10.6
9.0
9.7
10.0
10.3
11.7
8.7
12.7
12.0
12.0
10.0
12.9
10.0
11.8
10.8
10.6
10.6
12.4
Half Hum of
declinatiou.
oil/
34 41 31.7
21 24.6
34 8.2
23 47.5
23 20.2
27 29.4
38 56.
39 8.7
41 4.1
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
/ //
- 8 24. 9
+ 11 42.1
- 1 0.7
+ 9 19. 4
+ 9 46. 1
4- 5 39.
- 5 46. 9
- 5 59. 6
- 7 56.3
Level.
II
4-0.4
-2.2
-1.1
-1.7
-1.7
-2.2
-1.6
-2.3
-2.3
Meridian.
Latitude.
O I II
34 33 7. 2
4.5
6.4
5.2^
4.6
6.2
7.5
6.8
5.5
NOVEMBER 2, 1871.
8250
t^280
4
28
116
146
166
173
201
211
214
219
232
2:^
247
15 30. 3
24 96.
9.2
8.3
12.4
13.5
11 88.
29 27. 8
10.4
10.5
12.0
12.0
13 23.0
27 5.6
10.4
10.5
12.0
12.0
16 83.1
25 ia5
10.7
12.0
12.4
10.5
13 60. 5
22 27.2
9.8
13.6
13.0
9.0
19 52.0
17 52.9
19.5
- 0.5
3.0
22.7
15 78. 7
12 91. 8
24 99.3
11.6
12.0
17.6
10.9
10.7
5.0
Very faint
34 26 39. 6
21 24. 7
23 47. 6
27 29. 5
38 56.0
34 26.9
39 8.9
41 4.2
4- 6 30. 2
4-11 43.1
4- 9 18. 6
+ 5 37. 6
- 5.50.2
— 1 20. 5
6 12.0
8 8.0
-5.7
-2.1
—2.1
-0.1
+0.9
-0.8
+9.0
+9.4
34 33 4. t
5.7
4.1
7. a
6.7
5.6
5. a
5.6
NOVEMBER 5, 1871.
8097
8128
8136
8159
8250
8280
8299
8307
8317
8370
4
28
214
219
19 39. 7
27 1.4
9.8
10.2
17 87.9
20 82.6
12.9
7.0
15 54. 8
25 4.0
10.3
8.6
20 68.0
15 41. 8
9.0
11.3
13 11.2
25 66.7
7.5
12.6
12 8.5
29 32.0
11.5
9.9
19 18. 2
17 7.0
11.0
10.4
8.1
7.5
4.8
10.7
7.6
9.8
9.1
7.2
11.0
6.1
7.3
8.9
8.1
9.0
Very faint
Very faint
34 27 55.
35 2.3
26 40.
36 37. 8
41 32.2
21 25. 1
34 27. 3
+ 5 7.8
+3.0
- 1 59. 1
+3.0
+ 6 23. 6
+1.0
- 3 32. 6
+2.7
- 8 27.4
+2.0
+ 11 36.5
+3.5
- 1 25. 3
+2.9
34 33 5. 8
6.2
4.6
7.8
6.8
5.1
4.9
Mean latitude of Eort Whipple, Arizona, 34° 33' 6". 124 ±0. 065.
74
FORT FEED STEELE, WYOMING, (1872.)
Longitude, IO60 56' 48".80 ; latitude, 41° 46' 40''.24 ±0".05.
The point selected for the station at Fort Fred Steele was just in the
rear of the sutler's store, on the west side of the railroad-track. Being
across a ravine which lay between it and the railroad, it was entirely-
free from the jar of passing trains; and being at the same time to the
windward, there was no interference from smoke. Fort Fred Steele is a
military post pure and simple, is situated on the left bank of the North
Platte, where the Union Pacific Eailroad crosses it, and has no citizen-
population whatever, if the few railroad employes and the proprietors
of one or two insignificant ranches in the immediate vicinity be excepted.
The location is on a bluff of the river, which presents here limited and
rather barren vallej's, while the surrounding country has been much dis-
turbed by volcanic action, and, subsequently, further cut up by erosion.
The general view is very limited ; the top of Elk Mountain can be seeu
at the southeast and directly north on the east side of the river, and
but two or three miles distant a rocky ridge, around which the river
works its way to the west. Southward the view is up the vallej^ of the
river, the barrenness of which is somewhat relieved by a few straggling
cotton- wood trees. Taken altogether, its surroundings are not inviting,
and, if we except the country about Green River, no region which the
Union Pacific Eailroad traverses is more destitute of animal and vege-
table life.
Meteorological. — The most unfavorable condition possible as to weather
prevailed during the occupation of this station, which was in the month
of November. In this time there was scarcely a week altogether that
could be made available for astronomical work in connection with Salt
Lake. It was entirely too cold to make anything like satisfactory
observations, the thermometer showing frequently a range of tempera-
ture from 300 to 40° below freezing, and once it actually touched 60^,
when it was no longer possible to remain in the tent or keep the ink
and battery from freezing, despite the use of a stove — a very objection-
able feature to an observatory under any circumstances. It was not
only cold, but an almost uninterrupted series of drifting snow and dust
storms succeeded each other.
Observatory and instruinents. — The observatory and instruments were
the same as those used at Cheyenne, Wyo., and the transit was
mounted in the same way. The assistants, (J. H. Clark being the prin-
cipal,) were also the same. The telegraphic work was done over the
Atlantic and Pacific line, and the operators were Messrs. Brown, McCoy,
Murphy, and three others. These were not all present at the same
time, but came as reliefs during the occupancy of this station.
Connections. — Connection was made with Salt Lake observatory. On
the 1st, 4th, 5th, 7th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 25th, and 26th of November,
observations were made with the view of interchanging signals for
longitude, and chronometer-signals were sent and received on six nights.
For eleven nights, work was prosecuted on the latitude. On many of
them only a pair or two of stars here and there between the passing
storm-clouds could be observed.
Instrumental values, — The instrumental values are given in the report
on Cheyenne station already published.
Circumstances of telegraphic connection. — The length of the circuit is
about four hundred miles. The observatory was connected hy a loop
with the railroad telegraph-office, and all the signals were received and
75
sent by the instraraentality of the chronograph. Ko information is
available as to the batteries and repeaters on the circuit employed,
The computations were made by civilian assistants, J. H. Clark and
Dr. F. Kampf. The arrangement into publication form was made by
the latter.
Uniform tables of time-reductions at Fort Fred Steele^ Wyo,t November 5, 1872.
Kame of star.
e Pegasi
U Cephei
H Gapiicorni ..
79 DraooDis
a Aqnarii
32Ur8.Maj.,L.C
v Aqaarii
9 DraconiSiL. C
ri Draconis
^ Pegasi
a
c8
w.
E.
k.
23
m.
38
40
46
51
59
08
19
24
29
35
8.
16.20
32.96
40.04
48.27
34.12
58.09
06.25
17.43
08.83
27.42
&B
aA
eC
8.
8.
8.
-0.28
+ 2.37
-0.04
—0.87
- 6.45
-0.12
-0.19
+ 3.73
-0.04
-0.41
- 7.86
-0. 13
+0.04
+ 2.99
—0.04
+0.04
+ 10.18
—a 10
-0.04
+ 2.90
+0.04
+0.20
+16. 42
—0.17
-0.10
+ 2.99
+0.04
-0.17
+ 2.33
+0.04
T'
h. tn.
23 38
40
46
51
59
09
19
24
29
35
8.
18.25
25.52
43.54
39.87
37.11
08.21
09.15
.33. 8H
11.76
29.62
AR.
h. m.
21 37
40
46
51
59
22 08
18
24
28
35
8.
55.64
02.79
20.92
16.95
14.42
44.65
46.36
11.01
48.74
06.65
Mean for 22'' 0» local sidereal time
AT
h. fit.
-2 00
-2 00
8.
22.61
22.73
22.62
22.92
22.69
23.56
22.79
22.87
23.02
22.97
-2 00 22.88
Normal equations,
10 6t— 6.74 a -13.16 c =+ 30.82
— 6.74«J«+ 27.38 a +11. 12 c = — 121.02
— 13.16 fJ«+ 11.12 +51.01C =— 49.81
a =: — 4*. 390
c = + 0«. 035
Fwt Fred Steele^ Wyo,, November 5, 1872.
Name of star.
I Piscium
Groomb. 4163
a Piscium
a Adrom
4 Drac., L. C - .
a CassiopeisB . .
8 Ceti
32Camel.,L. C .
« Piscium
a
68
E
W.
h. tit. 8.
33
49
53
02
06
33
37
47
56
43.92
12.05
06. 65
10.38
12.13
43.22
31.54
51.86
40.98
bB
aA
eC
8.
8.
8.
+0.07
+ 2.68
0.00
+0.21
— a45
-0.01
+0.04
+ 2.64
0.00
+0.05
+ 1.16
0.00
—0.12
+19. 09
+0.02
—0.04
— 1.92
0.00
+0.05
+ 4.11
0.00
-0.57
+35.27
-0.03
+0.08
+ 2.55
0.00
h.
1
fn.
33
49
53
02
06
33
37
47
56
8.
46.67
03.80
09.33
11.59
12
26
35.70
26.53
43.61
it
AR.
hm tn. 8'
23 33 24.44
48 41.34
52 46.80
9 01 4a 95
06 08.90
33 18.58
37 12.51
48 04.97
56 20.77
Mean for 0^ O™ local sidereal time
AT
h.
-2
fn,
00
8.
22.23
22.46
22.53
22.64
22.22
22:68
23.19
82.56
22.84
—2 00 22.59
Normal equations,
9 ^ < — 12. 78 a + 7. 66 c = + 60. 50
—12. 78 <J e + 86. 18 a — 49. 74 c = — 389. 94
+ 7. 66 J < - 49. 74 a + 140. 57 c = + 224. 57
Fort Fred Sleeky November 19, 1872.
o = — 4». 470
c = — 0«. 003
Name of star.
C Pegasi
I Cephei
a Piscis Australia. .
a UrsaeMajoris.L.C
o Cepbei
B Piscium
Y Cephei
a CassiopeisB
)?Ceti
« Piscium
Clamp.
W.
W.
E.
h. m.
34
44
50
55
12
20
33
32
36
55
1
8.
32.85
39. 27
02. 05
12.13
56.31
57.12
45.03
46.48
37.46
46.54
&B
a A
cC
8.
8.
8.
- 0.44
+ 0,93
- 0.50
- 1.16
I 1.71
- 1.19
0.19
1.94
- 0.57
0.33
3.70
+ 1.07
1.69
1.99
- 1.29
0.57
1.04
- 0.50
2.56
4.47
- 2.19
1.78
0.76
+ 0.88
0.54
1.62
+ 0.52
0.86
+ 1.00
+ 0.50
h. m. 8.
34 32. 84
44 35. 21
50 03.23
55 17. 23
1 12 51.34
20 57. 09
33 35. 81
2 32 44. 82
36 39. 06
55 47. 18
AR.
h. m. 8.
22 35 06. 47
• 45 08. 90
50 36. 74
55 50. 44
23 13 24. 57
21 30. 63
33 69. 15
33 18. 38
37 12. 43
56 20. 74
Mean for 23'' 0" local sidereal time.
AT
h. m. A.
-1 59 26. 37
26.31
26.49
26.79
26.77
26. 46
26.66
26.44
26.63
-1 59 26. 44
-1 59 26. 44
76
Noi'mal equdthns.
10 St - 0.74 a - 6.61c = - 7.33
0.74 6t + 16.27 a - 19.42 c = - 37.82
6.61 6 t - 19.42 a + 45.50 c = + 60.16
a = - I*. 758
c = + 0«. 495
Fort Fred Steele, Nbrember 20, 1872.
Name of star.
PiBoium . . .
■y Cephei
a CassiopeisB
Clamp.
E.
W.
h. 771. 8.
1 20 50. 90
33 42. 87
2 32 44. 71
&B
oA
cC
8.
- 0.28
-1.23
- 0.69
8.
+ 2. 63
-11. 30
- 1.91
8.
-f 0.41
-f- 1.78
- 0.72
AR.
h. m. s.
1 20 53. 66
33 32 12
2 32 41. 39
h. m. 8.
23 21 30. 62
33 69. 08
33 18. 35
AT
k. 7n. 8.
-1 59 23. 04
23.04
23.04
Mean for C" 0™ local sidereal timej ,— 1 59 23.04
Xm^mal equations.
+ 3 it -^ 2.38 a + 3.65 c = — 9.23
+ 2.38 6 1 + 6.98 a + 9.86 c = - 27.20
-I- 3.65 6 1 + 9.86 a + 23.";3 c = - 34.48
a
c
- 4«.452
.. 0«.403
Fort Fred Steele, November 21, 1872.
Name of star.
a Aqnarii
32 UrsaB Majoris, L. C .
■tr Aquarii
9 Draooni8(H.)
Y ^ Aquarii
226 Cephei
^ Pegasi
Aquarii
Piscis Anstralis
XTrssB Mtgoris, L. C .
Pegasi
Pisciam
Cephei
IT
a
a
a
I
Y
Clamp.
W.
E.
h.
23
m. 8.
58 30.
07 53.
18 02.
23 14.
28 04.
29 30.
34 22.
45 13.
49 50.
55 01.
57 41.
00
67
6B
aA
cC
8.
-0.
+0.
05-0.
17+0.
42-0.
59-0.
83
18
12
30
12
65
32 39.
33 36. 89 -2. 02 -
-0.
-0.
-0.
— 0.
-0.
-0.
12 +
15 +
18 +
60 +
19| +
73-
16l
34
191
28 1
50'
44'
8.
2.64
9.00
2.56
14.51
2.64
8.65
2.06
3.03
4.27
8. 15
1.82
2.33
9.86
8. h.
-0.3823
+ 0.91
-0.38
+ 1.59
-0.38
-1.51
-0.38
+ 0.38
4-0.44
-0.81
+ 0.39
+ 0.38
4-1.66
m. 8.
58 32. 14
08 03. 73
18 04. 05
23 30. 87
28 06. 49
29 19. 70
34 24. 35
45 16. 27
49 54. 64
55 08 36
57 42. 83
32 41. 92
33 26. 67
Mean for 22*» SO" local sidereal time
AR.
AT
h. m.
21 59
22 08
18
24
28
29
35
45
50
55
58
23 33
33
8.
14.22
45.72
46.16
12.70
48.55
61.29
06.45
58.10
36.71
50.56
25.07
24.29
69.01
h. m. s.
-1 59 17.92
18.01
17.89
18.17
17.94
18.41
17.90
18.17
93
80
17.
17.
17.76
17.63
•1 59 17. 66
-1 59 17.94
Normal equations,
13 8 t- 8. 89 a I- 5. 09 c = + 37. 50
- 8. 89 8 «+39. 24 a-15. 28 c = -158. 95
5. 09 6 <-15. 28 + 72. 72 c = + 90. 21
a= — 3».880
c= +0».375
Fort Fred Steele, November 22, 1872.
Name of star.
Clamp.
T
6B
a-A
cC
T'
AR.
AT
9 Draconis, L. C
226 Cephei
W.
h. m. 8.
23 18. 72
29 20. 84
44 25. 84
54 59. 83
1 12 41. 38
22 55. 62
33 29. 63
8.
+0.12
-0.20
-0.30
+ 0.05
-0.20
+ 0.08
-0.25
8.
+ 8.75
-5.22
-2. 27
+ 4.91
-2.65
+6.37
-5.94
8.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
h. jn. 8.
23 27. 59
29 15. 42
44 23. 27
55 04. 79
1 12 38. 53
23 02. 07
33 23. 44
h. tn. 8.
22 24 12. 81
29 61. 20
45 08 78
55 50.62
23 13 24. 41
23 48.22
33 68. 88
h. m. 8.
-1 59 14.78
14. 22
I Ceohei
14.49
a TJrsaB Maioris. L. C . .
14.17
o Ceohei
14.12
A Draconis. L. C ...
13.85
y Cephei ,.
-1 59 14. 56
al sidere
Mean for 23'' 0"» loc
al time
—1 59 14. 31
Normal equations.
7 ««— 1.69 a— 4.12 c= + 1.76
1. 69 5 < + 39. 44 a-53, 84 c= - 91. 94
-4. 12 S e— 53. 84 a+ 79. 50 c= +127. 58
a
c=
— 2".345
O'.OOO
77
Fovt Fred Steele, November 22, 1872.
Xame of star.
K Draconis
a CaHsiopeiae
21 Cassiopeia* . . J
32 Caiuelop'rdalis,
e Piscium ,
38 Cassiopeia ...j
E.
2 27 07. 19
32 33. 67
36 38. 17
47 04. 43
55 33.60
3 21 05. 61
bB
8.
+0.11
—0.17
—0.32
+0.57
—0.08
—0.25
Mean for O** 30" local sidereal time
1 aA
1
cC
'8.
8.
+ 6.48
+0. 67
— 1. 01
—0. 40
1 4.66
—0.83
+18. 46
—2. 19
+ 1.33
+ 0.23
1— 3. 14
+0.65
T'
h. W. 8.
2 27 14. 45
32 32. 09
36 32.36
47 21. 27
55 35. 08
3 21 02. 87
h. m. 8.
28 00. 46
33 18. 30
37 18. 18
48 07. 25
56 20.71
1 21 48. 97
AT
h. m. 8.
-1 59 13. 99
13.79
14.18
14.02
14.37
-1 59 13. 90
—1 59 14. 04
Xamial equations.
6 6t— 7.47 a — 8.34 c =
7.47 S t + 76.18 a + 63.73 c =
8.34 d « + 63.73 a + 129.86 c =
15.34
— 163.74
a = — 2« .340
— 119.46
c = + 0« .225
Fort Fred Steele^ Xovemher 25, 1872.
Name of star.
Cephei
Piscis Anst. . .
Urs.M^.(L.C.)
Cephei
Piscinm
Piscinm
Groom. 4163...
Piscium
Andromedse ..
Dracoiiis(L.C.)
Ceti
38 Cassiopieee ...
y Piscium
o Piscinm
Arietis
a
4
e
Clamp.
T
h.
in. 8'
44 13. 50
49 36. 43
54 48. 09
12 29. 60
20 31. 54
32 25. 09
47 46. 42
51 47. 50
00 50.32
04 03. 82
16 41. 14
20 54. 96
23 42.39
37 42. 31
46 3a92
6B
a A
8.
—1.12
—0.18
+0.27
—1.17
—0.40
—0.35
—1.38
—0.37
—0.45
+ 1.02
— <). 12
—0.76
—0.31
—0.31
—0.44
Mean for O** 0" local sidereal time.
8.
—2.03
+2.30
+4.39
—2.36
+1.23
+ 1.25
—3.95
+1.23
+0.54
+8.92
+ 1.63
—2.80
+0.98
+1.17
+0.82
cC
8.
+0.45
+ 0.21
—0.40
+0.48
+0.19
+0.19
+0.66
+0.19
+0.21
—0.91
—0.19
—0.53
—0.19
—0.19
—0.20
h.
fn.
44
49
54
12
20
32
47
51
00
04
16
20
23
37
46
8.
10.80
38.76
52.31
26.55
32.56
26.18
41.75
48.55
50.62
12.85
42.46
50.87
42.87
42.98
39.10
AK.
h. m.
22 45
50
55
23 13
21
33
48
52
01
06
17
21
24
38
47
8.
08.60
36.64
50.79
24.28
30.56
24.25
40.24
46.63
48.74
10.73
40.24
48.91
40.90
41.05
37.27
AT
h. m. 8.
-1 59 02. 20
02.12
01.52
02.27
02.00
01.93
01.51
01.92
01.88
02.12
02.22
01.96
01.97
01.93
-1 59 01. 83
— 1 59 01. 96
Normal equations.
+ 15.00 S t — 6..38 a — 0.21 c = + 13.83
— 6.38 S t + 33.86 a + 32.67 c = — 64.88 a
- 0.21 6 1 + 32.67 a + 72.51 c = — 54,83 c
— 2«.09O
+ 0» .185
Salt Lake, Noreniber 5, 1872.
Name of star.
o Cephi
B Piscinm
w Piscium
y Cephei
Groom. 4163
Piscinm
Andromedse
Pegasi
Ceti
w
a
Y
i
Clamp.
W.
E.
h.
23
7n. 8.
16 01. 13
24 14.06
07.59
40.31
14.14
30.21
04 30. 97
09 24.11
15 41. 21
36
36
51
55
&6
8.
-0.46
-0.07
-0.10
-0.62
-0.44
-0.09
-0.10
-0.06
+0.02
aA
+
8.
5.09
2.52
-2.57
+11.31
+ 8.44
— 2.48
cC
8. 1
+0.08
+0.03
+0.03
+0.13
-0.11
-0.03
1. 04|— 0. 03
2. 00 —0. 03
3. 39 -0. 03
Mean for 23>> 30™ local sidereal time.
23
m. 8.
16 05. 84
24 11. 50
36 04. 95
36 51. 13
22.03
27.61
29.80
22.02
37.81
51
55
04
09
16
AR.
h, m. 8.
23 13 25. 09
21 30. 82
33 24. 40
34 10. 29
48 41. 35
52 46. 80
01 48. 96
06 41. 26
' 12 56. 96
AT
h. fn. 8.
-0 02 40. 75
40.68
40.55
40.84
40.68
40.81
40.84
40.76
-0 02 40. 85
-0 02 40. 75
Normal equations.
+ 9.00J( — 2.49 a + 1.27 c =+13.12
— 2. 49 fJ « + 13. 7&|a — 8. 03 c = -60. 68
+ 1.27J( — 8.53 a + 45.30 c =+38.70
a= -4«.346.
c = H 0». 029
78
Salt Lake, November 19, 1872.
Name of star.
$ ^qaarii
IT Aquarii
9 Braconis, L. C
226Cephei
L
X
a
Pegasi.
Cephei .
Aqaarii.
Pegasi..
Aqaarii
Cephei .
Clamp.
W.
E.
T
h. m. 8.
22 12 19. 55
20 59. 27
26 27.29
32 13. 80
37 19.55
43 21. 71
48 11.40
23 00 38. 24
9 56.96
15 37. 22
bB
8.
—0.15
-0. 12
+0.13
-0.30
—0.12
-0.21
-0.07
-0.18
—0.14
-0.46
aA
8.
—0.35
-0.29
-1.71
+1.05
-0.24
+0.46
-0.35
— 0. 21
-0.34
+0.53
eC
8.
+0.04
+0.04
—0.17
+0.16
+0.04
-0,09
-0.04
—0.04
—0.04
-0.10
Mean, excluding 9 DracoDis and 226 Cophei.
Mean for 22i*. 30"*. local sidereal time ,
h. m. t.
22 12 19. 09
20 58.90
26 25.54
32 14. 71
37 19.23
43 21. 87
48 10. 94
23 00 37. 81
09 56. 44
15 37. 19
AK.
h. m. 8.
22 10 06. 54
18 46. 19
24 12.22
30 01. 39
35 06.53
45 08. 89
45 58. 17
58 25.10
23 07 4a 74
13 84.50
AT
h. fn,
-0 02
— 02
-0 02
— 02
8.
12.55
12.71
13.32
13.32
12.70
12.98
12.77
12.71
12.70
12.69
12.84
12.74
+10.00 ^«
+ 3. 19 (J «
— 5.25 6 t
Normal equations.
+ 3.19 a
— 5. 25 c — - 0. 17
+24. 29 a
— 19.60c ——11.45
a — - 0«. 457.
-19. 60 a
+ 52. 59 c —+10.57
c = + 0*. 042
Salt Lake J November 19, 1872.
Name of star.
a AndromedsB
Y Pegasi
12 Cefi
a CaasiopeisB
P Ceti
32 Camelopardalis, L. C
c Plsciam
Clamp.
E.
W.
Ti. fn. 8.
04 01. 72
08 53.98
25 46. 17
35 30. 9K
39 25. 21
50 20. 52
58 3a 47
6B
a A
8. 8.
—0. 32 —0. 06
—0.28—0.11
—0.21—0.18
— 0. 73 +0. 11
—0.10—0.22
+0.92—1.97
—0. 13 —0. 14
cC
8.
—0.10
—0.09
—0.09
+0.16
+0.09
—0.88
+0.09
Mean for 0^ SO*" local sidereal time
A. fn. 8.
04 01. 24
08 53. 50
25 45. 69
a-S 30.52
39 24. 98
50 18.59
58 3a 29
AE.
A. 17k 8.
01 4a 83
06 41. 16
23 32.92
33 ia27
37 12. 46
48 06. 17
56 20.73
AT
h. fn.
-0 02
—0 02
8.
12.41
12.34
12.77
12.25
12.52
12.42
12.56
—0 02 12. 47
Normal equations.
+ 7. 00 J « + 10. 43 a — 9. 07 c
+ 10. 43 5 « + 66. 14 a — 78. 83 c
— 9.07 8« — 7&83a +10a96c
— + 0.34
— — 17. 81
o = — 0«. 246
— + 2a82
c = + ©•. 091
Salt Lake, November 20, 1872.
Name of star.
Clamp.
w Aqnarii
9 Braconis, L.C.
226 Cephei
f Pegasi
A Aqnani
o Cephei
Piscium
y Cephei
c Piscium
W.
E.
h, fn. 8.
22 20 56. 45
26 23.86
32 11.20
37 16. 75
48 08. 30
23 15 34. 54
23 41. 23
36 19. 15
35 34.79
bB
8.
—0.17
+0.40
—0.66
—0.16
—0.17
—0.62
—0.22
—0.97
—0.22
a A
8.
—0.27
—1.60
+0.98
—0.22
—0.33
+0.50
—0.24
+ 1.11
—0.25
cC
8.
+0.03
—0.11
+0.11
+0. 03
+0.03
—0.07
—0.03
—0.12
—0.03
h. fn. 8.
22 20 56. 04
26 22.55
32 11.63
37 16. 40
48 07. 83
23 15 34. 35
23 40. 74
36 19. 17
35 34.29
AB.
h. fn, 8.
22 18 46. 18
24.12.32
30 01. 31
35 06. 52
45 5a 16
23 13 24. 45
21 30. 67
34 09.22
33 24.26
Mean for 23>> O"* local sidereal time.
AT
h. fn. 8.
—0 02 09.86
10.23
10.32
09.88
09.67
00.90
10.07
09.95
—0 02 10. 03
—0 02 09.99
Normal equations.
+ 9. 00 J t + 0. 77 a — 6. 19 c
+ 0. 77 'J « + 29. 42 o — 9. 54 c
— 6. 19 fi ( — 9. 54 a + 65. 34 c
— 0.39
— 12.82
a = — 0«. 427
+ 5.77
c = + 0*. 027
79
Salt Lake, November 20, 1872.
Name of star.
Clamp. I T
E.
a- Andromedse . . .
y Pegasi
I Ceti
IS Ceti I W.
a CassiopeisB \ i :» 88.16
^ Ceti .....I I 39 22.79
Mean for 0'> 0"> local sidereal time.
h. m. 8.
03 59. 26
08 51. 73
15 07. 28
85 43. 15
6B
aA
8.
8.
— 0.28
- 0.08
— 0.22
- 0.16
- 0.14
-0.27
- 0.12
-0.25
- 0.22 j+ 0.16
- 0.06
-0.32
cC
+
+
8.
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.15
0.09
h. m. 8.
03 58. 80
08 51. 26
15 06. 78
25 42.87
35 28.25
39 23.50
h. m. 8.
01 48. 82
06 41. 16
12 56. 84
23 32.91
33 18.25
37 12.45
AT
h. m. 8.
-00 02 9. 98
10.10
09.94
09.96
10.00
-0 02 10. 05
-0 02 10. 00
Normal equations,
+ Q.00 6t+ 2.64a + 0.66c :*= - 0.91
H- 2.64 S t -I- 2.43 a - 0.68 c -- — 0.91
i 0.66 6 1 — 0.68 a f 8.72 C---- + 0.99
a
e
— 0».351
I O'.OBG
Salt LaJc€j November 21, 1872.
li'ame of star.
^ Pegasi..
I Cephei . .
a Pegasi .
^ Aquaril.
Cepbei . .
Piscinm.
t Piscinm.
y Cephei . .
Clamp.
W.
h. m.
22 37
14.
47 16.
E.
76
32
23 00 33 24
09 52. 01
15 32. 32
23 38.99
35 32.38
36 16.64
bB
8.
aA
cC
8.
8.
- 0.22
- 0.35
+ 0.14
— 0.59
+ 0.68
4-0.33
— 0.25
- 0.30
+ 0.14
- 0.16
— 0.50 |-H 0.14
- 0.46
;- 0.78 - 0.35
— 0.16
— 0.38 — 0.14
- 0.16
- 0.39 !- 0.14
- 0.72
\- 1.73
- 0.61
Mean for 23'» O* local sidereal time.
h. m. 8.
22 37 14. 33
47 16.74
23 00 32. 83
09 51. 49
15 32. 29
23 38. 31
35 31. 69
36 17.04
AR
h. 7n. 8.
22 35 06. 51
45 08. 80
58 25. 08
23 07 43. 72
13 24. 41
21 30. 66
33 24.25
34 09. 14
h. jn 8.
-0 02 07. 82
07.94
07.75
07.77
07.88
07.65
07.44
-0 02 07. 90
-0 02 07. 77
Normal equations.
8.00 6jt - 1.92 a -- 3.54 c = } 2.63
1.92 5 t -I 10.92 a + 12.78 c - — 5.07 o - — 0».664
3.54 6 t h 12.78 a J, 37.43 4.19 c-= -\- 0M37
Salt Lake J November 21, 1872.
Name of star.
a AndromedsB
Y Pegasi
I Ceti
a CassiopeiflB..
^ Ceti
32 Camelop.,L.C.
e Pisciam
Clamp.
E.
W.
h. Tfl. 8.
03 56. 88
08 49. 33
15 05. 16
35 25. 70
39 20.53
50 17.64
58 28.78
+
Mean for 0^ 0*" local sidereal time
6B
a A
8.
cC
T'
AR.
AT
8.
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. fn. 8.
0.34
— 0.13
— 0.02
03 56. 39
01 48. 81
—0 02 07. 58
0.28
— 0.24
— 0.02
08 48. 79
06 41. 14
07.65
0.18
— 0.42
— O.Oi
15 04, 54
12 56. 76
07.78
0.38
+ 0.25
+ 0.03
35 25.60
33 18.23
07.37
0.09
0.49
+ 0.02
39 19. 97
37 12. 44
07.53
0.90
— 4. 33 '— 0. 18
.50 14. 03
48 06. 53
07.50
0.14
— 0. 30 + 0. 02
58 28. 36
56 20.72
—0 02 07. 64
—0 02 07. 58
Normal equations.
+ 7.00 «e I- 10.47a — 9.08c -- — 2.88
+ 10. 47 8t t 66. 21 a — 78. 92 o = — 32. 53
— 9.08 iJ« — 78.92a 4 104.02c = + 40.66
a= —0\ 541
c = + 0\ 018
80
Salt Lake, November 22, 1872.
Name of star.
IT Aquarii .
226 Cephei.
I
\
a
<!>
o
6
r
Pegasi
Cephei..
Aquarii.
Pegasi . .
Aquarii.
Cephei .
Piscium
Cephei..
Clamp.
W.
E.
h. 7n. 8.
22 20 52. 18
32 06. 86
37 12. 47
47 13. 93
48 04. 16
23 00 30. 98
09 49. 85
15 29. 60
23 36. 69
36 13. 19
+
&B
8.
0.22
I.Oi
0.27
0.59
0.15
0.07
O.Ol
0.07
0.04
0.18
a A
8.
— 0.30
+ 1.08
— 0.25
+ 0.48
— 0.36
— 0.21
— 0.35
4- 0.55
— 0.27
+ 1.23
cC
AE.
+
+
+
+
8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
0.03
22 20 51. 69
22 18 46. 17
0.12
32 07.04
30 01. 13
0.03
37 11.98
35 06.50
0.07
47 13.89
45 08. 75
0.03
48 03. 68
• 45 58. 14
0.03
23 00 30. 67
58 25. 07
0.03
09 49. 46
23 07 43. 72
0.08
15 30. 14
13 24. 36
0.03
23 36. 43
21 30.64
0.13
36 14. 47
34 09. 05
Mean for 23i> 0"> local sidereal time.
Normal equationft.
10. 00 ^ « — 3 39a — 0. 63c — — 4. 34
3. 39 6 « -t- 16. 81 a + 3. 15 c = — 5. 87
0.63 St + 3.15 a ~\- 54. 5,') c '^-- -\- 0.64
Salt Lake J November 25, 1872.
a
c
r= — 0-. 473
- f 0-.032
AT
h. fn. 8.
—0 02 05. 52
05.91
05.48
05.14
0.*^. 54
05.60
05.74
05.78
05.79
—0 02 05. 42
— 02 05. 59
Kame of star.
226 Cephei . .
i Pegasi . .
I Cephei..
A Aquarii.
a Pegasi . .
Aquarii .
o Cephei . .
Piscium
t Piscium
y Cephei . .
W.
S.
h. m. 8.
22 31 58. 88
37 05. 63
47 06. 96
47 57. 30
23 00 24. 00
09 42. 89
15 22. 82
23 29. 51
35 23. 34
36 07. 12
Mean for 23>> 0™ local sidereal time
bB
8.
+0.06
+0.01
+0.06
+0.04 ,
+0.02 I
+0. 05
+0. 14 I
+0.04 '
+0.04
+0.14 I
a A
8.
4 0. 68
—0. 15
4-0. 30
-0.23
-0.13
—0.22
4 0. 35
-0.17
-0.18
+0. 78
cC
8.
4 0. 21
4-M.05
+0.12
+ 0.05
4-0. 05
—0.05
—0. 13
-0.05
-0. 05
-0. 23
T'
h. m. 8.
22 31 59. 83
37 05. 54
47 07. 44
47 57. 16
23 00 24. 00
09 42. 67
15 23. 18
23 29. 33
35 23. 15
36 07. 81
AR. •
h. W>. 8.
22 :«) 00. 8S
35 06. 46
45 08. 61
45 58. 11
58 25.03
23 07 43. 70
13 24. 22
21 30. 61
33 24. 21
34 08. 82
AT
h. m. 8.
01 58. 95
59.08
58. 83
5 ♦.05
58.97
58.97
58.96
58. 72
58.94
-0 01 58. 99
—0 01 58. 95
Normal equatums.
+10.00Je— 3.44a— 0.55c =+1.53
— 3. 44 8 «+ 16. 75 a + 2. 85 c = -5. 03
— 0.55^(+ 2.85 a + 54.55c = 4 1.96
a^-0». 298
i+O-. 052
Salt Lake chronometer.
Negus 1511.
1872.
Local sidereal
time.
Correction of
chronometer.
Adopted hourly
rates.
!Jf ovemher 5
h.
23.5
22.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.0
23.0
23.0
ftl, 8»
-2 40. 75
39.96
12. 61
10.00
07.68
-2 05. 59
—1 58.95
55.78
8.
0.017
Novemher 7 ..................................
0.026
November 19-
0.101
November 20
0.103
November 21
0.092
November 22
0.090
November 25.....
0.112
NovfiiTibfir 2fi.
0.132
81
Fort Fred Steele chronometer,
Xegus 1499.
1872.
Local sidereal
time.
Correction of
chronometer.
■
Adopted hourly
rates.
November 5.. ... ............................
1
h.
23.0
22.5
23.0
24.0
22.5
23.5
0.0
22.5
h. m. 8. ■
—2 00 22. 70
16.52
—1 59 26. 54
23.04
17.93
14.16
59 01. 96
—1 58 56. 40
8.
0.129
Xoveniber 7... .......................
0.140
Novembor 19............*......................
0.150
November 20................................... ...
0.180
November 21. ................................
0.181
November 22 ..............................
0. 161
November 25
0.201
November 26 ...................... ...........
0.232
NOVEMBER 5. 1872.
Signals sent from Salt Lake,
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
1
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
cbi-onometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
1 03 40.4
22 46 ia7
1 05 30.7
22 48 01.1
1 .07 20.9
22 49 51.1
50.4
20.8
40.7
11.1
31.2
50 01.4
04 00.2
30.6
50.6
20.9
41.2
11.4
10.2
40.6
6 01.0
31.1
51.1
21.2
20.3
50.7
10.6
40.9
08 00.7
31.1
30.7
47 01.1
20.7
51.0
11.0
41.1
40.6
10.9
30.9
49 01.1
21.0
51.3
50.4
20.8
40.9
11.1
31.4
51 01.7
05 00.5
30.8
50.7
21.1
41.0
11.3
10.4
20.4
40.7
50.8
07 00.7
10.7
1
31.0
41.1
Mean, 1 6 10.71
22 48 41.02
Signals sent from Fort Fred Steele.
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. tli. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h. m.: 8.
h. m. 8.
h. 9n>. s.
1 10 O&l
22 52 36.3
1 12 06.7
22 54 37.1
1 14 07.5
22 56 37.9
17.1
47.3
17.3
47.7
16.8
47.1
27.6
58.0
27.0
57.4
27.7
58.1
35.8
53 06.3
36.1
55 06.4
36.6
57 07.0
46.0
16.3
47.9
18.2
47.2
17.8
56.1
26.3
56.6
27.0
57.2
27.8
11 06.5
36.8
13 07.3
37.8
15 07.5
38.0
17.0
47.3
17.1
47.4
17.2
47.6
26.4
56.9
27.0
57.4
27.4
57.9
36.1
46.7
54 06.3
16.1
36.8
47.2
56 07.2
17.7
Mean, 1 12 46.88
22 55 17.23
56.6
27.0
57.0
27.3
NOVEMBER 19, 1872.
Signals sent from Salt Lake.
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m, 8.
h. m. 8
h. fn. 8.
2 00 28.3
23 43 27.0
2 02 18.0
23 45 16.1
2 04 08.3
23 47. 07.1
38.1
36.9
28.2
26.9
18.3
17.1
48.2.
46.9
. 38.2
36.9
23.6
27.1
58.0
56.8
48.3
47.1
38.7
37.2
01 08.2
44. 06.9
5a 2
56.9
48.7
47.2
17. 9
16.6
03 08.1
46 06.9
58.7
57.2
27.8
26.3
18.3
17.0
05 08.6
48 07.2
38 2
36.9
28.3
26.9
18.7
17.3
48.3
47.0
38.3
37.1
28.6
27.2
58.1
02 07.9
56.8
45 06.7
48.7
58.3
47 2
57.1
Mean, 2 02 58. 30
23 45 56.97
FF— 6
82
Signala tent from Fort Fred Steele.
Ft, Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
Ti. m, 8.
h. tn. 8»
h. m. 4.
h. m. 9.
A, fn. 8t
h. fn, 8,
2 07 33.8
23 50 32.6
2 09 24.6
23 52 23 3
S 11 14.6
23 54 12.3
43.5
42.2
34.2
33.0
24.9
23 8
53.6
52.3
43.7
42.5
34.8
33.7
08 03.2
51 02.0
54.1
52,9
43.8
42.6
14.0
12.9
10 03.2
53 01.8
53.3
53.1
24.7
23.^
14.5
13.2
12 03.5
55 02.1
34.4
33.1
24.6
23.3
14.8
13.5
43.7
42.3
34 5
33.2
25.0
23.8
53.7
52.3
44.0
42.8
34.9
33.8
09 03.4
14.6
52 02.1
12.2
54 5
53 1
11 03.3
54 02.0
Mean, 2 10 03. 11
23 53 01.84
NOVEMBER 20, lff72.
Signage eent from SaU Lake*
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. m, 8.
h. m. 8.
h. mi, 8.
h, vn. 8.
h. fn, 8,
2 55 17.7
23 38 16.9
1 57 07.5
23 40 06.8 .
1 58 57.8
23 41 57.
27.3
26.5
17.5
16.8
59 07.8
42 07.0
37.6
36.9
27.8
27.0
17. 8
17.0
47.6
46.9
37.8
37.1
28.0
27.2
57.1
56.2
47.8
47.1
3a 1
37.3
56 07.1
39 06.3
57.8
56.9
48.2
47.4
17.3
16.5
58 07.6
41 06.9
58.0
57.2
27.6
26.9
17.5
16.8
2 00 08.0
43 07.1
37.8
37.0
28.0
27.1
17.8
17.0
47.8
57.5
47.0
56.8
38.1
47.7
37.2
47.1
Mean, 1 57 47.71
23 40 46.93
Signals sentf
rom Fort Fred SU
eeie.
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele chi-o-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m, 8,
h, m, 8.
h. m. 8.
2 01 19.5
23 44 18.8
2 03 10.5
23 46 09.9
2 05 01.1
23 48 00. 3
30.5
30.0
20.3
19.7
11.2
10.2
. 40.7
40.0
30.7
30.0
20.8
20.1
50.7
50.0
41.0
40.2
30.8
30.1
02 00.3
59.7
50.8
50.1
40.9
40.1
10.4
45 09.7
59.9
59.3
51.2
50.4
19.7
19.0
04 10.3
47 09.6
06 01.2
49 00.5
30.5
29.9
20.2
19.5
11.0
10.2
41.0
4a2
30.3
29.6
21.0
20.2
50.8
03 00.4
50.1
59.8
41 1
40.2
50.6
.
51.3
Mean, 2 03 50.65
23 46 49.93
NOVEMBER 21, 1872.
Signale sent from SaU Lake,
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m>. 8,
h. mi, 8.
h, m, 8.
h, m, 8,
h. m. 8.
h. m, 8*
2 UO 34.5
23 43 36.9
2 02 24.8
23 45 27.1
2 04 14.9
23 47 17.3
44.2
46.8
34.6
37.0
25.1
27.7
54.1
56.7
44.4
46.9
34.9
37.3
01 04.2
44 06.8
54.5
56.9
44.7
47.1
14.5
17.0
03 04.5
46 07.0
54.7
57.1
24.6
27.1
14.8
17.1
05 04.9
48 07.4
34.4
36.9
25.1
27.6
15.1
17.6
413
46.8
34.6
37.1
25.3
27.8
54.3
56.8
44.6
47.1
35.1
37.8
C2 04.3
14.6
45 06.8
17.0
54.6
04 04.8
57.0
47 07.1
Mean, 2 03 04.65
23 46 07.12
83
SigwOg sent from Fort Fred Stede.
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro'
Ft. Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer
■
chronometer.
h. m. $.
h. tn. $.
A. fl%h 8»
h. fn. 9.
h. tn.
8.
h. TM. 8.
2 06 45.2
23 49 47.8
2 08 56.5
23 51 58.1
2 11
05.9
23 54 08.5
5«.6
50.2
00 05.8
52 08.3
15.1
17. >
07 05.1
50 07.6
• • • •
25.6
28.1
14.9
17.5
.
• ■ • ■
35.0
37.5-
25.2
27.5
34.9
37.5
45.7
48.2
34.5
37.0
....
* ■ • •
56.1
58.5
45.4
48.0
« ■ « •
• « • «
• 12
06.2
55 08.5
55.5
58.1
10 ....
53 ....
15.6
Ifcf.l
06 05.6
51 O&l
■ « « «
■ « * •
25.5
28.1
, • « • •
* • * •
m m m m
35.0
37.6
• • ■ •
34.8
37.3
45.7
48.2
34.4
45.2
37.0
47.5
45.5
5S.9
48.0
58.3
Mean, 2 09
49.69
23 52 52.20
NOVEMBER 22, 1872.
Signals sent from Salt Lake»
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake chro-
Ft. Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
nometer.
•
chronometer.
nometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h, m. 8'
A. 9IU 8.
h, .fH. 8.
?i. fn, 8.
h. TH. 8.
h. tn. 8*
1 57 23.1
23 40 27.1
1 50 13.1
23 42 17.1
2 01 03.3
23 44 07.2
33.0
37.0
23.1
27.1
13.5
17. 3
42.9
46.9
33.0
36.9
23.4
27.2
53.1
57.1
43.0
46.9
33.3
37.1
56 02.6
4t 06.6
53.0
56.9
43.3
47.2
12.9
1&9
2 00 03.1
43 07.1
53.1
57.1
22.9
26.9
13.1
17.1
02 03.4
45 07.2
32.8
36.8
23.1
27.1
13.7
17.7
42.9
46.9
33.0
37.0
2a6
27.4
52.8
59 03.0
56.8
42 06.9
43.1
53.1
47.0
57.0
Mean, 1 59 53.11
23 42 57.05
Signals sent from Fort Fred Steele.
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m* 8,
?u m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h, m>. 8,
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
2 12 00.1
23 55 04.1
2 13 50.6
23 56 54.7
2 15 40.4
23 58 44.3
10.8
14.9
14 00.3
57 04.3
50.9
54.9
20.8
24.9
10.8
n.9
16 00.6
59 04.5
31.0
35l0
20.7
30.7
24.8
10.9
14.8
40.3
44. 2
34.7
20.8
24.9
50.6
54.7
40.4
44.3
30.9
34.9
13 00.0
56 04.0
50.9
54.9
40.5
44.6
10.3
14.2
15 00.9
58 04.9
51.0
55.0
26.6
24.7
10.5
14.3
17 01.0
24 00 05.0
31.0
40.4
35.0
44.3
90 R
24.8
34.9
30.9
Mean, 2 14 30.65
23 57 34.66
NOVEMBER 25, 1872.
Signals sent from Salt Lake,
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8,
A. m. 8.
h, m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h. m. 8.
h, m. 8.
2 36 24.0
19 33.1
2 38 14.4
21 23.5
2 40 04.7
23 13.9
34.3
43.3
24.2
33.3
14.7
23.9
44.8
54.0
34.5
. 43.8
24.6
.3.3.9
54.5
20 03.8
45.0
54.2
34.9
44.0
37 04.3
13.4
54.8
22 04.0
45.1
54.1
14.2
23.3
39 04.6
13.9
55.0
24 04.2
24.1
33.3
14.7
23.9
41 04.8
14.1
34.3
43.5
24.3
33.3
14.8
24.0
44.8
54.0
34.7
44.0
. 24.8
34.0
54.7
38 04.4
21 04.0
13.6
44.8
54.8
54.1
23 04.1
Mean, 2 38 54.60
32 03.79
84
BignaU sent from Fort Fred Stede.
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele chro-
Salt Lake
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
chronometer.
nometer.
chronometer.
h. m. 8.
h. tn. 8.
h. fit. 8.
h, m. 8.
h. fn. 8.
h. ' m. a.
2 48 54.8
32 04.1
2 50 25.5
33 34.9
2 51 54.9
35 04.2
49 05.2
14.2
34.8
44.1
52 05.6
15.0
15.7
25.1
45.3
54.6
15.9
25.2
25.7
35.1
1 54.9
34 04.2
25.7
35.1
35.2
44.5
51 05.5
14.8
34.7
44.1
45.3
54.7
15.7
25.1
45.6
55.0
54.7
33 04.0
25.7
35.1
55.3
36 04.7
50 05 1
14 4
' 35 2
44.6
54.9
15.7
25.1
; 45.4
Mean, 2 50 55.32
34 04.67
Signals sent
from —
. Nov. 5, 1872.
Salt Lake
Fort Fred Steele
Nov. 19, 1872.
Salt Lake
Fort Fred Steele
Nov. 20, 1872.
Salt Lake
Fort Fred Steele
Nov. 21, 1872.
Salt Lake
Fort Fred Steele
Nov. 22, 1872.
Salt Lake
Fort Fred Steele
Nov. 25, 1872.
Salt Lake
Fort Fred Steele
Kecorded at —
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele.
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele,
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft. Fred Steele
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele.
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele.
Salt I^ake
Ft Fred Steele.
Salt Lake......
Ft Fred Steele.
Salt Lake
Ft Fred Steele.
Salt Lake
CO a
»■ . c8
S
o
e8 ffi 0)
<D S O
^
h. m. 8,
1 06 10. 71
22 48 41. 02
1 12 46. 88
22 55 17. 23
2 02 58. 30
23 45 56. 97
2 10 03. 11
23 53 01. 84
1 57 47. 71
23 40 46. 93
2 03 50. 65
23 46 49. 93
2 03 04. 65
23 46 07. 12
2 09 19. 69
23 52 52. 20
1 59 53. 11
23 42 57. 05
2 14 30. 65
23 57 34. 66
2. 38 54. 60*
22 03. 79
2 50 55. 32
34 04. 67
IB
§
1
o
a
h. m. 8.
—2 00 22. 69
—0 02 40. 76
—2 00 22. 67
—0 02 40. 76
—1 59 26. 39
—0 02 12. 59
— 1 59 26.37
—0 02 12. 58
—1 59 23. 03
—0 02 09. 98
—1 59 23. 01
—0 02 09. 97
—1 59 17. 64
—0 02 07. 66
—1 59 17. 62
— 02 07«a5
—1 59 14. 08
—0 02 05. 53
— 1 59 14.04
— 02 05.51
—1 59 01. 83
—0 01 58. 80
— 1 59 01. 79
— 01 5a 78
h. m. 8.
23 05 4a 02
22 46 00. 26
23 12 24. 21
22 52 36. 47
03 31. 91
23 43 44.38
10 36. 74
23 50 49.26
23 58 24. 68
23 38 36. 95
04 27. 64
23 44 39. 96
03 47. 01
23 43 59. 46
10 32. 07
23 50 44. 55
00 39. 03
23 40 51. .52
15 16. 61
23 55 29. 15
39 52. 77
20 04. 99
51 5a 53
32 05. 89
h, tn. 8.
19 47. 76
47,74
47.53
47.48
47.73
47.68
47.55
47.52
47.51
47.46
47.78
47.64
S
«.
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.03
flO
a
OS
9
8.
47. 750
47. 505
47. 705
47.535
0.05
0.14
47. 485
47. 710
longitude: Fort I^red Steele, east of Salt Lake, 0>> 19*" 47*.612 ± 0'.034.
85
Observations and confutations for latitude of Fort Fred Steele, Wyo,
NOVEMBER 3, 1872.
p
8212
8237
8256
8322
8284
8322
8330
4
51
58
101
114
gr.96
146
153
166
215
239
250
253
2t»
299
314
330
343
led
b5
s
t d.
4 1.5
96 32.2
35 67.0
29 63.5
5 43.0
29 63.5
26 82.0
20 7.0
25 46.5
12 23.5
2 43.3
34 17.
9 2.2
11 5.0
26 75.6
15 77.5
36 99. 5
11 5.0
19.0
34 ID.
13 10.
10 83.2
26 98.0
12 58.0
15 96.0
Level.
N.
d.
9.5
36.0
20.0
23.0
20.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
24.5
28.5
19.5
14.0
7.0
35.5
25.5
15.5
25.5
15.0
24.5
15.5
20.5
25.0
S.
d.
32.5
6.0
21.0
17.5
21.0
17.5
17.5
l&O
19.0
14.0
20.0
26.0
32.0
3.5
13.5
25.5
13.5
27.5
19.0
28.0
22.0
18.0
Hemarks.
Half sum of
declinatioD.
O I II
41 35 6.2
49 47. 4
34 6.3
43 11. 3
39 44.2
30 15.
50 6.1
49 3.7
40 56.5
60 5.8
29 6.0
39 59.5
38 21.1
48 23.5
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
pevel.
/ //
II
+11 33. 3
+ 1.8
— 3 7.6
+ 1.2
+12 32.3
+ 2.9
+ 3 29.8
+ 2.9
+ 6 51. 2
+ 5.5
+16 26.4
-3.4
— 3 29.9
- 2 26.8
+ 5 41. 3
+ 2.0
+ 2.0
+ 2.0
—13 26. 4
+ 0.6
+ 17 33.9
+ 6 41.2
— 0.1
— 0.1
+ 8 21. 9
— 1.8
— 1 45.1
+ 1.5
Meridian.
Latitude.
I II
41 46 41. 3
41.0
41.5
44.0
40.9
38.0
38.2
38.9
39.8
40.0
39.8
40. t)
41.2
39.9
NOVEMBER 4, 1872.
8024
8032
8083
8097
8212
8223
8237
8356
8322
8330
4
153
166
215
239
250
282
299
314
330
343
6 48.0
21 53.0
3 99.
30 91.5
4 96.0
22 13.0
27 65.0
35 37.
29 58.5
26 82.4
19 78. 5
25 68.0
14 ^5
37 6.0
11 37.5
27.0
13 50.2
9 71.0
26 4.5
12 70.
15 68.
28.0
ao
23.0
44.0
^.0
a5
26.0
43.5
24.0
9.0
10.0
27.0
43.0
42.0
. 6.0
30.0
45.0
20.5
30.0
6.0
20!5
42.0
19.0
10.0
33.0
42.5
lao
lao
35.0
35.0
15.0
17.0
39.5
40.0
28.0
ao
2a
4a
4a
ao
« • « •
• • • •
(*)
41 54 37.0
60 46.7
37 59.0
35 6.3
49 47. 5
43 11. 4
40 56.7
60 6.0
39 59. 6
38 21. 3
48 23.7
— 7 47. 7
— a6
—13 56. 8
—11.4
+ 8 53.6
+11 45.2
—10.1
— 9.7
— 2 59.8
— ai
+ 3 3a 8
— 7.3
+ 5 54.2
—12.7
—13 la 3
— 9.3
+ 6 51.3
—13.1
+ 8 27.7
— U.
— 1 32.6
-11.0
41 46 40. 7
38.5
42.5
41.8
39.6
42.9
38.2
3a 4
37.8
3a
40.1
* Level conld not be read on reversal.
86
Ohserrations and computations for latitude of Fort 'Fred SteeUf Wyo. — Continued.
NOTEMBEB 4, 1873.
1-
if
Level.
Bemarks.
Half sum of
decliDfttion.
Corrections.
N.
a.
Micrometer
. and refer-
ence.
IiOToL
Meridiiin.
Latitude.
409
441
t d.
15 86.
24 98.0
12 15. 5
20 7.0
24 68.
38 78. 5
22 54.0
10 70. 2
7 62.0
24 67.0
n 99.0
12 2.0
d.
14.0
19.0
14.0
• « • •
ii.*6
25.0
38.0
0.0
d.
40.0
85.0
42.0
w • • ■
44.0
30.0
18.0
56.0
o / //
41 42 6. 5'
42 45.4
•
44 ia4
39 10. 3
54 a 1
46 50.9
w.443.5
+•4 6.0
+- 3>%.0
+ 7 43. 7
— 7 14. 1
— 0.9
—11.0
—11.5
—11.0
—10. 5
--10. 4
— 9.9
O / tf
41 46 39.0
480
501
39.9
558
569
39.7
610
620
43.5
43.6
6tf6
707
731
786
40.1
NOVEMBER 6, 1872.
7623
7636
17 46.7
2 70.5
17 50. 2
19 5a
12 67. 3
94.5
22 84.
18 74.2
16 74. 8
16 61.2
19 64.0
28 31.8
7 39.0
8 7.0
6 75.8
4 22.0
21 15.5
31 41.
4 89.7
27 45.
36 35.2
6 13.5
30 46.
27 67.5
20 95.7
25 54.2
12 57. 2
8 41.0
33 80.0
9 83.8
25 50.3
14 47.
36 61.0
10 62.0
33 65.2
12 58.8
30.0
11.0
16.0
48.0
30.5
si's
• • • •
31.0
35.0
29.0
15.0
45.0
35.5
34.5
22.0
33.0
17.0
31.5
23.0
2i'6
42.0
32.0
51.0
28.0
57.5
31.0
31.0
3.5.0
27.5
30.0
35.0
32.0
51.0
47.0
15.5
31.5
41 54 38.0
47 43.3
57 6.0
63 10. 5
45 36.0
45 a 4
57 40.5
47 1.5
54 10. 8
60 4&9
35 6.5
51 15.9
34 6.7
49 47. 7
43 11. 6
39 44.5
30 15.5
49 4.1
• 40 57.
60 6.3
48 10. 6
59 3.8
— 7 3a 8
— 1 4.6
—10 26. 9
—16 31. 5
+ 1 2.0
+ 1 34.1
—10 50. 4
— 21. 1
— 7 27. 5
—14 5.1
+11 41.0
— 4 29. 7
+12 36.
+ B 59.
+ 32a8
+ 6 43.1
+16 15. 6
— 2 24.
+ 5 42. 9
-13 27.8
— 1 31. 9
—12 26. 6
—11.5
+ 0.4
+ 1.2
+ 1.2
+ 1.2
— 2.7
—10.4
— 2L0
— 3.4
— 4.0
— 6.6
— 6.6
— 4.4
— 4.4
>
+ 1.3
+12.6
+12.1
— 0.2
— 0.3
— 0.3
+ 1.1
+ 4.1
41 46 41 7
7699
7712
39.1
7754
40 3
7778
40.2
7798
7815
7843
28.0
MnRtbe32<
(t)
39.2
7880
7894
40.0
26.0
34.0
48.0
19.0
2a
29.0
42.0
29.0
45.0
31.5
39.0
39.8
7962
C)
39.7
7972
3ti.4
7994
8024
39.9
8083
37.8
8091
'8097
8312
8237
40.9
8256
Releveled.
39.6
8284
«
38.3
8322
42.3
8330
4
40.0
20.6
31.0
12.0
35.5
6.0
3i.'o
32.0
27.5
36.0
33.5
27.5
41. 7
51
58
40.2
101
114
... .*. .y . . . .
43.2
146
39.9
153
39.6
166
215
239
38.2
253
39.8
282
41.3
t Kg level taken.
t Level doubtful.
87
Observations and computations /or latitude of Fort Fred SteelCf Wyo. — Continued.
NOYSMBER 6, 1872.
o
Ms
299
314
330
343
409
441
480
501
558
569
Si •
jr CD
K -ft
CO
;^
10 43.
26 30.0
12 32.5
15 87.0
16 9.8
24 66.2
13 65.0
20 98.5
24 39.0
19 93.
Level
N.
S.
d.
29.0
48.0
d.
35.0
16.0
36.0
37.0
27.5
27.0
38.0
3a5
25.0
24.5
25.0
50.5
36.5
11.0
46.0
23.5
17.5
40.0
Bemarks.
Cloudy...
Half earn of
declinatioD.
O f II
41 38 21.6
48 24.
42 6.8
42 45.8
44 19. 1
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
//
+ 8 13. 2
— 1 50.2
+ 4 26.2
+ 3 48.
+ 2 lao
Level.
//
+
7.1
+
5.1
-f
7.4
+
7.7
.+
3.3
Meridian,
Latitude.
o / //
41 46 41. 9
38.9
40.4
41.5
41.0
NOVEMBER 8, 1872.
8212
822:4
8237
8256
6284
8322
8330
4
51
58
101
114
Gr.96
146
153
166
215
239
250
253
282
299
314
330
343
409
441
480
501
558
569
588
610
665
686
915
962
3 65.0
20 17.3
25 74.7
35 85.5
5 58.0
29 67.7
26 88.0
20 40.
24 86.0
11 87.
1 77.0
33 37,0
8 57.8
10 59.
26 26.0
15 44.
37 46.
11 30.0
63.6
34 29.0
13 35.6
7 94.5
24 11.5
12 27.
15 93. 5
16 5.0
24 48.
12 3.0
19 42. 5
23 81.0
19 51.0
38 76. 5
22 32.3
1 23.7
8
41 49.0
27 Id. 2
23.5
40.0
26.0
29.0
29.0
32.0
24.0
41.0
19.0
32.0
29.0
27.0
16.0
39.0
17.0
40.0
21.0
18.0
30.0
34.0
29.0
42.0
13.5
44.5
25.0
32.5
27.0
34.0
38.0
22.0
23.0
6.0
19.5
i6.'6
16.0
14.0
22.0
4.0
27.0
13.0
las
■ « ■ •
30.0
7.0
28.5
6.0
25.0
28.0
15.0
12.0
18.0
5.0
33.5
2.5
22.0
14.0
19.0
14.0
9.0
25.0
(*)
41 37 59. 4
35 6.7
49 47. 8
34 6.9
43 11. 6
39 45.
30 15.8
50 6.9
49 4.4
40 57.4
60 6.6
29 6.9
40 0.4
38 21.9
48 24.5
42 7.2
42 46. 1
44 19. 5
27 5.7
39 11.
53 58. 1
* Level doubtful.
+ 8 33.5
+ 9.4
+11 26.8
+ 9.4
— 3 12.0
+12 28.9
+ 5.4
+ 5.4
+ 3 21. 4
+ 8.6
+ 6 43. 7
+10.7
+16 22. 1
+ 3.0
— 3 33.3
— 2 30. 7
+ 5 36. 2
+ 5.7
+ 5.7
+ 5.7
—13 33.
+ 4.9
+17 26.2
+ 6 35.5
+ 6.2
+ 6.2
+ 822.6
•
— 3.8
-153.9
+10.1
+ 4 22.0
+13.2
+ 3 49. 8
+ 6.0
+ 2 13. 6
+ 5.9
+19 26. 4
+ 7 22.5
•f 7.7
+ 7.7
— 7 24. 7
+ 6.2
41 46 42. 3
42.9
41.2
41.2
41.8
39.4
40.9
39.3
39.4
39.3
38.5
39.3
42.1
40.7
40.7
42.4
41.9
39.0
39.8
41.2
30.6
88
Ohservaiions and oomputaivons for latitude of Fort Fred Steele^ Wyo. — Continued.
NOVEMBER 8, 1872.
Microraeter-
readingB.
Level.
Remarks.
Half sum of
declination.
CorrectioDs.
s •
a
5Z5
N.
S.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitnde.
1007
t. d.
14 97. 2
22 25. 7
12 71. 5
24 51.
11 88. 8
23 84.8-
15 bO.8
11 4.0
4 77.0
29 0.5
14 88.5
10 53.
12 41.
10 62. 5
24 64.
d.
27.0
35.*6
19.0
46.0
25.0
■ a V •
42.0
28.0
31.0
40.0
18.0
26.'6
43.0
d,
19.0
• • « «
11.5
28.
0.0
■ 22.0
'5.0
18.5
16.0
7.5
28.0
27.'6
4.0
/ il
41 45 20. 1
41 33. 3
53 2.7
39 51.2
44 0.9
59 6.9
48 50.5
52 52. 5
53 45. 2
/ //
+ 1 10.2
+ 4 56. 6
- 6^3
+ 6 38. 1
+ 2 28.2
-12 33.2
— 2 15. 4
- 6 20. 1
— 7 15. 6
//
+ 8.5
+ 8.5
+10.1
+11.0
+11.0
+ 6.7
+ 6.2
+ 8.8
+ 8.8
/ //
41 46 38 8
1011
38.4
1017
1052
1058
40.5
1111
40.3
1133
40.1
1143
1252
1268
40.4
1320
1339
41.3
1397
41.2
1398
C8. 4
1414
NOVEMBER 10, 1872.
8212
8223
8237
8330
S374
4
146
166
299
314
480
501
3 76.0
20 47.0
26 2.0
8.0
42.0
40.0
6.0
• • « •
26 44.
15 75. 5
19 71.
16.0
• • • ■
42.0
42.0
i6.'6
9 53.7
14 42.0
33.0
42.0
23.0
14.0
8 23.7
24 54.
18.0
22.0
40.0
35.0
12 44
20 33.5
2&0
15.0
29.0
42.0
Clondy.
41 37 59.5
35 7.0
41 a 6
43 12.
49 4.7
38 22.3
42 46.6
+ 8 39. 3
+11 31.8
+ 1.1
+ 1.1
+ 5 32.1
+ 3 29.2
0.0
0.0
— 2 31. 8
+10.4
+ 8 26. 7
- 9.9
+ 4 2.3
— 7.7
41 46 40.
39.9
40.7
41.2
43.3
39.1
41.2
NOVEMBER 12, 1873.
7778
7798
2 35.0
34 47.7
18 82.2
17 6.0
16 86. 2
19 80.
28 50.5
6 97.0
8 5.0
6 71.5
22 33.5
4 87.0
21 66.
27 24. 5
36 46. 5
6 18.0
29 93.0
27 10.
16 86.0
25.0
42.0
31.0
3a
23.0
29.0
31.0
40.0
39.0
32.0
45.0
33.0
26.0
10.0
20.0
12.0
24.5
ia5
28.0
21.0
24.0
30.0
20.0
30.0
41 63 10.3
45 36.2
45 a 5
57 41.
47 1.9
54 37. 7
37 59. 8
35 7.2
49 4a 2
34 7.2
41 a7
—16 3a 5
+ 54. 8
+ 1 31. 3
—11 9.3
— 33.5
— 8 5.5
+ 8 41. 8
+11 35. 4
— 3 23.1
+12 la 1
+ 5 la 3
+ a 6
+10.1
+ 2.4
+ 6.1
+ as
+ 7.4
- 1.8
1.7
+ i6.0
+ 16.0
+ 16.0
41 46 40 4
7815
7843
«
41.1
7880
1894
42 2
7962
•
37.8
7972
7994
36.7
8024
8032
39.6
8212
8223
39.8
8237
27.0
36.5
MO. 9
8256
41.1
8284
41.3
8322
8330
34.0
29.0
8374
58.0
5.0
43.0
89
Ohservatiofie and computations for latitude of Fort Fred Steele^ Wyo. — Continued.
NOVEMBER 12, 1872.
a *
51
58
101
114
146
153
166
215
S39
250
282
299
314
330
343
409
441
480
501
558
569
610
620
686
707
885
904
1007
1011
1017
1052
1058
u
i-s
1^
t d
25 82.3
12 81.
3 95.0
35 29.0
10 64. 3
26 30.3
15 76. 5
36 80.7
10 80.0
2.0
12 66. 5
9 97.0
25 93.0
13 42.
16 90. 5
17 17. 5
25 70.0
12 68.0
20 17.0
24
20
7.0
4.0
23 8.0
11 14.2
8 75.5
25 79.3
14 64. 8
21 32.0
15 77.
23 6.5
13 86.
23 73.2
11 74.
Level.
N.
d.
34.5
44.0
38.0
49.0
35.0
53.0
25.5
42.0
24.5
42.0
20.0
38.0
31.0
32.0
35.5
37.5
2a
33.5
33.5
50.0
39.0
29.0
39.5
27.0
36.0
43.0
39.0
53.0
25.0
10.0
30.0
21.0
27.0
16.5
27.0
9.0
30.0
14.0
33.0
16.0
27.0
19.0
25.5
25.0
20.0
20.0
31.0
25.0
26.5
10.0
20.0
31.0
20.5
33.5
23.5
17.0
20.0
6.0
33.0
*48.0
Remarks.
50«. late.
Releveled,
Half snm of
declination.
O I II
41 39 45. 4
30 16.4
49 5.0
40 57.4
60 7.3
40 1.0
38 22.6
48 25.1
42 7.9
42 46. 9
44 20. 2
39 11.6
54 9.4
49 58.3
45 20. 7
41 33.9
53 3.4
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer
ence.
//
+ 6 44.4
+16 14.0
— 2 39. 2
+ 5 27. 5
—13 34.5
4- 6 33.0
+ 8 16.0
-1 4a 3
+4 25.0
+ 3 52. 8
+ 2 5.3
+ 7 25.2
— 7 35.4
— 3 27. 4
+ 59. 4
+ 4 46. 1
— 6 12.7
Level.
//
+ 7.7
+ 12.0
+14.3
+14.3
+6.4
+ 4.8
+ 3.3
+ 3.4
+ a2
+ 1.5
+13.2
+ 4.6
+ 3.7
+10.5
+iai
+iai
-12 6
Meridian.
Latitude.
+ 0.2
O I n
41 46 37. 5
42.4
40.1
39.2
39.2
39.0
41.9
40.2
41.1
41.2
3a 7
41.6
37.8
41.4
3a 2
38.1
38.1
NOVEMBER 18, 1872.
8330
4
25 96.2
19 59. 5
36.0
31.0
ao
nao
41 43 13.
+ 3 17.9
+11.9
41 46 42. 8
NOVEMBER 21, 1872.
a57
858
872
885
904
21 44. 8
18 4a 5
2 8a
14 35. 5
20 60.
33.0
12.0
29.0
lao
25.0
4a
27.5
40.0
Clondy . .
41 37 10. 8
38 42.1
49 59. 9
+ 9 37. 1
+ 8 5.0
- 7.1
- 7.1
- 3 14. 1
- 5.6
41 46 40 8
40.0
40.2
* Observer became sick.
f Clouds prevented further observations.
90
Ohservationa and computations for latitude of Fort Fred SteelCy Wyo, — Continaed.
NOVEMBER 24, 1872.
«M
o
7623
7631
•
7699
7712
7754
7779
7798
7962
7972
8024
ti083
8091
8097
8284
8322
8330
8374
4
- 146
153
166
299
314
330
343
409
558
569
6t0
686
757
759
816
831
857
858
872
915
962
1007
1011
1017
1052
1058
1111
1143
1305
1320
1397
-1398
11414
1527
1536
si
(4
^
t. d.
17 T3. 5
26 62.0
17 11. 8
19 20. 5
12 28.0
52.0
32 66.7
27 89. 5
. 6 91.
5 98.0
3 71.0
20 94.5
31 12.0
5 87.0
30 18.0
27 37. 3
16 87. 5
20 82.2
10 4.0
25 75.0
15 1.2
10 55.
26 23.0
13 49.
17 18.5
17 40. 5
24 23.0
20 13.0
23 10.0
8 71.2
16 40. 8
31 38.0
10 31.
27 83.0
21 14.0
18 23.0
2 91.0
25 51. 5
11 22.2
20 3.6
27 35.
18 3.0
24 2,5
11 8:}. 5
24 82.0
11 72.0
28 7.5
15 24.
16 41.
14 70.0
28 43.0
30 88.
5 24.5
Level.
N.
16.0
32.5
26.5
24.0
22.0
45.0
28.0
3.0
29.5
16.0
42.0
5.0
2ao
28.0
23.0
28.5
'29.'6
18.5
48.0
33.0
27.0
30.0
25.0
42.5
24.0
23.0
30.5
5.0
13.5
42.0
42.0
7.0
16.0
37.0
25.0
47.0
30.0
17.0
31.0
30.5
26.0
52.0
30.5
29.0
30.0
15.0
S.
37.0
20.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
7.0
18.0
43.5
17.0
33.5
7.0
35.5
16.0
16.6
21.0
11.5
11.5
27.0
— 3.0
12.5
18.0
16.0
21.5
4.0
* 33.0
25.5
18.0
43.0
32.5
3.0
3.0
36.5
25.0
5.0
17.0
— 5.0
27.0
40.0
26.0
26.0
33.0
7.0
32lO
33.0
31.0
46.0
Bemarks.
30 8. late
Cloudy
Half sam of
deolination.
Corrections.
O I II
41 42 7.2
47 43.3
57 6.2
63 10.4
57 41. 4
54 12.1
60 4&2
34 a 7
41 10.2
43 13. 7
49 6.6
40 59.
38 24. 3
48 26. 9
48 32.7
44 22.1
39 13.6
49 58. 1
57 42.4
50 4.6
38 42.6
54 1.0
45 22.9
41 36. 1
53 5.5
39 53.7
39 48. 9
52 54. 4
53 47.6
60 3.6
Micrometer
and refer-
Level.
ence.
/ //
fi
+ 4 36.1
— 2.3
- 1 4.9
+ 0.1
-10 33. 6
-16 39. 1
+ 8.8
+ 8.8
-10 52.2
- 8.8
- 7 45. 1
-14 11. 9
+13.1
+ 4.8
+12 35. 6
- 5.1
+ 5 26.3
+ 3 23.6
+ 3.6
+ 3.6
- 2 34.5
+ 5 33. 7
+ 9.5
+ 9.5
+ 8 7.3
+ 10.1
- 1 54. 8
- 1 1.7
+ 8.1
+ 9.4
+ 2 7.4
+11.5
+ 7 27. 2
- 3.2
- 3 9. 5
-10 54. 9
- 7.0
- 7.0
- 3 27. 9
+ 5.5
+ 7 56. 1
+ 2.6
- 7 24. 2
+ 6.3
+ 1 2.3
+ 4 49. 7
+13.7
+ 13.7
— 6 18. 9
- 5.5
+ 6 47. 1
+ 2.6
+ 6 38. 9
+ 10.4
- 6 13. 6
-- 7 6.7
— 1.5
- 1.5
—13 16. 7
- 8.8
Meridian,
+ 0.1
Latitude.
O I fr
41 46 41.
3a 5
41.4
40.1
40.4
40.1
41.1
39. 2
40.1
40.9
41.6
42.2
41.7
40.2
40.4
41.0
37.7
41.6
40.5
42.2
41.3
43.1
3a 9
39.5
41.1
43.4
3a 2
39.3
39.4
3a 1
Ohservatiofis and computationa Jar latitude of Fort Fred Steele, Wyo. — ^CoDtinned.
NOVEMBER 26, 1872.
Micrometer-
readings.
Leyel.
Bemarks.
Half sam of
declination.
Corrections.
^1
}Z5
X.
S.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude.
480
501
12 76. 5
20 47.2
23 58.5
19 70.3
28 56.2
1^ 26. 8
26 40.0
12 24.0
19 39.
17 3ao
24 50.8
12.23.0
24 85.8
16 82.5
12 23.0
5 80.0
30 39. 6
28 31.0
15 52.
11 17.0
16 37. 2
14 64.
28 39.0
27.0
21.0
34.0
52.0
19.0
22.5
15.0
37.0
28.0
48.0
24.0
18.0
28.0
33.0
89.0
25.0
7.0
34.0
31.0
39.0
18.0
25.0
5.0
30!0
36.0
26.0
/ //
41 42 50. 5
44 22.4
51 36.3
•
54 1.3
45 23.2
53 5.8
39 54.
44 3.7
59 9.8
39 49. 3
48 53.3
52 54. 7
53 47 9
+ 3 59.5
+ 2 0.7
— 4 48. 9
- 7 20.1
+ 1 2.5
- 6 21. 6
+ 6 32.5
+ 222.8
-12 44. 4
+ 6 37. 5
— 2 15. 2
— 6 13. 5
- 7 7.3
— 6.6
+14.9
6.4
— 1.3
+12.6
— 6.6
+12.9
+13.2
H-14.8
+11.0
+ 1.3
— 2.9
— 2.9
•
e / /
41 46 43 4
558
5I»9
38.0
831
S58
41
915
962
39.9
1007
1017
38.3
1052
1058
37.6
nil
•
39.4
1133
39.7
1143
1252
1268
50.0
29.0
53.0
30.0
46.0
12.0
5.0
26.0
2.0
26.0
10.0
43.0
40.2
1305
■ -
, 37.8
1320
1339
. . • . . -x-w . . • .
39.4
1397
38.3
1398
29.5
20.0
25.0
35.0
37.7
1414
•
NOVEMBER 27, 1872.
7623
7631
16 62. 5
25 56.3
16 54.
18 72.
11 56. 3
31 42.
26 85.5
5 65.0
4 67.5
2 49.5
19 53.5
29 84.7
3 90.3
20 73.8
26 28.0
5 41.0
29 78.7
26 98.
16 40.
20 36. 8
24 75. 5
11 63.
10 64.
26 31.
15 77.
37 43. 3
11 49.
31.0
15.0
19.5
35.0
22.0
3.0
2.0
16.5
19.0
2.0
47.0
20.0
19.0
20.0
35.0
26.5
10.0
23.0
40.0
26.0
30
29.0
46.0
LO
24.5
27.0
41 42 7. 1
47 43. 5
57 6.2
57 41. 4
54 12. 3
60 48. 5
38 1.1
35 8.S
34 8.9
41 9.9
43. 13. 4
39 47.2
49 6.9
40 59.9
60 9.3
+ 4 37. 8
- 1 7.8
-10 17. 1
-10 59.
- 7 41. 9
-14 10 1
+ 8 43.2
+11 35.5
+12 37.6
+ 52a8
+ 3 25.5
+ 6 47.9
- 2 39. 4
+ 5 27.6
-13 26. 3
- 2.4
+ 4.9
-10.4
- 3.7
+ 9.9
+ 0.6
- 3.4
- 3.4
- 6.3
+ 1.7
4- 1.7
+ 4.6
+11; 2
■+ 4.2
- 3.4
41 46 42. 5
7699
7712
40.6
7754
7798
38.7
7962
7972
38.7
8024
40.3
8083
39.0
8091
8097
8312
8223
• ...•••^•.
40.9
8237
*40.6
8284
8322
21.0
^5.0
15.0
35.0
27.0
32.0
32.0
12.0
•
40.2
8330
8374
40.4
4
40.6
51
58
24.5
33.0
96.0
25.0
15.5
21.0
39.7
146
38.7
153
38.7
166
215
239
41.5
22.0
18.0
5.5
24.5
28.0
J%..a« .....
39.6
92
Ohservaiione and oomputationB for latiiiide of Fort Fred Steele, Wyo. — ConfclDned.
NOVEMBER 27, 1872.
U C
Micrometer
readings.
Level.
Kemarks.
Half-sum of
declination.
Corrections.
a*
N.
S.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude*
250
262
t d
84.5
13 56. 8
10 71.
26 80.0
12 12.0
15 80.3
16 5.0
24 64.0
23 79. 6
19 26.3
15 0.5
29 96.0
8 87.0
21 59.
18 63.0
3 31.7
14 0.2.
20 66.5
25 2.7
10 84. 6
19 94.0
26 29.5
16 84.0
24 96.
12 55.
24 85.5
16 81. 3
d.
33.5
18.0
24.0
17.0
31.0
30.0
.34.0
ai.o
30.0
10.0
d.
13.5
28.0
23.0
30.0
16.0
18.0
12,5
25.5
12.5
3:i0
/ /'
41 40 2.9
38 24.7
48 27.3
42 10. 1
44 22.7
49 58.4
57 42. «
37 11.7
38 43.1
50 0.8
54 1 5
45 23.3
41 36.6
53 5.9
39 54. 1
44 a 9
59 9.9
39. 49. 5
48 53.5
52 54.8
53 48. 1
/ //
+ 635.4
+ fi20. 1
-r 154.5
+ 4 27.0
+ 2 20. 9
- 3 10.7
-10 55. 5
+ 9 27.9
+ 755.9
- 3 27.1
- 7 20. 7
+ 1 5.3
+ 4 53.9
- 625.7
+ 6 33.8
+ 2 23.9
—12 32.3
+ 6 49. 5
- 2 13. 8
- 6 24. 2
- 7 lai
+ 2.7
-3.3
+ 7.4
+ 4.6
- 1.5
- 6.6
- 6.6
+ 1.5
+ 1.5
+ 9.3
+ 0.4
+10.4
+10.4
- 0.5
+12.1
+12.1
+ 2.7
+ 1.8
+ 1.8
+ 9.9
+ 9.9
1 II
41 46 41.
299
314
41.5
330
343
40.2
409
441
41.7
558
569
42.1
757
41.1
759
24.0
11.0
23.0
36.0
40.5
816
857-
41.1
858
24.0
27.0
21.0
44.0
19.0
28.5
22.0
23.5
22.0
aff.o
4.0
2&0
18.0
26.0
40.5
872
885
904
43.0
915'
962
(
41.3
1007
Most be 18*
39.0
lOll
40.9
1017
1032
1058
45.0
22.0
24.0
25.5
3.0
25.0
23.0
22.5
39.7
1111
40.0
1133
39.9
1143
1252
1268
12 18.3
555.0
29 75.5
27 61. 5
14 44.
10 13.5
14 92.2
13 18.5
27 28.2
45.0
25.0
29.0
28.0
23.5
2ao
4.0
25.0
19.0
20.0
23.0
20.0
40.3
1305
40.8
1320
1339
41.5
1397
40.5
1398
32.0
36.0
18.0
14.0
.
39.9
1414
ResulUng astronomical co-ordinates.
The daily results, combining the observations of November 10, 18, 21, and 26, to one result, "will be :
No.ofob8. o ' "
November 4 31 4146 40.30
6 27 40.18
8 30 40.41
12 28 39.99
10, 18, 21, and 26 24 40.00
24 , 30 40.37
27 36 40.42
Giving every mean the same weight, the final result for the latitude of Fort Fred Steele will be ;
Latitude 41© 46^ 40".24±0".05
Longitude. 7A. 7wi. 47».25 or 106 56 48 .80 west of Greenwich.
1 59 35 .13 or 29 53 47 .00 west of Washington.
93
9
LARAMIE.
Longitude— 1050 35' 33''.60 W.
Latitude— 410 18' 51''.8 ± 0''.08 N.
At Laramie, a point in an open lot northeast from and near the
railroad depot whs selected as the station. It was not a desirable lo-
cality, but was about the only alternative by reason of the position of
the telegraph wires. There was no possible objection to the position so
far as the surface of the land was concerned, for the entire vicinity is
but a gently undulating plain ; but the observatory being in the middle
of the city, the view both north and south was intercepted at short dis-
tances by houses, making it impossible to lay out any extended meridian
line. Laramie stands centrally on the great plateau bearing the well-
known name " Laramie Plains,'^ and to my notion is the most inviting
town on the whole transcontinental route. These plains, though some
7,000 feet above the level of the sea, are well clothed in gTass, (but des-
titute of other forms of vegetation,) and watered by the Laramie Eiver,
which flows with a gentle current northerly through the valley. Mount-
ains are visible to the right and left, and though from 8,000 to 10,000
feet high, appear only as slight ridges and low peaks from this elevated
plateau.
Meteorological. — ^Two weeks of December were spent here, and the
meteorological conditions experienced found to be very similar to those
of the previous month at Fort Steele. The same violent dust and
snow-storms prevailed, and though not quite so cold as it had been, it
was not possible to run the observatory without a stove. Here, as at
Fort Steele, there were times when it required the best exertion of the
observers to keep the observatory and all its appliances from being
blown away.
Observatory, — The observatory consisted of ^ hospital tent — the same
that was used at Cheyenne. The assistants were also the same. The
operator was Mr. Williams, of the Western Union line.
Instruments, — Precisely the same as were used at Cheyenne and Fort
Steele.
Connections. — Connection was made with Salt Lake by a loop into the
main wire of the Western Union line. Some observations for latitude
were made on each of the nights of December 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, and 17.
On the nights of the 9th, 12th, and 16th, observations for time were made
and exchanged with Salt Lake for difference of longitude. Of all the
stations occupied by Assistant J. H. Clark this has proven the least sat-
isfactory, by reason of smoke an^ dust, and the near vicinity of moving
trains.
Instrumental valves. — See report on the Cheyenne station.
Table containing the cwreciions of chronometers and their rates.
Laramie.
Correction of Salt Lake chronometer.
1872.
Local side-
real time.
December 9.
December 12
December 16
h.
2.2
1.0
1.0
Correction of
chronometer.
h. m. 8,
-0 1 34.73
26.41
-0 1 15.28
Adopted
rate.
h.
0.il5
0.115
0.116
94
m
Correction of Laramie chronometer.
•
1872.
Looal side-
real time.
Correction.
Adopted
rate.
December 9
8.
1.75
3.00
3.00
h. m. 8.
-1 53 11. 56
3.78
-1 52 54.72
8.
—0. 107
December 12......................... .. ................ ...
—0. J 0,7
December 16.......... - - - _. . ..
—0. 094
Grouping of time signals and corrections and resulting longitudes.
Signals sent
from —
I
Mean of sisnalsi
sent and re-
ceived.
Time correc-
tions.
•
a
Difference of
longitade.
Double wave-
time.
a
1^
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
Salt Lake
Laramie
h. fn. 8,
2 32 19. 90
4 49 9. 25
2 39 13. 57
4 56 2. 93
2 39 5. 32
4 55 55. 49
2 45 16. 19
5 2 6.36
3 6 39. 93
5 23 32. 19
3 13 3. 74
5 29 55. 95
h. m. 8.
-0 1 34. 70
-I 53 11.41
-0 1 34.69
-1 53 11. 40
-0 1 26. 23
-1 53 3. 78
—0 1 26.21
-1 53 .3. 76
-0 1 15.04
-1 52 54. 67
-0 1 15.03
-1 52 54. 66
h. Tn. 8,
2 30 45. 20
2 55 57. 84
2 37 38. 88
3 2 51. 53
2 37 39. 09
3 2 51. 71
2 43 49. 98
3 9 2.60
3 5 24. 89
3 30 37. 52
3 11 4a 71
3 37 1.29
h. tn. 8.
25 12.64
12.65
12.62
12.62
12.63
12.58
;..
12.61
13.62
12.61
Pinal difference of longitude : Laramie, east of Salt Lake, 0^ 25b 12*.623±0'. 008.
Observations and computations for latitude of Laramie, Wyo,
DECEMBER 6. 1872.
^
8174
8188
8248
8273
8279
8296
8301
68
98
116
146
164
201
224
250
255
339
401
430
450
533
564
^
t. d.
9 15.8
27 25.5
21 87.0
15 81.
22 54.
13 97. 5
18 52.5
19 12.0
8 46.7
9 25.0
34 28.5
3 83.0
19 72.0
16 0.5
18 32. 7
19 21. 5
20 92.
16 76.
10
26
3.5
a 2
15 76. 2
23 66.2
Level.
N.
d.
2a 5
12.0
31.0
17.0
34.0
34.5
31.0
31.0
25.0
53.0
32.0
49.5
29.0
12.5
32.0
42.0
32.0
15.0
21.5
*27.0
S.
d.
2a
44.
26.
39.
23.0
21.0
23.
24.
31.
3.
23.
5.
25.
42.
23.
11.
20.
37.
29.
27.
Remarks.
Half sum of
declination.
o / //
41 9 40. 3
23 3.4
14 19. 1
16 1^0
13 ia6
13 43.1
2 50.3
16 41. 8
18 34. 4
16 31. 9
10 35.
14 50. 2
Must be 22<>. 0.
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
Level.
ence.
/ //
II
+ 922.4
-as
— 3 as
— 4.6
+ 4 28. 2
+ 2 16.4
+ 6.7
+ 6.7
+ 5 31. 1
+ 5 6. 7
+ 4.1
+ 4.1
+15 46. 5
+12.1
+ 1 55.4
+14.7
+ 27.6
— 7.0
+ 2 9.3
+11.0
+ 8 la 7
— 2.8
+ 4 5.4
— 3.7
Meridian,
Latitude.
O I II
41 18 53. 9
50.5
52.0
52.1
53.8
53.9
4a 9
51.9
55.0
52.2
50. d
51.9
95
Observations and oamputaitians for latitude of Laramief Wyo. — Continued.
DECEMBER 6, 1672.
o
la
el
11
Level. .
Bemarks.
Half snm of
declination.
Corrections.
Ms
a*
X.
S.
Micrometer
and refer-
ence.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude.
666
695
t. d.
'20 93.2
20 31.3
20 27.0
20 7.0
10 79.
25 67.0
26 26.5
6 72.5
22 86. a
14 24. 7
26 9&5
d.
27.5
— 2.0
24.0
52.0
30.0
29.0
38.5
36.5
26.0
42.0
25.0
d.
24.5
48.0
30.0
2.0
25.0
26.0
16.0
20.0
31.0
17.5
32.0
o / //
41 19 27. 6
18 30.4
11 7.9
S 37.0
10 26.7
25 24.5
— 19.3
+ 6.2
+ 7 42.5
+10 7.3
+ 8 21.7
— 6 35.9
If
—12.9
+12.1
+ 2.2
+10.7
+ 3.2
+ 4.8
o / //
41 18 55 4
943
980
30«late...
48.7
1017
1024
+0.1
52.7
1058
55
1107
1117
•
51 6
1204
1221
53 4
DECEMBER 7, 1872.
863
872
948
980
1017
1024
1035
1058
1107
1133
1140
1204
1221
1238
1261
1286
1316
1382
1408
1651
1676
1721
1726
1734
33 85.0
3 30.5
18 77.2
18 2a 5
11 72,0
26 90.0
18 54.2
86 91.0
7 29.0
30 73.0
6 38.0
12 82.0
25 81.5
11 60.
24 52.7
13 75. 2
23 49.0
27 44.5
9 85.3
18 49. 7
17 76.5
21 98.0
18 34.0
15 45. 5
25.0
8.5
28.0
30.0
29.0
4.5
ia5
44.5
24,0
32.5
27.5
39.0
2a
10.0
26.0
21.5
28.0
14.0
20.0
19.0
25.0
'ih'o
22.0
39.5
19.5
20.0
20.0
44.0
31.0
5.0
23.0
13.0
20.0
7.5
20.0
37.0
23.0
2a
19.0
30.0
25.0
2a 6
20.0
'32.0
40* late.
41 3 la 2
18 30.6
11 ai
15 27. 7
8 37.1
6 9.6
25 24. 4
12 12.8
23 54.7
9 4a 9
19 la 4
17 2.5
15 32.0
+15 49. 3
+ 15. 1
+ 7 51. 8
+ 3 32.0
+10 9.8
+ 12 36.8
— 6 43. 9
+ 6 41. 8
— 5 2.7
+ 9 6.7
— 22.7
+ 1 5ai
+ 3 22.8
—
7.7
+
5.1
—
a 4
a 4
+
7.5
+
5.6
+ia8
—
5.1
—
a 4
t
2.0
—
3.3
—
3.3
3.3
+ai
41 18 51. 9
50.8
51.5
51.3
54.4
52.0
51.3
4a 9
51 6
51.6
50.4
52:3
51.5
DECEMBER 8, 1872.
7824
7843
7931
7948
7994
8023
8079
8083
12 a 5
7 82.3
ia5
23.0
22.0
lao
20 71.0
17 8a 8
21.5
ao
lao
37.0
27 39. 5
30 7a 5
lao
19.0
•
23.0
22;5
19 9a
SO 1.0
42.0
ao
lao
52.0
41 16 a 8
20 25.4
17 12. 9
16 58.2
+ 2 42.9
+ 1.0
- 1 27. 7
-- a4
+ 1 42.9
— 2.3
+ 0.9
- 5.5
41 18 50. 7
49.3
5a 5
53.6
96
Obeervatione and computations for latitnde of Laraime, Wyo, — Continaed.
DECEMBER 8, 1673.
}Z5
8174
8188
8248
8273
68
»8
116
146
164
201
SS4
290
299
339
401
430
450
474
437
516
533
535
564
863
872
948
980
1107
1117
1133
1140
1204
1121
]238
1261
1382
1408
^ (0
t d.
9 97.0
27 74.5
21 93. 8
15 96. 8
23 2.0
12 24. 8
13 3.5
34 49.0
3 58.0
20 27.0
16 25.0
22 81.0
15 85. 5
20 82.0
16 42. 6
10 49.
26 95.5
16 78. 7
21 90.0
19 82.0
15 10. 5
12 52.
23 5.0
33 57. 2
3 39.0
19 83.0
19 17.0
6 92.0
22 99. 9
31 21.5
6 99.4
13 34.5
25 93.0
12 5.0
25 3.0
27 80.5
10 70.
Level.
N.
d.
33.0
21.0
28.5
21.0
30.0
29.0
23.0
42.5
24.0
28.0
31.0
10.0
27.0
19.5
25.0
0.0
25.0
21.0
23.0
14.5
16.0
25.0
33.0
26.0
28.0
30.5
35.5
31.0
31.0
29.0
22.0
21.0
15.0
33.0
37.0
S.
d.
24. C
35.5
29.0
3ao
29.0
32.0
37.5
19.0
22.0
18.0
14.0
34.0
18.5
26.0
21.0
47.0
22.0
26.0
24.0
33.0
32.0
25.0
l&O
24.5
22.0
20.0
16.0
18.5
17.5
20.0
26.5
27.0
35.5
19.5
14.0
Remarks.
Half sum of
deollnatiou.
o / //
41 9 40. 4
22 3.4
13 18. 7
13 43.1
2 50 4
16 41. 9
15 15.
16 32.1
10 35.0
20 24.8
17 44.9
20 17. 4
14 50.4
3 10. 4
18 30^
10 26. &
6 9.8
25 24.5
12 18.
9 49.5
CorreotioitB.
Micrometer
and refer-
Level.
ence.
/ //
//
-f 9 12.5
— 1.5
— 3 5.6
- 4.8
+ 5 34.8
+ 5 10. 3
— 0.6
— 0.6
+16 0.7
+ 2.5
+ 2 4.9
+ 3.3
+ 3 36.2
— 2.0
+ 2 16.6
+ 0.6
+ 8 31. 6
-11.9
— 1 34. 3
+ 1 4.7
— 0.5
- 0.5
— 1 20.3
+ 4 0.3
- 5.4
- 5.4
+15 3a0
+ 4.1
+ 20.5
+ 2.1
+ 8 19. 7
+ ai
+12 32. 8
+ 7.2
— 6 31. 1
+ 1.2
+ 6 43. 4
- 7.3
+ 8 51. 6
-10.0
Meridian.
Latitude.
41 18 51. 4
53.0
52.9
52.8
53.6
50.1
49.2
49.3
54.7
50.0
49.1
51.7
51.3
52.5
53.3
54.7
49.8
54.6
54.1
51.1
DECEMBER 11,1872.
8317
8337
68
98
116
122
201
224
250
255
15 25.5
32 1.0
23 19.0
12 4.0
12 85. 2
11 96.2
20 68.5
16 35. 2
19 24.2
20 4.8
22.0
10.5
20.0
4.0
24.0
15.0
26.0
9.0
24.0
35.0
26.0
42.0
24.5
32.0
20.0
37.0
27 39.8
13 18. 9
13 43. 3
13 15.8
16 42.1
— 8 40. 8
+5 46.5
+5 21. 3
+5 49.
+ 2 14. 7
18 34. 6 . + 25i e
-7.3
-12.1
-12.1
-12.1
4.8
— 6.0
51.7
5.3.3
52.5
52.7
52.0
53.6
97
ObservatioM and computations for latitude of Laramie, Wyo. — Con tinned.
BECEMBER 11, 1872.
o
430
450
474
487
516
533
564
698
715
735
766
827
863
872
948
980
1017
1024
1035
1058
1007
1133
1140
1204
1221*
1238
1261
5
S.9
CO
^
t. d.
10 63. 8
26 86.0
16 22.0
21 37.
19 48.
15 90.5
24 4.0
27 9.0
15 63. 8
7 78.0
23 33.3
12 31.
33 96.
3 56.0
19 14.
18 79.
12 2.0
26 72.6
18 36. 2
25 96.5
6 56.8
39 29.3
6 66.0
12 88.
25 75. 2
11 65.
24 46.
Levri.
N.
d.
28.0
4.0
15.0
42.0
25.0
5.0
28.0
12.0
30.0
0.0
28.0
18.0
29.0
42.0
20.0
35.0
22.0
45.0
25.5
13.0
30.0
26.0
18.0
20.0
d.
19.0
43.0
30.0
&0
23.0
44.5
22.0
38.0
21.0
51.0
23.5
34.0
22.0
7.0
26.0
10.0
24.0
2.0
21.0
34.0
17.0
20.0
26.0
25.0
Bemarks.
Half-sum of
declination.
o /
//
41 10 35. 3
20 35.0
17 45. 2
14 50.7
34 54.3
28 26.5
34 44. 7
3 10.7
18 31. 2
11 8.6
15 28. 3
8 37.6
6 10.1
25 24.9
12 18. 4
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
Level.
ence.
/ //
//
+ 824.2
— 8.2
— 1 41. 3
+ 5a7
+ 5.7
+ 5.7
+ 4 12.8
—10.3
— 5 55. 9
— 9 29.
— 5.5
- 5.5
— 5 42. 3
-11.6
+15 44. 8
- 3.2
+ 10. 9
+11.6
+ 7 37. 1
+ 3 17. 1
+ 5.2
+ 5.3
+10 2.9
+11.2
+12 45. 6
-4.5
- 6 40.1
+ 5.3
+ 6 38.1
+ 3.5
Meridian.
Latitude.
o / //
41 13 51. 3
49.4
49.6
53.3
52.9
52.0.
50. »
seis.
53.7
50.9*
50.6'
51.7.
51.2^
50. 0»
53.0'
DECEMBER 13, 1872.
68
9H
21 63. 6
10 86.5
11 6a 7
10 78. 3
19 44.8
15 6.8
16 93.
18 56.0
21 87.5
15 17. 8
16 10. 2
24 10. 5
32 54. 5
.4 59. 8
18 98. 3
18 92.5
17 91. 3
19 32. 5
18 51.8
18 61.
18 34.
23
15.0
41 13 19.
13 43. 3
13 15. 9
16 42. 1
18 34. 7
15 15. 5
14 50. 8
4 6.1
19 30. 5
19 28. 2
19 10. 2
18 31. 4
+ 5 34. 8
+ 5 9.8
+ 5 37. 3
+ 2 16. 1
+ 19.6
+ 3 28. 1
+ 4 8.7
+14 28. 6
- 33. 3
- 31. 4
- 25. 1
+ 8.4
- 1.1
- 1.1
- 1.1
- 7.2
- 0.6
+ 6.8
- 6.1
+14.8
- 5.7
- 5.7
+ 8.9
+12.2
41 18 52 7
116
13.0
35.0
52
122
53.1
51
201
224
31.0
13.0
29.0
28.0
29.0
42.0
29.0
17.0
27.0
54.0
26.0
44.0
29.0
30.0
29.0
17.0
28.0
40.0
27.0
0.0
»
250
255
Must be ir
53.7
290
299
50 4
533
564
53 4
620
632
49 5
657
51 5
666
24.0
18.0
24.5
42.0
31.0
44.5
19.0
34.0
25.0
9.0
23.0
8.0
51 1
695
752
785
54
948
980
52.0
F F— 7
98
Observations and computations for latitude of Laramie, Wyo, — Continned.
DECEMBER 13, 1872.
o
Ms
a
5Z5
1017
1024
1035
1062
1095
1204
1221
1238
12G1
1^
t d,
12 0.0
27 17.0
18 76.
20 48
11 78.0
12 68.0
25 47.0
11 38.0
23 81.8
Level.
N.
S.
d.
34.0
d.
17.0
2.0
49.0
42.0
15.5
9.0
36.0
31.0
31.0
22.5
24.0
25.0
45.0
31.0
11.5
Remarks.
20>late.
Half-BQm of
declination.
//
41 U 8.9
15 28.5
14 15. 9
25 25.2
12 18. 7
Corrections.
Microineter
and refer-
ence.
//
+ 7 51. 5
4- 3 30.1
+ 4 30.4
- 6 37.5
+ 6 26.6
Level. I Meridian.
//
&2
8.2
4-3.4 4- 0.1
4-4.3
4-7.6
Latitude.
41 18 52.2
50.4
49.8
52.0
52.9
DECEMBER 15, 1872.
8079
8083
8174
8188
8248
8273
>»279
8296
8301
8310
8317
8337
8345
28
68
98
116
122
201
224
250
255
290
299
339
401
430
450
474
487
516
saa
535
564
576
580
579
587
620
632
19 21. 5
18 88.0
9 31.5
27 13.8
21 16. 2
14 85.
23 13.0
14 42.
18 61.
9 68.0
14 70.
31 89. 5
37 56.0
1 0.3
23 12.5
12 37.
13 18. 8
12 28.5
20
16
4.5
7.5
17 61.
18 32.0
21 74.0
15 10. 2
21 62. 5
17 45. 3
9 73.0
25 81.0
15 93. 5
21 13.5
19 4.5
15 35.
12 87.0
23 33.5
24 36.
33 5.2
31 52.
4 5.3
32 37.8
4 20.0
17.0
33.0
23.0
18.0
20.0
30.5
29.0
*2i.*5
19.0
36.0
33.5
11.5
26.5
"19.6
2rt.O
33.5
21.5
20.0
37.0
29.0
27.0
35.5
23.0
12.5
28.5
17.5
19.0
"6.0
20.0
"i4."6
22.0
37.0
28.5
13.0
21.0
26.5
24.0
14.0
16.0
'25.0
27.0
11.0
12.5
3&0
22.5
'3i."5
22.5
13.0
25.0
27.0
9.0
15.0
16.5
7.5
20.0
30.5
14.0
25.0
23.0
36.5
23.0
29.5
23.0
8.5
50* late . ,
41 16 58.
9 40.1
22 3.4
14 19. 1
16 29.
30 17.2
27 39. 8
40 59 5& 6
41 13 19. 1
13 43. 3
13 15. 9
16 42.2
18 34.8
15 15. 5
16 32.5
10 35. 7
20 25. 4
17 45. 5
20 18.0
14 51.
29 26.4
33 10. 9
33 58. U
— 10. 4
4- 9 13. 9
— 3 16. 2
4- 4 30.7
4- 2 20. 5
—11 30. 4
— 8 54. 4
4-18 56.2
4- 5 34. 3
4- 5 8.8
4- 5 36.9
4- 2 3.4 4-7.2
4- 22.1
4- 3 26.3
4- 2 9.7
4- 8 19. 8
- 1 36.7
4- 1 5.0
- 1 17.1
- 4 8.2
-10 31. 1
-14 13. 7
15 1.3
4- 2.3
-1.8
4-3.4
f 2.6
4-2.6
4-4.6
4-4.6
-1.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
-2.9
4-11.0
4-10.6
-4.4
4- 2.2
+ 2.0
4 6.2 I +14 35.8
—
9.5
9.5
^
5.1
5.1
5.1
4-
1
7.6 !
41 18 49.9
52.2
4-0.1
50. C
52.4
52.1
51.4
50.0
53.3
51.1
49.8
50.5
52. k*
54.0
53.4
52. b
51.1
50.9
52. 5
51. 5
49.7
50.2
52.1
51. 6
49. <;
99
Ohservationa and computations for latitude of Laramie^ Wyo. — Continued.
DECEMBER 15, 1872.
Is
g •
657
666
695
752
785
863
872
948
980
1052
1062
1095
1107
1117
1133
1140
1204
1221
1238
1261
1286
1316
1382
1408
1546
1572
1671
1676
1721
1726
% to
n
19 17. 8
19 14.0
18 4.5
19 20.0
la 57. 3
32 96.0
2 69.0
19 42.0
18 84.0
26 45.0
21 87.8
12 98.2
6 70.
23 3.0
31 66.5
7 43.2
12 46.
25 46.0
12 31.
25 11.0
13 39.0
23 54.6
27 20.3
10 10. 3
12 80.4
31 0.0
19 7.0
18 38.0
21 75.5
18 19.0
Level.
K".
33.5
5.0
25.5
25.0
32.0
1&5
25.5
2ao
25.0
11.5
33.0
22.0
15.5
23.0
37.0
26.0
39.0
25.5
16.5
23.5
42.0
30.0
35.0
36.0
24.0
22.0
16.5
28.0
15.5
S.
13.0
41.0
24.5
25.5
19.0
32.0
25.0
21.0
21.5
35.0
14.0
94.5
31.5
24.0
10.0
24.0
10.0
23.0
32.0
25.0
8.0
18.5
13.0
7.5
24.5
25.0
30.0
19.0
32.0
Remarks.
45* late
HaJf sam of
declination.
o / //
41 19 30. 7
19 28.4
19 10. 7
3 11.
18 31.7
21 21.
14 16.2
10 27.8
6 10.7
25 25.4
12 18. 9
23 55.7
9 50.5
28 11.3
19 17. 4
17 3.4
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refer-
Level.
ence.
/ /;
It
— 35.2
— 34.
- 4.3
- 4.3
— 19. 5
+ 0.1
+15^0.8
— 0.1
+ lao
+ 2.1
— 222.1
— 5.5
+ 4 36. 5
— 1.2
+ 8 27.5
- 5.1
+12 33.2
+ 7.1
— 6 44.
+ 8.8
+ 6 37. 8
-3.5
— 5 15. 6
+ 8.9
+ 8 51. 5
+ 9.2
- 9 25.5
+ 7.7
— 21. 4
-4.5
+ 1 50. 8
— 2.1
Meridian.
+ 0.1
Latitae.
o / //
41 18 51.2
50.1
51.3
51.7
51.8
53.4
51.5
50.2
51.0
50.2
53.2
49.0
51.2
53.5
51.5
52.2
DECEMBER 17, 1872.
250
255
290
299
339
401
430
450
474
487
516
533
564
579
587
690
632
18 51.8
19 29. 5
22 38.0
15 42.
19 97.
15 93. 8
9 39.0
25 30.0
15 82.5
21 2.3
19 35.0
14 11.0
21 78.0
32 31. 5
4 82.0
32 9.2
3 96.7
20.0
15.0
24.5
29.5
24.5
21.5
20.0
22.0
28.5
37.5
14.5
7.0
22.5
23.0
21.0
20.0
24.0
44.0
20.0
0.0
18.0
28.5
24.0
13.0
8.0
20.0
32.0
20.0
17.0
44.0
24.0
3.0
30«late...
Mast be
-3«>.0.
41 18 34. 9
15 15. 6
16 32.6
10 35.8
20 25.6
17 45. 6
14 51. 7
33 11. 1
4 6.4
+ 24. 1
+ 3 36. 3
+ 2 5.3
+ 8 14. 5
— 1 49. 6
+ 52.0
+ 3 58. 4
-14 14.5
14 34. 1
— 5.0
+ 1.1
+12.2
+ 1.2
+ 13.2
+13.2
+ 2.6
— 6.6
+11.0
+ 0.1
40 18 53. 5
53.1
50.1
51.5
49.2
50.8
52.7
50.0
51.5
100
Observations and cinnputaUona far latitude of Laramie, Wyo, — Continued.
DECEMBER 17, 1873.
Number of
star.
1^
Level.
Remarks.
Half-sum of
declination.
Corrections.
N.
S.
Micrometer
and refr.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude.
657
e. d.
19 25.2
19 16.0
18 14.
18 41.
17 75. 2
a) 56. 8
3 14.2
19 82.3
19 38.
11 49.0
26 52.
18 17.
25 40.0
20 53.0
11 76.0
. 30 92.4
6 66.7
12 27.5
25 43.0
11 6.8
23 90.5
13 36. 7
23 65.8
d.
18.0
i2.'6
16.5
.30.0
26.0
10.0
23.5
33.0
18.0
iao
18.5
^.0
19.0
20.0
31.0
26.0
37.0
16.0
13.0
23.0
42.0
d.
20.0
O / //
41 19 31.
19 28.7
19 11. 1
3 11.3
18 32.0
11 9.3
15 29.0
21 21. 4
14 16. 6
6 11.0
25 25.7
12 19. 2
23 55.9
— 34. 6
— 31. 7
— 20.5
+ 15 45. 6
+ 13. 8
+ 7 47. 1
+ 3 27.6
— 2 31.4
+ 4 32.6
+ 12 33.9
— 6 48. 8
+ 6 39.0
— 5 19. 8
II
— 4.4
— 4.4
+ 1.9
— 3.8
+ 9.0
— 4.9
— 4.9
+ 2.1
+ 2.1
+ 6.7
+ 12.5
— 4.9
+ 14.8
O / '/
41 18 52.0
666
52.6
695
26.0
25.0
14.5
17.5
32.5
17.5
6.0
21.0
752
■
785
52.5
863
+ 0.1
872
948
35>late...
53.2
980
54.8
1017
•
1024
51.5
1035
27.0
21.0
15.0
20.0
18.5
8.0
14.5
3.0
22.0
25.0
15.0
— 4.0
51.7
1052
52.1
1062
1095
51.3
1133
.
1140
51.6
1204
1221
49.4
1238
1261
53.3
1286
1316
50.9
a Resulting astronomical co-ordinates.
The following table contains the daily means for latitude :
1872L Na of obs. Mean latitude obtained.
December 6 18 4118 52.43
7 13 51.50
8 24 51.93
11 21 51.83
13 17 .'il.Sl
15 40 51.46
17 22 51.79
The mean of the daily results gives 51". F2 ; the mean of all observations made, 51". 78.
Adopted latitude 41° 18' 51".80 + 0".08
Longitude 7'' 2» 22«.24 or 105° 35^ 33".60 west of Greenwich.
1 54»> 10\12 or 28° 32' 31". 80 west of Washington
The following points are proposed for occapation as main astronomical
stations during the field-season of 1374:
1. Las Vegas, ^. Mex.
2. Cimarron, N. Mex.
3. Sidney Barracks, Neb.
4. Julesburgh, Keb.
5. Crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad by the one-hundredth me-
ridian, or at the Korth Platte station, Nebraska.
The above will be sufficient during the coming year to answer all the
wants experienced in checking belts of triangles to be extended over
the area to be surveyed, and will continue the work upon the astronom-
ical base.
loi
The nsaal iield-astronomical obsen^ations will Be kept up, in accord-
ance with the elaborated scheme of survey detelmained upon for the
prosecution of further geographical work by the -ofi^rs in executive
charge of the several parties. ^ " -'
aEODETiO AND ASTRONOMICAL.
A *
The character of the observations made in this most impoftahf branch
of the survey has been improved aud perfected so far as consistent with
the policy of covering large geographical areas during a single field-
season. The problem of conducting a geographical survey over'mcrtiot
aiuous areas by methods at once thorough and rapid presents ntany.
grave difficulties, prominent among which is the uncertainty as to the'-
extent of the physical obstacles to be encountered. The present organ-. ,
ization will, however, during the coming season prosecute its labors in ;
accordance with a certain plan conditioned upon the character of the
several portions of the area to be entered, and founded upon a compre-
hensive system of triangulation developed from bases whose extremities
and azimuths are well determined, the former by astronomical methods.
These series of triangles network the entire area, and in addition thereto
the horizontal and vertical values of the drainage-lines of the several
main and sub basins are determined.
The progress of the geodetic survey of the character proposed is some-
what slower than by the methods employed prior to the season of 1873;
but when confined to areas of the public domain that are attracting
attention on account of their mineral or other resources developing, and
about to be developed, where the Indian tribes are quiet, the decrease
in cost because of the smaller number of persons required in each party
for reasons of safety makes apparent the fact that a well-established
policy as to the character of the surveys over such a)reas may be reached.
I have reason to believe that such a course is about to be adopted, and
in consequence hereafter some of the parties of the survey, at least,
may annually be sent to areas not occupied by hostile Indians; while
other parties may be directed to more inaccessible portions of mountain-
territory, where reconnoissance- work alone is required, and where escorts
will be needed.
In the season of 1873, the astronomical co-ordinates of points, and the
determination of meridional lines through them, were determined at
Hughes', Colorado Springs, and Trindad, Col., and Fort Union, N. Mex., all
on the eastern base of the Rocky Mountain range, and a series of triangles
developed from bases at these points into portions of Colorado, New
Mexico, Eastern Utah, and Eastern Arizona. The labors of the ssason
of 1874 will take up the triangulation at the points where it was left in
the preceding season, for the purpose of completing it over the area
extending from the latitude of Denver southward to the thirty-second
parallel. The several belts will be joined to a number of points, all of
which are along nearly the same meridian east of the Rocky Mountain
ridge. The bases are measured by compensated steel tapes, referred to
a s^ndard, and a sufficient number of repetitions made to guarantee a
small probable error. The azimuths are also carefully determined.
At the extremities of the developed bases, angular measurements are
taken to the most prominent points of the adjacent triangulation-belt,
which points are natural objects — usually high mountain-peaks.
The extension of the triangulation is made from point to point in
accordance with the plan made at the beginning of the season, and the
azimuth of at least one side of every triangle determined.
• .
102
• • •
. » •
Within the main Ob.principal triangles there is measured a series of
minor triangles, cd^ering the entire mountain-area, checked latitudinally
at specified pointeu/'.The checks used for the remaining detailed opera-
tions of the SHrvajy are by latitudes along the meanders, and by the
connection of stAtion-points with three or more main or prominent points
within the^ Ijorizon of each. The belts of triangles are further controlled
» by interiar;*dh'eck-bases at distances not exceeding one hundred and fifty
miles fw)tr{ 'the primary astronomical point. By these methods, forty-
fou^ matn-triangulation-points were occupied in New Mexico and Ari-
zona' •a.nd thirty-six in Colorado during the season of 1873.
. ^hen the connection is made between the two sets, their publication
uglhl indicate the character of the results, which have so far proven very
/s^itrsfactory, since the geographical position of most of the points used
. ^ Could not be sufficiently ascertained in advance to always insure cer-
.^ '• V tainty as to resulting well-conditioned triangles.
*/;•/ A part of the topographic work of 1873, especially that in Col(M*adb,
; ' demands a representation upon a scale of one inch to four miles, because
of the intricate character of the several drainage-lines within the Rocky
Mountain system. This will in no wise interfere with the regular and
systematic plan proposed for the atlas of the region west of th^ one hun-
dredth meridian. Since the final publication of the same, may be made
upon a scale of one inch to eight miles.
The remarkably fruitful results from the topographical work of the past
season are a matter of much congratulation to me, since the several areas
were widely distributed and the different points of departure compara-
tively remote. Certain of the topographical assistants, too, were inex-
perienced j yet, notwithstanding all this, and the multitude of physical
obstacles constantly in the path of each one of the parties, the area
covered has been notably large, and almost equal to that of the season
of 1871, when it. was principally by reconnoissance-methods that the
results were obtained.
It has been alone due to the untiring vigilance of the officers in charge
and the industry of the several topographical assistants that the mate-
rial for the important contributions to the geography of so large a part
of our western interior has been gathered.
METEOEOLOGICAL BRANCH.
The general method of the previous seasons has been followed during
that of 1873. Hourly observations have been taken at the primary
astronomical stations with the cistern- barometer, psychrometer, and ane-
mometer. As many cistern-barometers, aneroids, and psychrometer^
as could be used to advantage have been distributed among the different
ent field-parties, and a system of observation has been so adapted to
camps, triangulation, topographical, and other stations, as to insure
the determination of the greatest possible number of altitudes. The
record of all these observations, up to the close of the field-season of
1873, has been transcribed upon computation-sheets, corrected and re-
duced, and the computation of altitudes is going forward.
It is proposed to group these altitudes, in accordance with the main
topographical features of the country, in tables, which will appear in
volume 3 of the series of publications.
The contents of this volume will be —
1st. A synopsis of the gieneral plan for meteorological observations,
the methods of reduction and computation, and the application of the
results.
103
2d. The tables of altitudes, with general description of the locality
of each group.
3d. Gontour-maps of the atlas-sheets, with the curves at such inter-
vals of altitude as are warranted by the results in barometric hypsome-
try, in conjunction with the elevations and vertical distances determined
by the topographers.
4th. Tables and plates deduced from the hourly observations at the
astronomical stations. These will comprise the abnormal and horary
oscillations, and the changes in temperature and humidity of the atmos-
phere, with their effect upon the mercurial column.
With these will be published all facts that have been observed con-
cerning the climate and climatal oscillations, with a description of the
physical geography of the region of territory surveyed.
This branch of the survey is indebted to the cordial co-operation of
the United States Signal-Service.
It has not been practicable, with the limited force that could be
employed in working up the meteorological observations, to prepare this
matter for publication; but, as time can be spared from other branches,
this will gradually be brought forward.
Being an auxiliary to the other branches of the survey, it is in all
re^spects subordinate to, and most of its results incorporated with, them.
GBOLOGICiLL BRANCH.
Four professional geologists have, for different periods, been employed
to accompany the several geographical parties and examine the struc-
ture of the region traversed. Of these, Mr. G. K. Gilbert was engaged
in 1871, and has continued with the survey up to the present time ;
Mr, A. R. Marviue was employed during a portion of the first year
only ; Mr. E.'E. Howell during the second and third, and Prof. J. J.
Stevenson during the third year.
In 1871, Mr. Gilbert traveled mostly with the main field-party, cross-
ing portions of Kevada, California, and Arizona, and making the voyage
of the Colorado. Mr. Marvine, who spent but two months at geological
work, began his observations at St. George, Utah, and continued them,
via Prescott, Camps Verde, and Apache, to Tucson, Ariz.
The succeeding year, Messrs. Gilbert and Howell were employed prin-
cipally in Western and Southern Utah 5 but their examinations also
reached into Eastern Nevada and Northern Arizona.
For the greater portion of the season Mr. Gilbert accompanied Lieu-
tenant Hoxie, and Mr. Howell the main division; but, upon the return-
march, Mr. Howell joined. Lieutenant Hoxie's party, while Mr. Gilbert
was detached, and traveled alone by way of the valley of the Sevier to
the final rendezvous at Salt Lake City.
In 1873, Mr. Howell accompanied Lieutenant Hoxie throughout the
season, spending the earlier portion of it in Southern Central Utah, and
the IsMer in Western New Mexico ; Mr. Gilbert traveling with divisions
of the main party in New Mexico and Eastern Arizona, and Professor
Stevenson with the party commanded by Lieutenant Marshall in Colo-
rado.
In all cases the geologists were assigned to separate topographical
parties, and their routes arranged, so as to give them opportunity to
acquire the most comprehensive ideas of the character of the country,
and to obtain the fullest collection of data in a little-known region.
To get a right understanding of the results of their work, it is neces-
sary to appreciate a broad distinction that exists between two regions
104
of country that were entered. Almost the entire region included be-
tween "the Plains" and the Pacific Ocean is mountainous ; that is, the
rocks which are its foundation are bent and broken and uplifted into
ridges, which ridges are mountain ranges. But there is one exceptional
area in which the beds of rock lie level, or nearly so, and this was named
by myself in the year 1871 the " Colorado Plateau" region. In its gen-
eral features, it contrasts very strongly with the surrounding mount-
ain country. It consists of a system of tables, in places rising above
each other in step-like order, and elsewhere divided by narrow, deep,
and often impassable gorges. A large portion of this region is drained
by the Colorado and its tributaries, but other parts send their waters
to the Sevier Desert and via the Eio Pecos to the Rio Grande. .
Of the political divisions, it comprises portions of Utah, Colorado,
Arizona, and New Mexico, and its physical boundaries are the Uintah
Mountaiifs at the north, the Eocky Mountains at. the east, and at the
west and south the regions of the Cordilleras.
Through the labors of the topographers and geologists, the general
dimensions of this area are now for the first time known, and its west-
ern, southern, and southeastern boundaries, making a line 900 miles
long, are drawn on the map.
Within it are exceptional opportunities for the study of certain special
geological subjects, and to these their attention has been turned. One
of them is that of erosion by running water, which finds its superlative
expression in the canons of the Colorado, and is there contrasted with
erosion by rain and compared with erosion by drifting sand.
Another subject is that of the origin of mountains; for, although the
plateaus are distinctively not mountains, they contain certain simple
dislocations which are the germs of mountains, and bear the same
relation to dynamical geology that embryos bear to biology. These
dislocations are faults and simple folds, and they have been traced and
studied for hundreds of miles.
Another subject to which great attention has perforce been given is
that of volcanic phenomena.
Every State and Territory west of the plains, every physical division
the Eocky Mountains, the Plateaux, the Cordilleras, are crowded with the
products of volcanic action, ancient and modern. Hardly a mountain
range lacks them.
The largest consecutive areas without them are among the plateaux ;
but in that same province, also, are some of the largest lava-fields.
In Southern Utah there are connected floods of lava, covering an area
of 5,000 square miles ; and of this area the geologists of the expedition
have obtained data for geological maps/
They have also approximately defined the limits of a similar area in
Arizona and New Mexico not less than 20,000 square miles in extent,
and never before recognized as a connected belt.
Of the conclusions which they draw from their accumulation of vol-
canic data, one, at least, is of general interest, namely : that erifptions
in our western territory will be again resumed, which occurrences may
take place at any time. In the past, they have occurred so recently
that it is, indeed, surprising that there is no human record of them.
The distribution of the geological formations has been made out with
a good degree of accuracy in the portions of the plateau country and
Eocky Mountains that have been examined ; but in the region of Dhe
Cordilleras less has been accomplished, for the reason that all relations
there are more complicated and no strata can be traced continuously for
great distances. Among the contributions to .stratigraphical knowledge
are the determination of the Tertiary age of the Sam Pitch coals of
105
Utah, of the Cretaceous age of the coals of Castle Valley and Southern
Utah, and of the Cretaceous age of the disputed coal-series of Colorado.
Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Carboniferous, and Silurian rocks have
been identified by fossils in Utah, and all of these but the Jurassic in
New Mexico ; in Colorado and Arizona, Cretaceous, Carboniferous, and
Silurian; in Nevada, Jurassic, Carboniferous, and Silurian ; and in South-
ern California, Carboniferous and Silurian.
The age (heretofore in doubt) of the shale and sandstone at the base
of the series of strata exposed in the Grand Canon of the Colorado has
been ascertained to be primordial.
Of special subjects of study, one of the most interesting has been that
of the glacial epoch. The southern limit of the ancient system of gla-
ciers has been ascertained through the entire extent in longitude of the
survey, and an attentive examination hasH)een made of the record of an
expansion of Great Salt Lake, which occupied the valleys of Utah, while
its highest mountain-gorges were choked with ice.
The elaboration of Siese results into reports for publication has occu-
pied the geologists during the winter-months.
The report of Mr. Marvine is in manuscript, ready for the press, and the
same may be said of the report of Mr. Gilbert for the field-work of the sea-
sonsof 1871and 1872,and of thatof Mr. Howell. A portion, however, of the
notes of the latter gentleman have been put into the hands of Mr. Gil-
bert to combine with some closely-related examinations of his own, and
embody in the report, upon which he is now engaged, of his examina-
tions in 1873.
Professor Stevenson has conipleted and submitted his report, with the
exception of a single chapter. The whole will fill, when printed, about
350 quarto pages.
In the preparation of these reports, the itinerary form, so easy to write,
but so inconvenient for use, either by the general reader or by the future
student in the same field, has been avoided, and all the material pre-
sented has been thoroughly classified. Facts of common character have
been brought together, and where their importance warranted, have been
briefly discussed in their relations to each other and to cognate facts
in other fields ; and it is believed that the arrangement is such that the
various data will be readily accessible to those who shall have occasion
to use it.
An atlas of geological maps is in preparation, to accompany the
reports.
The general facts of rock-distribution are to be indicated by colors laid
upon the topographical-atlas sheets, and special maps will be constructed
to illustrate some other features, such as the distribution of glacial phe-
nomena and of thermal springs.
The illustrations with the text will consist of fourteen plates, derived
chiefly from photographs of peculiar geological features, and of a large
number of wood-cuts, the major part of which are now drawn.
The wood-cuts are chiefly diagrams and sections representing rock-
structure, and are strictly explanatory of the text.
The geological collections (without including the fossils and ores)
number 2,700 specimens. One of their chief uses has been already sub-
served in enabling the geologists to study, during the preparation of
their reports, peculiarities of texture* and composition that could not
receive full attention in the field ; but a larger portion of them have a
permanent value also as material for special lithological study.
It is hoped that at some future day the volcanic rocks, which out-
number all others in the collection, can be placed in the hands of a com*
petent specialist for study.
106
PALEONTOLOGY.
The fossils number 4,500 specimens, and come from all portions of the
area examined. They have had their first (geological) use in identify-
ing the several formations in a great number of localities, and promise
to reward richly their paleontological study. A preliminary examina-
tion has been made of the invertebrates by Mr. F. B. Meek, the paleon-
tologist, and upon his judgment an estimate has been made of 150 quarto
pages of text and 30 plates for the description of the new forms.
The vertebrate remains, including bones of mastodon, horse, camel,
rhinoceros, &c., have been submitted to Prof. (). C. Marsh, who will
report upon them.
The collections were made by the geologists and mineralogists of the
expedition, and by Assistant George M. Keasby, who accompanied one
of the parties in New Mexico in the last season with the special errand
of gathering vertebrate remains.
MINERALOGY.
During the field-season of 1871, Acting Assistant Surgeon W. J.
Hoffman accompanied the expedition as naturalist and mineralogist,
and in 1873 Dr. O. Loew joined the survey as mineralogist and chemist.
Besides the collections of these gentlemen, a great many specimens of
minerals and especially of ores have been gathered by the officers in
charge of parties and by the geologists.
The entire accumulation numbers 1,600 specimens. Dr. Loew has
prepared a rej)ort to be included in the geological volume, comprising,
with a rhume of the results of previous years, a full account of his
chemical and other investigations. It is now ready for the press, will
fill 45 pages, and includes —
1. A report on the agricultural capacities and lands of portions of
Kew Mexico and Arizona, with notes on the geographical distribution of
plants, and on several cosmical phenomena.
2. The analyses of all mineral springs encountered, of saline efflo-
rescences and incrustations; also analyses of soils and plants, of coal-
specimens, ores, kaolins, and of a fossil resin hitherto unknown.
3. A description of the volcanic rocks of New Mexico and Arizona,
with numerous analyses. In some of these rocks, cobalt and nickel were
found, an occurrence heretofore not observed.
4. Tables comprising the minerals collected, their occurrence in Ne-
vada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. These comprise the
collections of the last four years, and are arranged after the chemical
system of Professor Dana.
Numerous mining-districts in Colorado and New Mexico were visited,
the ores and thek geological occurrence described, and specimens col-
lected.
In Colorado, especial attention was paid to the mines of Grold Hill,
Central, and Georgetown.
The predominating ores of Gold Hill are the tellurides of gold, sil-
ver, and lead; those of Central, auriferous pyrites ; those of George-
town, argentiferous galena.
The principal gold-mines of NeV Mexico are situated in the Placer
Mountains, 30 miles south of Santa F6, where the precious metal is
found free in placers as well as in iron-pyrites.^
The chief silver-mines noted in this Territory are those at Silver City
and Fort Bayard, where chloride of silver occurs in gypsum and slate,
107
associated frequently with cerassite, galena, and malachite. These ores
are chiefly deposits, no true fissure- veins having as yet been developed.
Similar ores occur on the Sierra Madalena, (Socorro mines,) together
with frequent deposits of argentiferous cerassite.
True fissure-veins of argentiferous galena occur at La Joya on the
Bio Grande Extension, and valuable copper-mines are worked in the
Burro Mountains, at Santa Eita, and on the Rio San Francisco in Arizona.
Silicate, carbonate, red oxide, and sulphide of copper are the princi-
pal forms in which the copper is encountered. Coloratlo and New Mex-
ico abound in mineral springs. These springs may be classified, as to
their thermal conditions, into hot and cold, or, according to their prom-
inent compounds, into soda, iron, salt, sulphur, lime, and siliceous
springs.
Hot salt-springs occur on the Rio San Francisco in Arizona ; hot lime
and soda springs at Ojos Galientes on the Jemez Greek, New Mexico ;
cold soda springs at Caiion City, Col. ; iron springs on the Arkansas
River (Carlisle), and in the Greenhorn Mountain Range a sulphur-spring.
Spectroscopic investigations have always been combined with the
analysis, and thus the presence of lithia was detected in most of the
classes of springs above mentioned.
NATURAL-HISTORY BRANCH.
The force at disposal has been directed with a view to the accom-
plishment of the largest possible results, which have proven entirely
satisfactory.
Considering the character and extent of the area entered, the attend-
ant expense has been comparatively small.
The subjoined report from Acting Assistant Surgeon H. C. Yarrow,
U. S. Army, sets forth the objects, operations, and results more fully.
report of acting assistant surgeon h. c. yarrow, v. s. army.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
West of the 100th Meridian,
Washington^ D, C, June 30, 1874.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following brief resume of the
results of operations in the branch of natural history of the survey under
your charge, during the past year, introducing incidentally facts bear-
ing upon the results of the two previous years.
Such a sketch would appear particularly desirable at this time, since
as yet, excepting in two instances, the natural-history branch has been
unable to publish either notes or descriptions of the specimens collected
and studied during the period in question, notwithstanding many hun-
dred pages of manuscript have long been prepared.
The general plan for studying the natural history of the Western Ter-
ritories has been to collect everything calculated to throw any light on
the subject and add to our somewhat limited knowledge of the geographi-
cal distribution of animals and plants, and afterward to submit such
collections to specialists for study, and a report of the results of their
investigations ; the specimens iSnally being presented to the National
Museum at the Smithsonian Institution, by which establishment they
are distributed to dififerent institutions of a similar character through-
out the world.
108
For the last-mentioned reason, therefore, especial attention has been
directed to procure daplicates, in order that, instead of our industry
appearing selfish, numbers of learned institutions might partake of the
knowledge thus acquired.
Some years since it was held that the possession of scientific acquire-
ments should be only for a favored few 5 but at the present day more
thorough systems for the dissemination of scientific knowledge have been
inaugurated.
To the corps under whose auspices this expedition was projected, and
is still carried on, is due, to a great degree, the popularization of the study
of natural history in this country.
The operations of the natural-history branch of this survey may be
briefly stated as follows :
In 1871, the services of Dr. W.J.Hoffman, U.S. Army, and Mr. Ferdi-
nand Bischoff were secured, the former as surgeon and naturalist, the
latteras collector, by whose jointefforts many hundredsof specimens were
secured in zoology and botany, among which were quite a number hith-
erto unknown to science. Of this collection, the botanical portion was
placed in the hands of Prof. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, who kindly
named the new species, and submitted a report upon the collection, which
has been received, and will prove a valuable contribution to our knowl-
edge of the flora of the interesting section of country visited.
The mammals collected have been reported upon by Dr. Hoffman ; the
birds, by Mr. Eidgway of the ' Smithsonian,' Mr. Henshaw, and myself;
the reptiles and fish, by Prof. E. D. Cope and myself 5 and the insects, of
which many thousands were secured, by Mr. IJlke, Professor Thomas,
Professor Uhler, and others. In addition to those received at this office,
many other specimens were collected, which, however, unfortunately,
were either lost in transit from the West or destroyed in the great Chi-
cago fire.
The collection of 1871, while not as large as either that of 1872 or 1873,
is extremely interesting, from the fact that many of the rarer forms of
zoological life were met with as well as important data obtained rela-
tive to their general distribution and occurrence. This entire collection
has been deposited in the ^National Museum.
In 1872, recognizing the great value of the collections already made
by the Engineer Corps of the Army, and being assured that to the scien-
tific world researches in natural history, especially on our western fron-
tier, would add greatly to our knowledge of the zoology of that region,
yon permitted unusual facilities for the prosecution of such labor, the
results proving the wisdom and foresight of such a course, since a
collection was made seldom rivaled by that of any similar expedition
hJ*ving but two collectors.
It is but proper, however, to add that several of the members of the
survey contributed largely to the general stock of specimens.
In this collection there were about eight hundred bird-skins, most
of them rare and valuable; a large number of mammals; several hun-
dred fish, of which no fewer than sixteen species were new to science ;
and many reptiles, insects, shells, plants, &c., embracing in all probably
5,000 specimens. Not the least important specimens in the collection
were a number of Indian crania, obtained at considerable risk from the
Ute burial places and ancient mounds in the valley of the Great Salt
Lake, as well as numerous implements, both ancient and modern, used
by the aborigines.
This entire collection has been apportioned among eminent special-
109
ists for determitiation, most of whom have already reported, their man-
uscripts awaiting publication.
The mammals have been identified and reported upon by myself: the
birds, by Mr. Henshaw and myself, with the assistance of Mr. Ridgway,
of the Smithsonian Institution ; the reptiles and fishes, by Prof. E. D.
Cope and myself; the insects, by Mr. Ulke, Professor Uhler, Professor
Cresson, Dr. Hagen, Baron Osten-Sacken, Professor Thomas, and Mr.
Edwards; and the shells by Mr. G. W. Tryon, jr., of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences.
The botanical collection has been worked up by Prof. Sereno Wat-
son, of Cambridge, who had charge of, and reported upon, the collection
of 1871.
The Indian crania have been forwarded to the Army Medical Museum,
and we are assured by the officer in charge that the donation is a val-
uable one.
lu 1873, the natural- history party was enabled to take the field early,
and, through the indefatigable exertions of the collectors, results were
secured even exceeding those of the previous year ; the official record
showing the following number of specimens :
*^ Seven Indian crania.
" One hundred and sixty mammals.
*' One thousand and two hundred bird-skins.
" Five hundred birds eggs.
" Twenty-five birds nests.
" Fifty birds crania, skeletons, and sterna.
'* One hundred and forty -five reptiles.
" Five hundred and five fish.
" Five hundred beetles, (Goleoptera,)
" One hundred and fifty butterflies, (Lepidoptera.)
Five hundred grasshoppers, (Orthoptera.)
Thirteen lots of flies, {Biptera.)
" Thirteen lots of bugs, (Semiptera.)
" Twelve lots of worms, leeches, larvae, &c.
" Seven lots of ants, (Formica,)
" Fifty-five lots of shells, land and fresh-water.
" Twenty -four lots of dragon-flies, (Neuroptera.)
" Twenty-eight lots of bees and wasps, (Hymenoptera.)
** Twenty-six lots of spiders, scorpions, &c., {Arachnida.)
" Fifteen thousand plants, embracing at least one thousand and five
hundred species."
This collection contains many new as well as many rare species,
seldom to be found in public museums. As in former years, the plan
has been continued of distributing the specimens to eminent scientists,
and from the majority of these gentlemen reports have already been
received and are now ready for printing.
Thanks are due to the following gentlemen, who have so kindly aided
in many ways, in every case giving their valuable services gratuitously
to the elucidation of scientific- material connected with the expedition,
viz : Prof. Joseph Henry, Prof. 8. F. Baird, Prof. E. D. Cope, Prof. S.
A. Allen, Prof. A. E. Yerrill, Prof. O. C. Marsh, Dr. H. Allen, Dr. H.
Wood, jr.. Dr. George A. Otis, U. S. A., Dr. J. J. Woodward, U. S. A.,
Prof. A. Agassiz, Dr. H. A. Hagen, Mr. W. H. Edwards, Mr. Theodore
L. Mead, Dr. P. H. Uhler, Mr. H. Ulke, Prof. Cyrus Thomas, Prof.
Towuend Glover, Mr. Eobert Ridgwa3% Mr. G. Browne Goode, Prof. E.
T. Cresson, Mr. W. G. Binney, Mr. G. W. Tryon, jr., Prof. Sereno Wat-
son, Mr. Geprge Thurber, Prof. Thomas. P. James, Dr. George Yasey,
(4
110
Baron Osteu-Sackeu, Mr. G. N. Lawrence, Mr. Thomas Bland, Prof. S.
Olney, Mr. R. H. Stretch, Mr. Aug. R. Grote, Dr. William Holclen, Mr.
Edward Norton, Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., Prof. Asa Gray, Mr. J. H.
Milner, Dr. A. S. Packard, jr., Mr. S. C. Scudder, and others.
In conclusion, I beg leave to express thanks for the great interest
manifested in this branch of the work committed to your charge as
well as for the facilities you have always afforded for making collections.
With the hope that, as in the past, the future may find you alive to
the importance of the natural-history wants of the period, I have the
honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
H. C. Yabrow,
Surgeon and Naturalist to Expedition.
Lieut. G. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers^ U, 8. Army,
PHOTOaSAPHS.
As heretofore, a photographer has accompanied the expedition, follow-
ing a route from Santa F6 westward, via Fort Wingate; thence to Camp
Apache, and the vicinity of the Sierra Blanca range, Arizona; thence
northward, via old Fort Defiance, Moquis Pueblos, and the Canons of the
Colorado.
A great variety of negatives, of which a few prints have been taken,
w^ere secured, illustrative of natural scenery, the habits and customs of
the Indian tribes, ancient ruins, &c.
During the season, the executive officers of parties have gained valua-
ble experience in the subjects of observation intrusted to their charge.
The property, purchasing and disbursing branches have been faith-
fully and efficiently filled by Assistants Francis Klett and George M.
Lockwood,
OFFICE.
While the expedition of 1873 was in the field, three draughtsmen and
one computer were employed in the office, and completing results to the
close of the season of 1872, both topographical and meteorological, and
those of 1873 are well advanced.
The great mass of geographical information obtained annually obliges
this method, which proves to be most economic.
CONCLUSION.
The progress and improvement of the survey have passed through suc-
cessive stages since its commencement in 1869. It is believed that in.
its present efficient state it answers a want of the War Department
and the country, and has at it« foundation a judicious economy.
The results are available to other executive departments of the Gov-
ernment than the War Department, and incidentally to the industries of
the region surveyed. While suggesting the propriety of the continu-
ance of the survey, a few of the many classes of information are here
noted, the results from which are believed to be of constant necessity and
usefulness in the War Department:
1st. The published maps, profiles, and compiled distances over pres-
ent and future routes of communication and supply that look to a saving
in cost of transportation of all materials and munitions of war and other
{supplies forwarded through the Quartermaster's Department of the
Ill
Army. As a correct anderstanding of the topographical features of a
country is necessary to all military operations, either in times of war or
peace, the necessity for the acquisition of this information in a system-
atic form at the War Department, and its dissemination through the
different branches of the military service, becomes apparent.
2d. The establishment of routes of communication necessary for the
supply of interior posts. For an understanding of the above, the inter-
lying country requires thorough examination.
3d. Critical routes to be followed in the interchange of troops between
distant stations when demanded.
4th. New and shorter routes for forwarding recruits to their com-
panies and stations.
5th. Routes for scouts pursuing hostile or unfriendly Indians.
6th. The selections of sites for new military posts established in
advance of, or as safeguards to, civilization.
7th. Eoutes for troops when called out for the protection of miners or
settlers.
8th. A knowledge of the resources of the country surrounding the
military establishments, and its capacity for furnishing supplies.
9th. Eoutes of transit when troops are ordered to remote points in aid
of the civil law.
10th. A knowledge of the character and habits of the several Indian
tribes, and their disposition toward each other and toward settlers.
The above are a few of the classes of examinations necessary and
valuable to the several Bureaus of the War Department and to the
commanders of troops in their pioneering into the unoccupied and com-
paratively inaccessible portions of the western interior.
To obtain such information that should be at all times immediately
available for the uses of the War Department, such observations as are
necessary for an accurate delineation and description of the surface and
resources of the area surveyed must be made. This calls for geographical
surveys in their highest and broadest sense.
The position of the cognate branches of science in carrying on so im-
portant a worktnust naturally be subservient to the exact science neces-
sary to the delineation of the surface with accuracy. Meanwhile, the
CO operation of specialists in the branches above referred to will, without
largely increasing the cost, enhance that portion of the results relating
to the resources of the region surveyed, and to them the best facilities
for the prosecution of their inquiries are afforded, as also most excellent
opportunities for the proper application of their results.
In order that the survey may be continued at the standard proposed
in the Progress Report for 1872, the estimate below submitted will be
required to be appropriated, so that one of the units of force may take
the field, and within the year, or shortly thereafter, publish its entire
and complete results.
The survey is capable of expansion to meet the wants of the Govern-
ment, but its operations cannot be made satisfactory except at least
one of the units of force is appropriated for.
The law for the present year admits of the prosecution of the survey
with the force at its disposal in any portion of the area west of the one
hundredth meridian.
The special area for the season of 1874 has been authorized by the
War Department.
Of mountainous areas very little known, whose present and prospect-
ive mining developments indicate that this industry will soon enter
them, are portions of ]S^ew Mexico, represented by that part of atJas-
rectangles 77, 84, 78, and 85, west of the Rio Pecos and east of the Rio
112
Grande ; also, in rectangles 47, 48, and 57, and portions of 65, along the
east base of the Sierra Nevada range.
It is not deemed essential or advisable to have limited long in advance
special areas to be occupied in any one year, although, so far as practi-
cable, the areas of several years should be made to conjoin, yet the
survey should be held as an intact organization, prepared to carry oa
its work in any portion of the interior west of the one hundredth merid-
ian into which it shall be ordered by the War Department.
As the surveys of the General Land-Office are being extended into
the mountainous mining-districts, and as there are boundary-lines be-
tween political divisions yet to be marked, I would suggest the propriety
of an interchange of results between the General Laud-Office and this
survey.
The use of details of the former prevents the necessity of duplication
of work in certain valley-areas, while points could be furnished checking
standard meridians and bases, prominent points on boundary -lines, ini-
tial points for the surveys of mining claims and areas, &c.
The amount required for the prosecution of the field and office work
of the survey for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876, by the unit of
force proposed, is $95,000. No less sum than this can be used with the
same resulting degree of economy.
The probable distribution of expenditures under this appropriation
would be as follows :
Expense of nine parties in field and office $58,000
Transportation, including purchase of animals 8,500
Purchase of materials, outfits, &c 6,500
Subsistence of parties in the field 6, 400
Forage, including winter-herding 7,500
Repairs of instruments 1, 500
Omce-rent, fuel, storage, &c 3, 100
Contingencies, including erection of monuments and observatories at astro-
nomical stations 3, 500
Total 95,000
Amount appropriated to continne explorations and surveys west of t#e one
hundredth meridian for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875 $30,000 00
Amount allotted from balances existing June 30, 1873, and made available
by act approved June 23, 1874 60,000 00
Amount remaining on hand at close of fiscal year endiug June 30, 1874 25, 889 45
Amount required for field and office for fiscal year ending June 30, 1876 95, 000 00
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Geo. M. Wheeler,
First Lieutenant Corps of Engineers^ in charge.
Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys,
Vhief of Engineers^ U. S. Army,
F F 2.
PLAN FOR PUBLICATION OF REPORTS AND MAPS, WITH ESTIMATES.— SUM-
MARY OF PUBLICATIONS TO PRESENT TIME.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
West of the IOOth Meridian,
Washington, D. CJJune 30, 1874.
General : The estimate of $95,000, submitted as tbe amount neces-
sary to continue the work uuder my charge for the fiscal year endiug
113
Jane 30, 1876, covers the expense only of the field and ofBce work of the
survey, but not the publication of maps or illustrations for the survey-
reports.
In the act approved June 23, 1874, the amount of $25,000 was appro-
priated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875, for illustrations for the
volumes to be published.
Tlie greater number of the manu8i».ripts for the six volumes proposed
(see Annual Beport of the Chief of Engineers for 1873, p. 1717) are ready
for the press, and only await the preparation of the illustrations for
the same, which will be begun early in the coming fall.
The necessary changes, in the manner proposed in the last annual
report, for the form and scope of the volumes are as follows : Volume 1
is to include the general report of 1873, and condensed reports upon all
the mining-distrii'ts visited since the year 1871. It should be complete
soon after the return of the expedition of 1874. Volume 2 is to include
reports upon the astronomical stations of 1873. The manuscript will be
ready for the press as soon as the observations necessary for the connec-
tion of the astronomical observatory at (Jgden, Utah, with the U. S. Naval
Observatory at Wajshington, D. C., are computed. Volume 3 is to
embrace the subjects proposed in the annual report of this year. It is
somewhat doubtful whether it can be published during the present fiscal
year. Volume 4, as indicated in the main body of the report, approaches
completion, and ought to be ready for the press by October 10. Th^
examinatiou of fossils and the preparation of reports upon paleontology
are going on while the parties are in the field, and ought to be well
advanced by the 1st of October. This volume will also contain a repoit
upon the vertebrate fossils collected in 1873. Manuscript reports for
volume 6 are nearly ready, and can go forward to the printer during
October.
It has been found impossible to include in the present annual report
total results up to date in the astronomical, meteorological, and topo-
graphical branches, as stated in my last annual report. They are all
brought closely to completion, however; and the reports relating to the
cognate branches of the survey, as therein indicated, will be hereafter
brought out in special form.
The present field-season must necessarily be a short one, and during
the coming year it is deemed possible to establish a complete harmony
between field and office work and results so that, as nearly as possible^
within the fiscal year, the final results shall be placed in publication-
form.
PUBLICATIONS.
Since the inception of the work under my charge, the following sepa-
rate publications other than maps relating thereto have appeared :
Preliminary Report, 1869, (octavo;) Preliminary Report, 1871, (quarto;)
Table of Camps, Distances, &c., 1871 and 1872, (quarto ;) List of Mining-
Quests iis ; List ri Mining-Districts Visited, 1871, 1872, and 1873 ; .^ land-
scape iiud Siereoscopic Views taken in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873;
Preliminary Report upon the Fishes, 1871 and 1872, by Prof. E. D. Cope,
(pamphlet ;) Annotated List of the Birds of Utah, collected in 1872,
(pamphlet.)
The following reports have been submitted to the Engineer Depart-
ment, with a request for their publication, and it is believed have gone
forward to press : Progress Report, 1872 ; Report upon the Botanical
Collections of 1871, 1872, and 1873; Report upon the Ornithological
Collections of 1871 and 1872.
FF— 8
114
A Report upon the Determination of the Astronomical Co-ordinaties
of the Stations at Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Colorado Springs, Col-
orado, quarto, was issued in January, 1874.
MAP-PUBLICATIONS.
Topographical atlas. — An adyanced-sheet issue of this atlas has been
photolithographed during the year. It contains (1) title-sheet, (2) le-
gend-page, (3) basin-chart, (4) progress-map, and sheets !Nos. 50, 58,
59, and 6Q. A 2,000-copy edition has been published, and 486 sets
distributed ; 600 copies of sheets Nos. 50, 58, 59, and 6Q have been
printed on thin paper for preliminary distribution.
Proofs have been presented of sheets Nos. 50, 69, and 66, executed by
the crayon-process. No. 59 is within a few days of completion. In
addition, there are in the hands of the lithographer, of which proofs are
to be furnished soon, (1) index map, (2) general topographical map of
the area west of the Mississippi River, and (3) an explanation-sheet.
Sheets 49 and 67 are in an advanced state of preparation, and go for-
ward soon to the lithographer. Sheets -57, 65, 75, 76, 83, and portions
of 77 and 84, are in process of construction on a scale of one inch to
eight miles. The southeastern, northeastern, and southwestern parts
of sheet 61, and the southeastern quarter of sheet 52, are being con-
structed on a scale of one inch to four miles.
All of the sheets above mentioned wiir doubtless be completed and
published during the coming year. The several photographic copies of
the preliminary maps for office-use are printed by the photographer of
the expedition. There have been made, during the year, issues of the
preliminary maps of 1869 and 1871 and of the office-map of 1872.
There is a large and increasing call for maps of the comparatively
unknown regions west of the one hundredth meridian, and the editioni
already authorized will be insufficient to meet the wants of the present
fiscal year. The atlas of geological maps is referred to in the main
body of the report. From material gathered, fourteen sheets are pro-
posed for publication.
The following estimate for the publication of maps and illustrations
for the reports is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876.
The amount is the same as that appropriated for the present fiscal year.
Tot preparatioD, photolithographing, engraving, and printing atlas and other
topographical maps, including the field-work of 1874 $15, 000
For i)reparation,photdlithograpning, engraving, and printing geological maps,
to inclade the work of the field-season of lt*73 .'*.?.. 2,500
For engraving and printing plate and other illustrations for reports .* 7, 500
Total 25,000
The amount appropriated for engraving and printing illustrations for the reports of
•explorations and 8arve.vs west of the one hundredth meridian, for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1875, is $25,000.
Amount required for the preparation, engraving, and printing of topographical and
geological atlas, maps, and illustrations for reports for the year ending June 30, 1876,
$25,000.
A copy of the progress-map is herewith, showing approximately the
areas surveyed up to the close of the field-season of 1873.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, .
GBORaE M. Wheeler,
Firat Lieut of Engineers^ in charge*
Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys,
Chief of Engineers^ If. S. Army.
115
APPENDIX FF3.
REPORT ON PALEONTOLOGY.
United States Engineer Office,
Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian,
V\(a8hingtonj D. C, October 16, 1874.
General : I have the honer to forward herewith a special report
received from Prof. E. D. Oope, paleontologist to the expedition of this
season, embodying some of the resnlts of his labors in portions of New
Mexico, up to "the 27th of September. This report contains new and
valuable information relative to vertebrate fossil remains.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Geo. M. Wheeler,
Lieutenant ofUngineers, in charge.
Brig. Gen. A. A; Humphreys,
Chief of Engineer 8^ U. 8. Army.
report of prof. e. d. cope, paleontologist.
Camp on Gallinas Creek, September 27, 1874.
Sir : In accordance with your instructions to forward a report of proceedings, I beg
leave to state that I returned to this camp from Tierra Amarilla on the 15th of the
month, and hare remained here ever since. We have been mostly employed in examin-
ing the bad lands of the Eocene of the divide between the Chama and San Juan Rivers,
and in collecting the vertebrate fossils which their beds contain. A little time has
been devoted to the Cretaceous beds forming the rim of the Basin. From the Eocene
beds, more than seventy -five species of vertebrates have been obtained, many of which
are new to science, and others are largely illustrated by additional remains. Four
species of a new order, the Toxodontia, have been discovered, and our knowledge of the
structure of other peculiar forms enlarged, Interesting relations between the Creta-
ceous and Tertiary beds have been observed.
Mr. Shedd has been assisting in making collections and taking his meteorological
observations at the stated times.
The health of the party continues good, and we hope to move camp to another point
ere long.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Edw. D. Cope,
Paleontologist,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Cwps of Engineers, U, 8. A,
Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene lacustrine formations op New Mexico,
INCLUDING descriptions OF CERTAIN NEW SPECIES OF VERTEBRATES, BY PROF.
E. D. Cope, paleontologist to the expedition.
PART L
One of the results of the examinations made during the field-season of 1874 is the
discovery of an extensive series of deposits of Eocene age. These indicate the existence,
during early Tertiary time, of an extensive lake of fresh water in that part of New Mex-
ico now drained by the tributaries of the Chama River on the east and the San Juan
River on the west. This lake received the remains of the fauna of its shores and
other regions adjacent, which have been preserved and obtained by the members of
the expedition detailed by Lieutenant Wheeler for its investigation, in considerable
numbers.
The shore of this lake was formed by rocks of the Cretaceous formation of an age
near the No. 3 of Meek and Hayden. In approaching it from the east, wo traverse
the sandstones of Cretaceous No. 1, both horizontal, and tilted at various angles, and
find No. 2 resting upon it frequently uncouformably, and tilted at higher angles, fre-
116
qiiently 45°, sometimes 50°, to the west and southwest, and containing nnmeroas fossil's,
as InoceramuSj etc. The upper sandstones of this formation pass into a hrackish or
fresh-water formation, which includes a hed of lignite, of sometimes 50 feet in thick-
ness. Above this rests, conformably where seen, a moderate thickness of rather soft
marine rocks, containing numerous shells, Acephaluj Gastropoda^ and CephalapodUf in-
cluding OyaterSy Baculites, and Ammonites resembling A, placenta most, with sharks' teeth.
Besting unconformably on these, with a much reduced dip, is a mass of brown and
reddish sandstones, some 1,500 feet in thickness, inclining perhaps 10° south and
southeast. These pass continuously into the superincumbent red and gray marls, alter-
nating with brown and white sandstone of the fossiliferous beds of the Eocene. The
observed part of these beds is about 1,500 feet in depth.
A considerable number of species of Fertebrata have been obtained, a large majority
of which are Mammalia. While it is premature to attempt to determine fully the
character of the fauna, enough has been ascertained to indicate marked differences
from that of the Bridger group of Wyoming. It is peculiar in the entire absence of
the genus Palceosyopaos, so characteristic of the former, and its replacement by
BathmodoUj which has never been recorded from the Bridger formation. The abun-
dant species of Hyrachyus of the Bridger are here represented by a single one of small
size, which occurs but rarely, while its companion, Hyopaodus, is very rare or wanting.
While gar-remains are abundant in both, the Amiidce and Siluridce have not yet re-
warded our examinations. The characteristic genera of the New Mexican fauna are
JBathmodofif Cope; Hippo»yu8, Leidy ; aud Pheiiacodua, Cope, genera which it shares with
the Bathmodon bed of the Green River formation of the Bear River Wyoming. There is
in all respects so close a resemblance between these deposits as to lead to the belief in.
their horizontal identity, and with other reasons, to ^ive to the southern basin a higher
antiquity than belongs to the celebrated Bridger series. The interesting fact that the
teeth of six or seven species of sharks and one Oatrea have been deposited with the
manmialian remains indicates that the marine Cretaceous rocks formed the coast-mate
rial of this lake, and the earlier period of its deposit is probable on various grounds, to
he considered at a future time. The facts are all confirmatory of the view already ex-
pressed by the writer that the population of the Bridger epoch was derived by migratioa
from a southern region.
• Perhaps the most important addition to paleontological science obtained during the
.course of the investigation is the discovery of four species of two new genera, CaTamo-
don and Ectoganus of Toxodontiaf an order which has not been heretofore identified as
having existed on the North American continent.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
EcTOGANUS GLiRiFORMis, gen. et sp. nor.
Char. gen.. — This genus rests on a number of remains of the crania of three species >
ncluding principally teeth, in a good state of preservation, all found in approp-r/^^e
relations by the writer. The teeth include incisors, molars, and premolars, it is belie v ed,
of both superior and inferior series.
There are two types of gliriform incisor- teeth, and of one of these in the largest
species three sizes. In the one, the teeth are elongate, compressed, convex in both direc-
tions on the anterior ; are convex or angulato in section at the posterior face. In all,
the enamel is confined to a band on the anterior face, extending yiore or less on one
side or the other, the naked dentine extending prominently backward at the middle
and basal portion of the shaft.
In the larger size, this portion is subacute behind; in the smaller, obtuse. Teeth of
this type are of three sizes, the smaller two the most compressed and with narrowest
enamel. Those of the second type are of one, an intermediate size, and are shorter
than those of the others and less compressed. One of their faces is concave in both
directions, and' is covered with enamel from the apex of the tooth for some distance
posteriorly. From its terminus on the concave side, the enamel borders retire to the
sides of tlie convex front.
There are three molars of the superior and many of the inferior series available for
present determination. The superior are all remarkurble for the great exposure of their
external faces as compared with their internal, and the extension of the enamel on the
outer face of the very thick external root, which is not distinguished from the crown.
The true molar has three roots, and the crown is longer antero-posteriorly than trans-
versely. It consists of two transverse tubercular ridges, connected by a medium oblique
longitudinal ridge. The premolars have two of the roots connate, forming a support
to the greater part of the crown. The worn surface is in form something like the
Greek w, the deep emargination being internal. The inferior molars have greater
antero-posterior than transverse diameters. The enamel is more extended on one side
than the other, covering the exposed portions of the roots. The grinding surface is
plane, and has the form of a horizontal cg ; the limbs being angulate, as in the Greek 2.
It isimpossible to determine the affinities of this curious genus with the material
117
at present in my hands, bat it is evidently nearer to the South American Toxodouj
Owen, and T)/potheriumy Gervais, than anything yet discovered in the North American
Tertiaries. It is no donbt related to the Anchippodus^ Leidy, and TiUotlmnum Marsh,
(which Marsh observes may be identical,) bat difters from both in many points of the
dentition.
Char, specif. — All the incisors are regularly convex in front. The surface of attrition
of the large ones trnncate, of the small ones oblique. The section of the large ones
near the base is diamond-shaped, with one acute angle truncate and the other rounded.
There are some shallow grooves on the sides, and on one side a more pronounced longi-
tudinal shallow angulation. The enamel of these and of all the molars is smooth, and
there are no cingnla on the latter. The transverse crests of the unworn true molars
support two tubercles, and the inner extremities of the crests of the premolars are pro-
duced in accordance with the oblique wearing of the incurved crown in mastication.
Measurements.
M.
Length of incisor, largest, type 1 043
Width of incisor, largest, type 1 013
Depth of incisor, largest, type 1 018
Length of incisor, medium, type 1 034
Width of incisor, medhim, type 1 006
Depth of incisor, medium, type 1 014
Depth (?) of incisior, last, type 1 009
Width of incisor, last, type 1 004
Length of incisor, type 2 031
Width of incisor, type 2 006
Length of enamel of face externally 013
Length of enamel of face posteriorly 005
Length of crown of posterior upper molar 016
Width of crown of posterior upper molar 012
Length of crown of posterior lower molar 012
Width of crown of posterior lower molar 009
Size about that of a fully-grown hog, (Sus soropha.)
Portions of several individuals have been found.
Calamodon simplex, gen. et sp. nov.
Char. gen.—'Mol&T teeth subcylindric, prismatic, rootless ; the crown only distinguished
by its investiture of enamel, which exhibits a weak marginal inflection for a portion
of the length. Enamel exteuding in a band on one or both sides of the tooth to the
base. Incisors rodent-like, curved, with a band of enamel on the anterior face, and
obliquely-truncate extremity.
A number of specimens, probably representing this genus, have been found, and I
selebt SLB typical those of an individual in which the molar and incisor teeth occurred
together. The form is evidently allied to Eotoganus, as the close resemblance of the
incisor teeth demonstrates, but the molars are of a much more simple type than any-
thing yet discovered in this group, imitating superficially those of some Edentata.
Char, specif. — Molar (? superior) longitudinally bent, the convex (outer) face covered
with enamel to the base. Enamel extending a much shorter distance on the inner
face, and soon worn through by attrition on one of the other faces. Section of the
base of crown a subquadrate oval. A slight inflection of enamel on the inner and a
still weaker one on the (?)po8terior border of the triturating face. Enamel with slight
longitudinal ridges. Incisor much curved, strongly convex in transverse section, the
enamel obscurely longitudinally ridged on both sides near the border. Section of one
side slightly concave.
These and other specimens indicate an animal at least as large as the American tapir.
Measurements,
Length of a molar 042
Diameter of the same 015
Diameter of incisor, transverse 019
Calamodon arcamcenus, sp. nov.
This TrosDodont is represented by a portion of the skeleton of a specimen including sev-
eral teeth, and most probably by portions of another, which includes a large and per-
fect inferior incisior-tooth. Thetbimer displays the alveoli for molars and incisors,
118
showing the one-rooted character of those of the lowet jaw, and 'the deep implantation
of the incisor helow the antepenultimate molar. The number of molars indicated by
the ramus is five, the anterior in close contact with the single large incisor. The mo-
lars are subqnadrate in section, the last a little longer than broad. The only one in
which the crown is preserved exhibits a short crown, with its inferior enamel border
notched on two, and oblique on two sides, and the external layer of the root swollen
above it all round. The summit of the crown is worn, and is divided subequally by a
transverse, rather shallow, groove. One division of the crown exhibits two dentinal
areas in transverse line, the other three small ones in a curved line. The extremity of
the curved incisor is rodent-like, and regularly convex on the anterior face and entirely
smooth. The posterior or grinding face is convex in cross-section.
A large lower incisor of another individual is about five inches in length and one and
a half in depth, without the increase of elevation of the superior or interior edge, as is
seen in Ectoganus gliriformis. This edge is obtusely rounded, and instead of being
obliquely leveled to meet the masticatory surface of the extremity, is abruptly trun-
cate, the masticating face turning off at one side of the shaft. The enamel is smooth
and of equal width and convexity throughout.
Measurements,
M.
Elevation of crowp of molar '. 013
Length of crown of molar 015
Width of crown of molar , 013
Diameter of incisor™. 010 froui tip , 013
Length of. series of five molars 090
Depth of jaw at third molar 055
Thickness of jaw at third molar 035
Calamodon novomehicanus, sp. nov.
Represented by a superior incisor-tooth of a species of smaller size than either of
those already described, and differing in various respects from those of the C, simplex y
of which a fine specimen has been obtained since it was first described. Both anterior
and posterior edges are protected by a convex band of enamel ; and the triturating sur-
face is tran verse in the direction of the depth, and oblique in that of the width. The shaft
Increases in depth toward the root and is longitudinally concave on one face and con-
vex on the other. The enamel bands are most extended on the convex face, and unite
on that side round the triturating face and present an abrupt emargination on the
middle of their convex border. The other, being formed of dentine only, is deeply
worn by attrition.
Meamirements,
M.
Length of fragment 038
Depth at fracture 018
Depth at grinding face » Oil
Width at grinding face 0O9
This species differs from the supposed C. simplex in this incisor in other respects tlian
in the smaller size. The latter is concave on both sides, and on the lower border ; the
former convex on one side, and on the lower border.
EsTHONYX BISULCATUS, gcii. et sp. nov.
Char. gen. (f). — Incisors of two forms; the inferior subgliriform, but not growing
from persistent pulps ; the enamel covering a long and narrow external vertical face,
and terminating above the alveolus, thus distinguishing crown and root. The other
form of (?)incisor with the apex encased in enamel, but extending much farther on the
outer than the inner side ; the crown compressed, not wider than the root. Molars
supporting two V's with rounded apices directed outward, the posterior soon wearing
into a triangle lower than the anterior. The anterior elevated and transverse only-
distinguished from a triangle by a notch on the inner side. Last lower molar with
this anterior transverse triangle, a diagonal ridge and a heel with raised border.
The type of this genus is Ectoganus hisulcatus, Cope, and a second species is E. hurmeis-
feriif Cope. It differs from Ectoganus as well as from Anchippodus in the far less gliri-
forni character of the incisor teeth, which- may be compared with the extremities of the
slender fingers of some monkeys with narrow nails.
Char, specif. — A species about"the size of the CapyharaU represented by the greater part
of the dentition of the lower jaw, which includes representatives of both kinds of incis-
ors already described under the characters of the genus. The rodent-like form is less typi-
cal of the genus than in the E. glirifomiis in being rather shorter and furnished with a
less extensive external enamel-plate. The dentinal column projects well internally ,
giving the tooth % regularly oval section. The incisor of the second form has the iu-
119
temal as well as the external enamel-face, and the former possesses a longitudinal an-
gle bounding its concavity. The grinding-face of the molars and some of the premo-
lars is OD -shaped as in the other species, but the anterior limb of the figure is much
thickened on the inner face, so as to have a triangular form, the base being inward.
This base is notched by a second groove of that side of the tooth, which interruption
is obliterated by prolonged attrition. This portion of the crown is elevated above the
posterior, in consequence of the more rapid removal of the latter by trituration. The
large internal and external grooves continue nearly to the base of the crown, as in the
larger species. The last inferior molar is longer than the others, and is three-lobed,
forming by its base nearly an isoceles triangle. The heel is formed by the backward
production of the posterior convexity of the gq , the central line of the figure forming
a diagonal ridge across the middle of the tooth.
The mandibular ramus is of a deep compressed form.
Meaaurements.
M.
Length of three consecutive molars 0250
Length of last two molars ^ 0210
Length of penultimate molar 00S4
Width of penultimate molar 0062
Length of last molar 0112
Width of last molar 0070
Length of incisor, second form 0250
Diameter of incisor, second form - 0050
Diameter of incisor, first form, transverse 0030
Diameter of incisor, first form, antero-posterior 0070
ESTHONYX BURMKISTERU, Sp. nOV,
A species more nearly allied to the E. hisulcatus than to the type of the genus is
represented by a portion of the right mandibular ramus, with the last molar tooth in
perfect preservation. While the jaw is of depth similar to that of the E. biaulcatuSy it
is more slender in it9 proportions. The mol«r, also, while of nearly the same length, is
relatively narrower, especially in its anterior portion. The crown of this tooth is worn
in the specimen, and the anterior portion is elevated above the posterior, and displays
a trace of the notch of the inner margin already observed in the species last described.
The composition of the tooth is similar in other respects. No cingular; enamel
smooth.
Meaaurements.
M.
Length of last lower molar •- 009
Length of last lower molar from anterior tubercles 0060
Wi^tliJ anteriorly 0050
^^^^^\ posteriorly 0025
Depth of ramus at last molar 0240
This species is dedicated to Prof. Hermann Bumieister, director of the museum of
Buenos Ayres, who has studied the group of Toxodoniidcey and given us an excellent
account of their osteology.
ESTHONYX ACER, «p. WOP.
Cliur, »pecif. — ^Established on a portion of the lower jaw, in which the last four pre-
molars remain. They resemble those of the species already named, except in the ante-
rior one of the series. This tooth in E. acer assumes the form of a premolar, tha
posterior V becoming a curved median cutting edge, and the anterior V opening into a
crescentoid section ; it rises to an acuminate apex, having thus a rather sectorial char-
acter. In the last three molars, there is a small tubercle at the inner base of the pos-
terior limb of the anterior V. Posterior V much lower ; enamel smooth.
Meaauremenis,
M.
Length of four last molars 035
Length of three last molars 026
Length of penultimate molars 008
Width of penultimate molars 005
Length of last molar Oil
Width of last molar .005
Depth of jaw at last molar 020
This species difi;ers from the E. hisulcatus in the modified form of the last premolar ;
in the latter, it is relatively larger and more like the true molars. The last molar of
E. acer is more like that of the E. hurmeisteiiij but the mandibular ramus of that species
is relatively much deeper and similar to that of E, bisulcatiM,
120
ESTHONYX MITICULU8, «p. flOV,
Represented by portions of mandibniar rami of three or fonr individaals of mnch
spialler size than any of those referred to the species already described. There are
represented two premolars and three molars ; other teeth are lost. The molars diifer
from those of the three species named in lacking the notch or groove on the inner side
of the anterior triangle of the crown, which constitutes it a V in those species, giving
the worn surface a more simply sigmoid form ; the anterior portion is, moreover, not
materially more elevated than the posterior. The lust molar has a large heel, an inner
and two anterior tubercles when little worn. The premolars preserved are each two-
rooted, the last is like the correponding one in E. acer, the penultimate without heel or
inner tubercles.
MeasuremenU,
M
Length of three true molars, (No. 1) 0120
Length of two last premolars, (No. 2) 0064
Length of first true molar, (No. 1) 0040
Width of first true molar, (No. 1) 0030
Depth of ramus at first true molar, (No. 1) 0080
The worn surfaces of the first and second true molars are much like those of the cor-
responding teeth of Menotherium, Cope. That genus differs in the reduced form of the
last inferior molar and in the premolars.
Meniscotherium chamense, gen. et sp. nov.
Char. gen. — Molars three, with two continuous external crescents and two internal
tubercles, except on the posterior, where there is but one, the anterior couic tubercle.
The posterior tubercles on the other molars crescentoid in section. A well-developed,
crescent between the anterior tubercle and anterior crescent, and an oblique crest
extending from the latter to the adjacent horn of the posterior inner tubercle. Two
external crescents on the last premolar.
This genus presents a curious combination in the structnre of its molars of the
character of PalceosyopSj HyopoiamuSy and Sipposyus. It is exceptional among the
ungulates of the same fauna in the number of crescents of the molars.
Char, specif.— JjSLBt molar with the oblique inner posterior crest terminating at the
posterior margin of the crown. Prominent external ribs at the point of connection of
the external crescents of the crown. No ciugula ; enamel entirely smooth.
^MeasuremenU,
M.
Length (externally) of last four molars 029
Length of true molars »... .022
Length of penultimate .,- 009
Width of penultimate 010
This animal was about the size of the raccoon, and probably had the habits of tho
tapirs.
Bathmodon 8IMUS, «p. nov.
Represented by the remains of a great number of individuals, including all parts of
the skeleton, dentition, &.Q., but especially by one of the most complete of these, which
possesses, among other portions, the premaxillary bones. These indicate a species very
distinct from the B. rculianSy Cope, and one approaching the MetaJophodon armatus in the
structure of the molar teeth.
The canine teeth have cylindric roots and trihedral crowns, the section of the latter
forming a nearly equilateral spherical triangle. The crown of the inferior canines are
shorter, and have one concave side. The superior molars support two crests, which are
nearly parallel on the single and last tooth of this type. The postt^rior crest is com-
posed*^ of two portions, the posterior conic and the anterior flatter, and which becomes
the external posterior crescent on the penultimate molar. The anterior cingular crest
is very well developed on the last lower molar.
The premaxillary bone is short and stout, and descends steeply from an elevated
front, presenting its three teeth downward. The canine follows closely from an ele-
vated rib on the side of the face. Behind it is a considerable diastema. The humerus
is a very stout bone, and the femur is rather slight in comparison with it.
Measurements,
M.
Length of bases of last three molars 083
Length of basis of last molar 026
Width of basis of last molar 035
121
M.
Diameter of caniDe at base 025
Length of pen ultimate inferior molar 030
Width of penultimate inferior molar 021
Individ nals of larger size than the above are more common. Measurements of one
of these are :
M,
Length of last superior molar 032
Width of last superior molar 043
Diameter of crown of canine, (another species) 030
r
This is the especially characteristic large mammal of this fauna, and must; have
existed in herds.
Bathmodon molestus, sp, nov.
Established on remains of one species and probably respresented by those of others
in possession of the expedition. The teeth differ in several important respects from
those of S, radians and B. simus. Thus the canine is quite compressed in the coronal
portion, and is uan'ow triangular in section, the narrow base of the triangle being con-
cave ; that is, the section of a strong groove, which is bounded by a sharp edge on each
side. The edge proper of the crown is also duplicated by a ridge of the enamel,
which joins it at an acute angle. The last upper molar is characteristic in its wide
crown, the posterior usually transverse crest being curved so as to represent the seg-
ment of a circle, the convexity posterior. The ramus of the lower jaw is very slen-
der. The posterior inferior molar is large, and has subequal transverse Orests. The
posterior cingulum, which descends from the external angle, is moderately developed
on both of the crests.
• In a young specimen of this or an allied species of Bathmodotij the deciduous tooth
which is replaced by the last premolar has two external crescents; an interesting
point of resemblance to the Perisaodactyle ungulates.
Measurements.
M.
Width of anterior crest of last inferior molar , .023
Width of anterior <;rest of superior molar 039
Length of superior molar 029
Antero-posterior diameter of crown of canine 022
Transverse diameter of crown of canine 013
Depth of mandible at last lower molar .050
Bathmodon lomas, sp. nov.
The very numerous remains of the genns Bathmodon obtained are referrible to several
species^ as indicated especially by the teeth. The present form is characterized among
other points by the form of the last inferior molar. The anterior crest is much more
elevated than the posterior, with its inner apex almost a cone, with anterior, thick,
revolute border. The usual oblique cingulum descends from the outer apex forward.
The longitudinal ridge connecting the crests is low but distinct, while the posterior
cingnlar ridge is remarkably large. This, which constitutes one of the specific marks,
is extended horizontally so as to form a broad ledge, whose border is a segment of a
circle. Enamel roughened with five ridges on all the external surfaces. Tooth well
worn by prolonged use.
Measurements,
M.
Length of crown 041
Width of crown anteriorly ^ 027
Width of posterior crest 022
Elevation of posterior crest Oil
Elevation of anterior crest 024
Bathmodon elephantopus, sp. nov.
The most abundant species of the New Mexican Eocene formation, and of the largest
size, exceeding in this respect both the B. simus and B. molestus. I describe at present the
last molars of both superior and inferior series. The former is a transverse oval, slightly
swollen on the posterior border external to the middle point. The two crests are par-
allel, the anterior as usual curving round to the inner extremity of the shorter poste-
rior, and leaving a wide interval between them. The posterior is not divided, but is
elevated at the extremities. Anterior cingulum strong, posterior obsolete, excepting on
the external border, where it sends a low ridge to the elevated extremity of the anterior
crest. Exteroanterior to this ridge is a shallow fossa. Enamel very slightly rugose.
The posterior lower molar exhibits a great disparity of elevation of the crests, the
anterior being high, and terminating on the inner side in an elevated cone. The con-
122
nectinf^r ridge is low, and there is only a trace of a desceadiog posterior cingolam on
the posterior crest.
MeaswremenU»
Width of last superior molar 040
Length of last superior molar 030
Length of last inferior molar 039
Width of last inferior molar 026
Elevatioa of posterior crest of inferior molar 015
Elevation of anterior crest of inferior molar 025
A remarkably fine skeleton of a species of this genus, discovered by my friend and
assistant, William G. Shedd. exhibits characters heretofore only inferential, and dem-
onstrates the correctness of a number of positions heretofore based on a few fragment-
ary bones. The feet exhibit proboscidian characters throughout. They are very short
and plantigrade, and there are five digits on the bind foot. The calcaneura is recurved
inward, and th^ astragalus flat above. The navicular is transverse and very thin,
while the cuboid is subequilateral. The metatarsals are short, and the phalanges much
wider than long. The cranium remarkably resembles that of a carnivorous animal in
its massive expanded zygomas and huge canine tusks. It differs remarkably from this
type, and shows its affinity to Vintatherium in the broad plane of the upper cranial wall,
with overhanging marginal crests for the attachment and protection of the temporal
and neck muscles. These crests do not support horns. The muzzle is contracted at
the diastema, thus rendering more prominent the ridges which mark the position of
the alveoli of the tusks. The latter are directed downward, giving the profile the
pick-ax-like form of that of Uintatherium^ though more robust in its proportions than
the latter. The length of this skull is 19 inches ; the width at the zygomas 13.
Phenacodus prialevus. Cope.*
Char, gen, — The genus PhenacodttB was first recognized by the writer in a posterior
inferior molar of a mammal of about the size of a bog, of unknown affinities, which
was named P. pnmcBmia. Specimens of the same species, embracing the dentition of
both jaws, having been procured in the Eocene of New Mexico, I am prepared to add
to the characters of the genus.
There are three molars in each jaw, and the specimens include two premolars, which
form a. continuous series, as in Achwnodon. There are four principal tubercle^ on the
inferior molars and sometimes a third small one between the posterior pair, always on
the. last one,, which is, however, not largely developed. The first inferior premolar
presents a broad heel, ji double medium, tubercle, and an anterior tubercle, (in P. pi^
mcevus.) The crowns of the superior molars are low and broad, and support num6rous
tubercles; these are low and vary in number, but there are two near the external bor-
der whi6h are quite constant. They have general resemblances to those of hogs, bears,
and monkeys. The first true molar is broader than long, and there are no diastemata
between it and the premolars, or between the latter, which are qnadri-, and tri-cuspid,
respectively. The forms of these teeth are entirely different from those of the corre-
sponding teeth in Eloiherium,
Char, Hpedf. — The posterior molar of the left side is wide in front and regularly oval
in posterior outline, and has two equal anterior and three unequal posterior tubercles.
One of the posteriors is situated near the middle of the outer side, and is separated from
the adjacent anterior by a deep groove. The corresponding inner tubercle is more pos-
terior ; anterior tubercles low, trihedral, and connected by a shelf-like cingnlum across
the front of the tooth ; rudimental cingula on outer side of crown. The penultimate
molar has three tubercles on the posterior border ; and a deep fissue, corresponding to
that of the last molar, separates one of them from the anterior tubercle.
Measurements,
M.
Length of last molar 015
Width J anteriorly Oil
) between two posterior tubercles 005
Elevation of anterior cusp from base 008
Width of penultimate molar behind *. 010
From the same locality as the preceding species.
Phenacodus omnivorus, sp, nov.
Superior molar with low and broad tubercular crown, with outline of base parallelo-
grammic, with one end oblique; the oblique end with two principal low tubercles,
«
Paleontological Bulletin, No. 17, p. 3, October 25, 1873.
123
which form the extpemities of two series of similar ones, some of which arise from
the strong cingnlum which forms part of the sammit of the crown.
Char, — Molar without cingulum on the (?) outer side only ; ele where very strong and
crenate, at one point rising into a stout, low tnhercle. The largest tubercle is near
this, on the inner summit of the crown, and is connected with the larger outer by a
low, broad tubercle. A smaller one intervenes between the cingular tubercle and the
smaller external. The outer tubercles low and broad, a smaller one opposite the inter-
nal between them in the position of a cingulum. Enamel coarsely rugose.
Meaauremenis,
M.
Transverse diameter 014
Longitudinal 010
Distance between apices of inner and outer tubercles 007
Elevation of cingulum 004
Elevation of outer cusp 005
The tooth described is about the size of the posterior iuferior molar of the black
bear, ( Ur8U8 amerioamis.)
Phenacodus sulcatus, «p. nor.
Represented especially by the molar tootlT corresponding to that above described
under the head of P. omnivwuSy in good preservation. It is a species considerably less
than hal£ the size of the one just named, and presents several important differences of
structure. Of the two outer tubercles, one is very small, and there is a third adjacent
to the larger, produced by the eulargement of the cingulum. As in P. omnivoruSy the
cingulum extends entirely round the remainder of the crown, and is tubercular on the
side of the least outer tubercle. The inner tubercle is connected with the larger outer
by an intermediate of elongate form, so that the series when worn down resembles the
transverse ridge of the superior molar of Hypoayus, and which is separated by a groove
j&om the cingular ridge on each side.
Measurements,
M.
Transverse diameter - ■ .008
Longitudinal diameter 006
Distance bet ween apices of inner and outer tubercles OO4
Elevation of cingulum 002
Eleyation of outer cusp 003
Size similar to that of the corresponding tooth of a Coati,
OxYJBNA. LUPIN A, gen, et sp. nov.
Represented by a portion of the cranium, which includes the greater part of the denti-
tion. The generic characters are, three premolars and four molars above and below ;
lower premolars with anterior cone and posterior cutting heel ; last premolar and all
the molars of the superior series with an internal heel ; the last molar transverse ; first
and second upper molars with an anterior cone and posterior cutting lobe ; the penul-
timate with two anterior acute cones, the posterior forming a sectorial edge with the
posterior lobe ; last superior molar trenchant.
Mandibular dentition, L, 0; C, 1; P. M., 3; M., 3; the canine teeth directed forward
and upward without intervening incisors. First premolar one-rooted; second and
third consisting of an anterior elevated cone, and- posterior heel, which is elevated in
the middle.
The first true molar is nearly similar, with the posterior tubercle sharp edged. Last
two molars with an anterior elevated portion and small low heel ; the former consisting
of three acute tubercles, of which the largest or interior forms with the anterior a sec-
torial blade oblique to the axis of the mandibular bone.
This genus has one less molar with double median cones than Prototomus. It. is one
of the flat-clawed group, of which two forms have already been described, Mesonyx,
CopC; and Synoplotherium, Cope, which present in their dentition a nearer resemblance
to the genus Hyosnodon than to any other of later age. It differs from both the genera
named in having only six molar teeth, *and the triangular type of inferior sectorial
teeth has not yet been obtained among them. The O. forcipata is the larger species ;
the smallest one described by me is the Oxywna morsitans. In Stypolophus brevicalca-
ratuSf I find three sectorials of the form described instead of two only.
Char, specif, — The posterior cutting lobes of molars 1 and 2 elevated and rather obtuse,
that of molar 3 lower and more acute. Molar 2 has a well-marked anterior tubercle ;
molar 4 consists of an outer cutting edge and inner cone. The inner tubercle of molar 3
lU
is smaller than in the three teeth precedinji:. First lower premolar well developed with
one root. Enamel of all the teeth, especially of the canines, rugose.
This species is allied to those of the genus Pterodon,
•
Measurements,
M.
Length of four posterior superior molars 055
Length of first true molar 016
Width of first true ftiolar 015
Length of second true molar 016
Width of third (transverse) molar ,
Length of five anterior inferior molars 054
This species is intermediate in size hetween the O. fordpata and O. morsitans. The
Senultiraate inferior molar differs from that of hoth these species in the much weaker
evelopment of the internal lateral tubercle and more obtuse anterior tubercle ; in
O. fordpata the blade is continued on the front of this tubercle.
Two specimens embracing five series of teeth have been examined by the writer ; the
measurements given are those of the smaller.
OXY-ENA MORSITANS, Sp, TIOV.
The genus of flesh-eating mammals, described in 1872 under the name of Stypolophus,
presents a type of dentition which is further illustrated by the present addition of new
species much larger than any hitherto known to possess it. Those described are in
the order of size : S. insectworuSj S. pungensj and S, hrevicalcaratuSf Cope. The present
new species is twice the bulk of the last. It is represented by broken mandibles w^ith
molars and canines of two specimens, and part of the maxillary dentition of a third.
The molar, which is typical of the genus, in its subtriangular basis supporting three
elevated cusps, and a short heel, is evidently functionally the sectorial, what-
ever its homological relations may be. In the present instance, the inner posterior
cusp is mnch reduced, while there is a small additional cusp on the front of the ante-
rior near its basis. The trihedral outer posterior forms a cutting edge with the large
outer anterior, which is produced forward. A posterior molar exhibits a correspond-
ing tricuspidate portion, and a more elongat<e heel, with acute circumference. In a
premolar, the posterior heel becomes trenchant and median. The canine is very stout
and compressed at basis. The enamel in. all the teeth is more or less rugose.
Measurements.
M.
Length of base of crown of sectorial tooth... 014
Width of base of crown of sectorial tooth 009
Elevation of principal cusps 01.5
Elevation of inner posterior cusps .007
Length of basis of posterior molar 012
Width of basis of posterior molar 007
Length of heel of posterior molar 005
Elevation of principal cusps Oil
Elevation of anterior cusps 006
Long diameter of canine at base 018
The maxillary series belongs to a still larger animal. The sectorial presents the
same form as that of the mandibular series, and is more robust in form than in existing
Camivora. The section of the middle crests is very convex on the inner side, so that the
shear is oblique. The heel is small and low. The premolar preceding has a large,
broad heel. In another premolar, the heel supports a median crest,, while the anterior
part of the crown is a slightly-compressed cone, with a small tubercle at the anterior
^ase. Other specimens indicate that this species lacks the inferior incisor teeth.
OXY-ENA FORCIPATA, sp. nOV.
Char, sped/, — Mandibular rami robust and deep, with the symphysis short, and the
chin contracted. The canine tooth forms a vertical oval in section. The first one-
rooted premolar is a st.out tooth ; there is no anterior basal tubercle on the second and
third premolars, but a distinct one on the first^true molar. There is a small tubercle
at the base of the anterior lobe of the last or* second sectorial molar. This tooth is
larger than the penultimate. The enamel of all the teeth is quite rugose, although
they are well worn by use.
Corresponding characters are exhibited by four specimens of this species, one of
which includes portions of the upper jaw. All the bones are particularly massive,
and there is a high parietal crest, a fair indication of the size of the temporal muscles.
Additional specimens of the Oxycena morsitansy Cope^ show that it differs in the
reduced size of the sectorial molars, and the very small first premolar, which is quite
rudimental.
125
Measurements,
Length of inferior dental series .103
Depth of ramus git last molar 040
Depth of ramus at second premolar 030
Diameter of canine tooth 019
Length of premolar series , 035
Length of base of penultjrmate molar 016
Length of base of last molar 019
Width of base of last molar. 012
Elevation of crown of last molar 019
Length of superior last molar ; 020
Width of superior last molar 013
•
This animal differs in specific characters from the Wyoming carnivores, already re-
ferred to, in the greater robustness of all its parts. From Synoplotherium lanius^ it also
differs in the regular increase backward in the size of the molars. In the Wyoming
species the penultimate is largest in the lower jaw.
The fragments of the Oxycena fo7'cipata are as large as corresponding parts of the
jaguar.
Pachyjsxa ossifraga, gen, et sp, nov.
Char*, gen. — Established on a single superior molar tooth of a large carnivore, ap-
parently allied tp the group of flat-clawed Camivora. It is either the last premolar
or first true molar. It is characterized by the absence of the cutting edge seen in the
allied genera, and its replacement by a conic tubercle.
The principal lobe is also a cone, and the inner one a perfect cone, a little less ele-
Tated than the principal one.
Char, specif . — Crown with well-developed anterior and posterior basal tubercles;
no ciuguli, either internal or external. Enamel slightly rugose.
Measuremenls.
M.
Length of crown 020
Width of crown 018
Elevation of anterior basal tubercle 006
Elevation of central cone Oil
Elevation of interior cone - 010
•
This is the largest carnivore yet observed in this formation, and of peculiar charac*
ter ; its structure indicating a diet not purely carnivorous.
PROTOTOMUS VIVERRINU8, gcn. et sp. nav. •
Char. gen. — Three true molars in the maxillary bone ; premolars compressed, the last
of the upper series triangular in form ; each angle enlarged ; the center of the crown
with a compressed conic tubercle. First and second true molars triangular, with a
tubercle at each angle, and two adjacent cones in th (tenter. The tubercle of the pos-
terior angle forms a slight sectional edge with the posterior of the central pair. Last
(third molar) transverse, with a median cone. Supposed mandible with the posterior
two molars tubercular ; the anterior tubercles similar to the posterior.
This genus is evidently allied to the Viverndw, differingfrom Viverra,»o far as known,
in the simple character of the last two inferior molars. From Limnoeyon it differs, acr
cording to Professor Marshes descriptions, in possessing three instead of two superior
true molars, or, if we include with these the last premolar, as does Professor Marsh,
four instead of three. According to Professor Marsh, the tubercuMr molars in his
Vulpavus are generally similar to those of the existin.j; genus Cant .. Prototorniis pre-
sents the number of superior molars seen in Amphicyon.
Char, specif. — The P. viverrinus is established on a considerable part of the cranium
and skeleton of one individual in good preservation. The last upper premolar is tri-
radiare, having concave and subequal sides. The first molar is as broad as long, and
is triangular, presenting aright angle outward and forward.
The second molar is broader than long, and presents an acute tubercle on the ante-
rior border between the inner and anterior median cones. There is a tubercle at
the inner and outer extremities of the base of the last molar. No cmgulum on the pos-
terior or outer sides of the last premolar. External cones of the la^t two inferior mo-
lars aubcrescentic in section ; anterior inner obsolete ; posterior inner prominent.
126
MeasuremenU,
M.
Length of last five molars , 0250
Leogtb of trne-molar series 0135
Length of last premolar 0060
Width of last premolar 0050
Length of penultimate molar 0050
Width of penultimate molar 0068
Width of last molar .* 0047
Length of last two inferior molars 0090
About the size of the domestic cat.
PrOTOTOMUS INSIDI06US, «p. HOT.
Represented in thd collections of the survey by parts of the maxillary bone and both
mandibular rami with teeth. The species is much less than the pre^^eding, and differs
materially in the forms of the teeth. The two anterior tubercles of the tubercular
molars are similar and approximated ; the posterior slightly divergent, and on the last
tooth inclosing a third of small size. The last premolar has a broad heel and stout
anterior cone, but no anterior tubercle. The tooth immediately preceding is much
smaller, and also possesses a heel. The mandibular ramus is particularly slender, and
the angle is not inflected.
MeasuremenU.
Length of last two inferior molars .• 0060
Length of last molar 0034
Width of last inferior molar 0020
Depth of ramus at last inferior molar 0045
Length of last premolar .0030
Elevation of last premolar .0028
Prototomus jARROvn, «p. nov.
This Carnivore is of considerably larger proportions than either of the preceding. It
is readily recognized as pertaining to the same genus by the identical form of the last
two inferior molars, which are quite different from the corresponding ones in Oxycena
and other genera. These indeed, with the portion of the mandibular ramus which sup-
ports them, are the only well-preserved remains of this animal as yet in our possession.
Th6y indicate an animal of the size of the gray fox. In the last molar, the inner ante-
rior tubercle is double, though low and obtuse. It differs from that in the species last
enumerated in the presence Of only two tubercles on the posterior portion of the crown
instead of three, one being terminal and the other on the middle of the outer side.
There are but two on the posterior end of the penultimate tooth, and all are low and
unconnected excepting by the distinct rim of the crown. The center of the crown is
thus concave. The rim is interrupted by notches between.the tubercles on the outer
side. No cingulum on inner, a weak one on outer side. Enamel smooth.
The form of the molars is rather stout, and the ramus is thick and uot deep, and
with broad, simple, lower border below the molars.
Me(Murenwnt8,
M.
Length of last lower molar 0070
"ws/ifK S anteriorly 0045
^^^^^^\ posteriorly 0020
Width of penultimate behind 0050
Elevation of anterior cusp of last 0030
Depth of ramus at last molar 0140
This species is dedicated to my friend Henry C. Yarrow, M. D., to whom was com-
mitted the charge of that party of the survey to which I was attached, and to whose
zeal in the cause of the natural sciences the success of the special expedition is largely
due.
LiMNOCYON PR0TENU8, «p. IMW.
A civet-like Carnivore represented by one entire and a portion of the other mandibu*
lar ramus, with teeth well preserved, agrees in generic characters with the species
referred by Professor Marsh to his genus Limnocyon, but diifers from them all in its
superior size. The molars are ^, but the first molar is like the premolars of the Ca-
vidw, except in a slight widening of its posterior basis by the development of a broad
cingulum on the inner side and round the basal lobe behind. From this point it ex-
tends forward on the outer side to the beginning of the anterior basal lobe, and there
I
127
ceases. The second molar has the anterior portion elevated, supporting three cusps and
a large heel, with lateral aud sub-median cutting edges. The last xnolar is smaller,
elongate, oval, and two-rooted, with marginal posterior, intermarginal external, and
two anterior tubercles, of which the inner is bifid. The ramus is slender, and the
symphysis elongate. The angle is not incurved. First premolars one-rooted.
Measurements.
M.
Length of dental series 06d0
Lieugth of four premolars .- 0340
Length of first molar .0105
Length of second molar 0100
Width of second molar : 0055
Length of third molar 1 OOdO
Width of third molar in front 0040
Depth of ramus at third premolar 0130
Depth of ramus at last molar 0150
Alligator chamensis, «p. nov.
Represented by portions of the mandibular arch of a small crocodilian resembling in
some respects the A. hetei*odon of the Wyoming beds. The posterior teeth have the same
short, expanded, sessile, bean-shaped crowns, with a median longilndfnal ridge, and
more delicate lines radiating close together from it to the border of the crown. The
anterior teeth differ in being cylindric instead of compressed. There is a large canine
preceded and followed by teeth of much smaller size.
Measurements,
Length of symphysis 019
Length of alveoli of six teeth from symphysis 02*2
Width of ramus just behind symphysis 010
Long diameter of posterior tooth 005
The specimens selected as type is one of the smallest. The surface of the bones is
ronghened with pits.
PlASTOMKNUS LACHRYMALI8, «p. nOl\
The largest species of the genus, and abundantly represented in the Eocene of ^ew
Mexico. The costal bones are rather finely punctate, the posterior as well as the an-
terior. The anterior costal bones are crossed by namerous ridges from side to side
obliquely ; the obliquity increasing posteriorly. On the posterior bones, they are
hroken into vertical bars, separated by considerable intervals, and of linear form.
The posterior costals reach a thickness of 0™.006 and a width of 0™.025.
The pitting of the posterior part of the carapace distinguishes this species from the
P. cedemius.
PART II.
In addition to the investigations pursued in the regions already indicated, and of
which some of the new species have been described, it may be stated that a careful
examination was made of the extensive lacustrine deposits in the valley of the Rio
Grande.
These deposits are supposed to commence ty the northward of Taos, N. Mex., and
continue to an unknown distance southward, certainly at least fifty miles beyond
Santa F^, and occupy that portion of the valley between the Rocky Mountains in the
east and the Jemez range in the west, and have been stated as late Tertiary, but with-
out special determination or co-ordination with the other known lacustrine formations
of this continent.*
Abundant material having been obtained by the party, it is easy to determine the
fauna, whose remains are entombed in it, to be a part of that already described by Dr.
Leidy and the writer as occurring in Dakota and Colorado under the name of Pliocene.
This conclusion is indicated by the presence of the genera Hippotherium, Protohippus,
Procamelus, Cosoryx, and MerychippuSj and known Pliocene species of other genera,
among which mdy be mentioned Canis, Avei'atherium, &c. In addition to species
already known, a number new to science were obtained, of some of which descriptions
are here given.
MaRTES NAMBIANU8, Sp. tlOV,
Represented by a mandibular ramus, which supports three teeth. The anterior blade
of the sectorial is rather obtuse.
* The new species described from the valley of the Rio Grande were discovered from
August 20 to September 1, 1874.
128
The first premolar is one-rooted ; the second and third are without posterior coronal
lobes, but exhibit small basal lobes, both anterior and posterior. The anterior of the
second is rather elevated, and the entire crown is directed obliquely forward. Canine
compressed; mental foramina below the second and third premolars.
Measurements,
M.
Length of three premolars 006
Elevation of anterior lobe of sectorial 002
Depth of ramus at anterior lobe of sectorial 003
This species is of smaller size than the M. muatelinus, Cope, and the sectorial tooth
less elevated and trenchant.
COSORYX RA.M08U8, Sp. nOV.
Char. gen. — Inferior molars prismatic, f ; the premolars all sectorial, last with
short branch-crests. Molars with basal intercolumnar tubercles. Horns supt^rciliary,
solid, branched. This genus was indicated by Dr. Leidy from a horn of the species
known to him, the Cosoryx furcatus, from the Pliocene beds of the Niobrara. The same
or a similar species has left abundant remains in the Santa F6 marls, and, in connec-
tion with the more numerous C, ramosus^ has enabled me to determine the dental and
other characters of the genus. After a careful examination of the horns of these spe-
cies in my possession, those of eighteen individuals (at least I find that of ten where
the basal portion is preserved) the beam has been broken off and reunited by anchy-
losis in six. In most of these the spot is marked by a ring of exostosed tuberosities,
like those constituting the burr of the deer's horn. On a specimen of this character,
pertaining to a third species, Professor Leidy based his Cenms warreniij which may
now be called Cosoryx warreniL It is abundant in the Santa Fe marls.
The fracture has taken place in every instance at a point as far above the frontal
bone as the burr of deer is situated, and is irregular in outline, higher on the one side
than the other. In some of the specimens the smaller antlers are also broken, and ex-
hibit a similar burr, but the terminal portion is usually lost. In one specimen, a brokea
antler is anchylosed in the usual manner of overlapping ends. The horns are solid,
the center having a narrow, spongy axis. The surface is dense and marked by arterial
grooves, but not pierced by noticeable foramina.
It is evidently a qnestion whether this genus should be referred to the hollow or solid-
horned Ruminantia; to the Bovidce, or Cemrfo?. The horns njight be regarded as those of
deer were it not for the occasional specimens without burr, while the teetU are both
cervine and bovine. We way here draw snch inferences as we can respecting the
nature of the covering of the horn. That the fractured beam should not be lost in-
dicates the prest'uce of some kind of covering to retain it. That this covering was not
horny is probable from the fact that the horns are branched, a structure impassible to
the Bovidce, since antlers effectually prevent the usual mode of increase of horn by ad-
ditions at the base and removal at the extremity. That such overing protected arte-
ries, which aided in the production of burrs, is also probable. We may thus believe it to
have been dermal like that of the giraffe, or t\\& Aniilocapra, at the period of immaturity
of its horny sheath.
It may be concluded, then, that the genus Cosoryx represents the ancestral type of the
CervidcVy and explains the origin of the remarkable type of horns of that family as fol-
lows: Ruminants with fixed horns of structure more dense and brittle than others of
the same type, in their annual combats at the rutting- season, very frequently broke
the beams oft not far above the base. The nsnal hication of nutrition followed, which,
being annually repeated, became as periodical in its return as the activity of nutrition
of the reproductive S3'stem. This activity ceasing, the horn, being dense, lost its
vitality, the more so as the normal covering would have already perished in its diistal
portions. The natural consequence, the separation of the dead from the living bone
by suppuration, would follow. This process would, however, probably require a longer
time lor the establishment of its periodical return than the fracture and attachment of
the ('xij?ti:)i: horn.
T iie. apiicars to be the only explanation of the ^,.igin of the phenirnena exhibited
by the horns of the CervidWj and is suggested by the specimens of Cosoryx to be de-
scribed.
Char, specif. — This species is larger than the C. furcatus, Leidy, and differs from the
C.warrenii in possessing two antlers instead of one, of which the first is given 'off' at
a point much farther from the base than in that species.
The beam near the base is curved a little inward, and is semicircular in section, the
outer face being «lightly concave, the inner very convex. The base is situated a short
distance within the free superciliary border. The beam becomes more cylindric, and then,
expanding in a fore and aft direction, gives oft' an antler at right angles nearly parallel
to the cranial axis. At a distance little over half the elevation of the first antler, the
beam gives off a second in a plane tran verse to the axis of the skull. The terminal
portion of the beam is cylindric, curved, and acute at the apex.
129
Mandibles, with teeth of two species of this genus, were found, the smaller of which
occurring with the other portions of C.furcatus, belong to it. The larger differs in the
elevation of the intercrescentlc column of the first molar, which is worn into a loop at
ordinary maturity ; this may, however, be but an individual variation. The diastema
is long and the ramus of that point quite slender.
Measurements.
Long diameter of base, No. 1 016
Long diameter of base, No. 2 020
Elevation of first antler from base. No. 1 080
Elevation of second antler from first, No. 3 0*42
Length of terminal part of beam, No. 4 095
Length of molars 2-5, No. 5 037
Length of molars 4-5, No. 5 ^ 022
Length of fifth molar 012
Width of fifth molar 006
COSORYX TERES, Sp. nOV.
Established on the connected frontal bones, supporting the horns of o.ne specimen,
and represented by portions of horns of two others. The former individual is larger
than any one belonging to the other species, and the species is doubtless the largest of
the genus. The horns stand above the posterior part of the orbit, which excavates its
base, and presenting a considerable face, descending into the temporal or zygomatic
fossa. There is no free superciliary rim outside of the base as in C. ramosuSy Cope.
The section of the beam near the base is a regular oval ; the long axis directed longi-
tudinally and a little outward in front. The beam is erect, with a slight curvature
outward at the inner base only. So far as preserved, it does not branch, but may do
so in its distal portion, which is lost. The tissue is more spongy interiorly than in
the other species ; supraorbital foramen far within the superciliary border.
Measurements.
M.
Outer width between bases of horn-cores 112
Inner width between bases of horn-cores 055
Width of temporal fossa behind horns 05^
Long diameter of hom^core 028
Short diameter of horn-core : 021
Length of part preserved 033
This species was as large as the Antilocapra amenicana of the plains.
Hesperomys loxodon, sp. nov.
An entire mandibular ramus, with all the teeth preserved, was found in the same
deposits as the preceding species. Molars subequal, short-crowned ; triturating sur-
face sigmoid. The apices of the sigma on the inner side tubercular, and anterior to
the outer apices. First molar with an additional transverse crest in front. Incisor
compressed ; outer angle of enamel face rounded smooth. Molar series oblique, rising
anteriorly.
Measurements,
M.
Length of molar series 0050
Length of first molar 0018
Depth below last molar, (inner side) 0030
Depth below first molar 0045
Depth of incisor 0015
Depth at diastema '. 0027
Panolax sanct^fidei, gen. et sp. nov.
Char. gen. — Molars prismatic, transverse, except the first and last ; each divided by a
plate of enamel extending transversely from the inner side. Anterior molar longitu-
dinal ; posterior molar composed of two columns.
This genus is represented by numerous teeth and portions of the cranium. It evi-
dently belonged to the Leporidaij and is allowed to both Lepus and Talceolagus. As the
teeth are mostly separate, it is not easy to determine which is the posterior and wnich
the anterior molar. Judging by the analogy of the known species, the determination
as here made is correct ; should the relations be reversed, the species will be referred
to PalcBolagus.
, Char, specif. — The teeth are curved, the convexity inward. Inner face grooved, the
groove occupied by cementum, the outer border compressed either without or with
FF— 9
130
very shallow groove. First molar with triturating surface twice as long as wide, "w
an entering loop of enamel on the inner side anteriorly narrower. Last molar as w
antero-posteriorly as transversely, the shaft curved backward, the posterior colu
sub-cylindric half the diameter of the anterior.
Measurements,
Diameter of middle moiarj ^J^-^;- :;;;;;:;;;::::::;;; ;;;:";::; ''
Diameter of first molar.... ?^^
Diameter of last molar.... J tr''anr^?^!^".''.V.::'::^ .)
Length of crown of last molar i
This species is about the size of the northern hare.
Cathartks umbrosus, sp. nov, '
Represented by numerous portions of nearly all parts of the skeleton, in excelle:
preservation. The beak from the frontal bone to near the apex is preserved ; it di
plays the depression just anterior to the nares, which marks the anterior boundary
the cere. The culmen is nearly horizontal to just beyond this mark, and then exhibi
a gradual decurvature to the apex. The beak is strongly compressed, and the torn
strongly decurved, forming an open festoon, whose middle point marks one-fourtli tl
length of the beak from the nares. The latter are directed obliquely downward au
forward, narrowing anteriorly and having a prominent inferior bounding ledge.
The mandible is weak, the syniphisis-marking on half the length of the beak froi
the anterior angle of the nares.
The bones of the anterior extremities exhibit large and powerful proportions, s
compared with the posterior, appropriately to capacity for sustained flight. The hea
of the humerus is much compressed, and the articular face is nearly divided into tw
by the deep bicipital groove. The head of the femur is small, and the rotular face .
wide and deep groove.
The tibia is slender, the shaft much compressed, with a prominent ridge. Th
cnemial crest is short, and not produced downward on the shaft. The distal posterio
bridge itf narrow and obliqne. The tarso-metatarsus has a strong exterior crest, whiol
constitutes half the width of the shaft.
Measurements.
Incll
Length of beak from base of culmen, (axial) - 1.9i
Length of beak from cere to apex, (axial) .\ . . 1.21
Depth of beak at culmen 81
Depth of premaxillary at festoon 7i
Length of symphysis 69
Length of nares 37
Width of palate at festoon 50
Width of head of humerus 1.37
Width of condyles..... ! 1.13
Width of distal end of femur 94
Width of head of tibia 81
Width of condyles of tibia 6fi
Width of condyles of tarso-metatarsus .-. . . .75
Length of a firat phalanx 1.12
Length of seven sacral vertebrae 1.87
Length of two dorsal vertebrae 1.13
Depth of a dorsal vertebra, (total) 93
Depth of a dorsal vertebra to roof of arch 44
Depth of centrum of roof of arch .' 25
Width of centrum of roof of arch 32
Length of two cervical vertebrae 1.12
Depth of two cervical vertebrae to apex of neural spine 44
Depth of articular face of centrum .17
Width of articular face of centrum 25
jii^iiu-au B-rirujii.
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE
ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN, IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA,
NEBRASKA, UTAH, ARIZONA, COLORADO, NEW
MEXICO, WYOMING, AND MONTANA,
GEORGE ]VE. T\rHEELEE,
P 01011(1188, U, B. i.;
APPENDIX LL
1
210624
\
• %• •
• * ^ 4. «> %
%
<^ «• « •
• • •..
• • :
« • .t
[extract from the annual report of the chief of engineers to
the secretary of war.]
Office of the Ghief of Engineers,
Washington^ D. 0., October 18, 1875.
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE
HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN.
Officer in charge, First Lieut. George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers,
having under his orders First Lieuts. William L. Marshall, Philip M.
Price, and Eric Bergland^ Corps of Engineers ; First Lieut. William L^
Carpenter, Ninth United States Infantry; First Lieut. Eogers Birnie, jr.^
Thirteenth United States Infantry; First Lieut. S. E. Blunt, Ordnance
Corps ; Lieut. C. W. Whipple, Third United States Artillery, and Lieut.
C. C. Morrison, Sixth United States Cavalry; Acting Asst. Snrgs. H. C.
Yarrow and J. T. Rothrock, United States Army, who, in addition to
their professional duties, were engaged in zoological and botanical
labors.
The following scientists have also been attached to the expedition :
Dr. F. Kampf and Mr. John H. Clarke, astronomical observers; Messrs.
G. K. Gilbert, A. R. Conkling, Jules Jljiarcou, and Douglas A. Joy, geolo-
gists ; Prof. E. D. Cope and Dr. C. A. White, paleontologists ; and Dr.
Oscar Loew, mineralogist and chemist.
At the commencement of the fiscal year the main divisions of the sur-
vey were about leaving their rendezvous at Pueblo, Colo., for the
field of operations in Southern and Southwestern Colorado, Northern and
Northwestern New Mexico, and Northeastern Arizona, where connection
was made with work of former years in areas represented by portions of
atlas sheets 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 76, and 77. (See progress-map.)
Several primary astronomical stations both near to and remote from
the field of survey were determined, in addition to the usual field astro-
nomical observations.
The several parties were disbanded at Pueblo at the close of the field-
season in November and December, following which the requisite num-
ber of assistants repaired to Washington for the preparation, during the
winter months, of results, and where a small force of draughtsmen and
computers is constantly employed in the reduction of field-notes.
The field-work of the present season was divided into two sections,
the Colorado and the California, and was begun early in June.
A special party intrusted to the charge of Lieutenant Bergland will
make a preliminary Instrumental survey, with a view to the further and
more complete examination of the feasibility^ of diverting the waters of
the Colorado Eiver of the West for purposes of irrigation, and it is
hoped that a report and accompanying estimates will be received
from the officer in charge of the party in time to be submitted to you
early in the coming winter.
Of the six quarto volumes authorized to be published by the act of
June 23, 1874, as amended by the act approved February 16, 1876, two
IV
are Id the hands of the printer, the manuscript of two others is nearly
ready, and that of the remaining volumes is in an advanced stage of
preparation.
Four published sheets have been added to the topographical atlas, and
others are completed and in course of construction.
Proof-sheets of four of the maps, of the geological atlas have been
received, and four more sheets are ready for the engraver.
80 far as compatible with the main objects of the survey, to wit, the
preparation of detailed topographical maps and an examination into the
resources of the region surveyed, scientists, selected for their fitness to
conduct investigations in geology, paleontology, mineralogy, zoology^
and botany, are attached to the expeditions, witti little increase in cost
as compared with the information gained in these subjects.
The topographical maps, which form the chief results of this survey,,
furnish important information to the difi*erent branches of the military
service, and other departments of the Government, and to the public.
Its regular progress without interruption is earnestly recommended.
The amounts required to continue the survey are estimated by Lieu-
tenant Wheeler as follows:
For continning the geographical explorations and surveys of the territory of
the United States west of the 100th meridian |95,00O
For preparing, engraving, and printing the plates and atlas-sheets accompany-
ing the reports of the geographical explorations and surveys west of the *
l(Wth meridian * 85,000
His annual report, with appendixes and estimates, is appended.
(See Appendix LL.)
ERRATA, APPENDIX L L.
Plate II. One-half natural size.
Plate y. One-third natural size.
Plate VI. One-third nataral size.
Page 5, 27th line, for astronominal, read astronomical. *
Page 8, 22d line, for establised^read established.
Page 29, SIst line, for Chaco Valley, read Chaco River.
Page 40,10th line, for TetellaPeak, read Tetilla Pealc.
Page 42, 33d line, for Nacinniento, read Nacimiento.
Page 42, 35th line, for Cannonns Creek, read Caliones Creek.
Page 42, 63d line, for Vermajo Creek, read Vermejo Creek.
Page 42, 6th line, for Cuemo, read Caemo.
Page 42, 23d line, for Larzo, read Largo.
Page 42, 24th line, for Cenesal, read Cerezal.
Page 42, 35th line, for Panco, read Poerco.
Page 42. 35th line, for Abiquin, read Abi(|[aia.
Page 42, 49th line, for Oio Salado, read Ojo Zarco.
Page 42, 49th line, for Chemisal, read Chamisal.
Page 42, 56th line, for Moreus, read Moreno.
Page 42, 56tb line, for Cienaqailla, read Cineguilla.
Page 43, 18th line, for Ryado, read Rayado.
Page 43, '18th line, for Urac, read Uraca.
Page 43, 4th line, for Yaco, read Vaca.
Page 43, 35th line, for Ratton, read Raton.
Page 43, 54th line, for Elk Lake, read Black Lake.
Page 43, 61st line, for Bemal, read Bernal.
Pag^ 44, 17th line, for Manco Buno, read Manco Burro.
Page 44, 22d line, for Apispah, read Apishpah.
Page 45, 64th line, for La Late, read Lata.
Page 45, 6th line, for Ceno Blanco, read Cerro Blanco.
Page 45, 63d line, for Manco, read Mancos.
Page 46, 47th line, for Tuncheras River, read Trinchera Creek.
Page 53,25th line, for *' worth of compensation," read " want of," See.
Page 53, 45th line, for ** was referred," read '^ is referred," &c.
Page 53, 46th line, for " a differential value," read " diffsrential values," &c.
Page 61, 2d paragraph* last line, for west and south, read east and south.
Page 62, 14th line, tor Shyenne mts., read Shyenne Mt.
Page 64, 4th line, for proposed, read supposed.
Page 68, 2d paragraph, for Amphicyous, read Amphicyons.
Page 68, lOth line from bottom, for ramii, read ramus.
Page 69, 8th line, for Merycodis, read Merycodus.
Page 69, 20th line, for Merycodon, read Merycodus.
Page 69, 28th line, for Dicroceerus, read Dicrocerus.
Page 70, 23d line, for Pajuaque, read Pojoaque.
Page 70, nth line from bottom, for lun8e,read lunar.
Page 70, 4th line from bottom, for oval, read oral.
Page 71, 3d line from bottom, for acedatherium, read aceratherium.
Page 73, 18th line, for " at base tusks," read '* at base of tusks.'*
Page 73,21st line, insert semi-colon after **only " and, 'Ms defined " after *' the other.'*
Page 74, 14th line, for Lestudo, read Testudo.
Page 74, 27th line, for Testudas, read Testudos.
Page 74, 31st line, for L Niobrarensis, read S. Niobrarensis.
Page 75, 38th line, for common, read cannon.
Page 75, 7th line from bottom, for auchitherium, read anchetherium.
Page 76, 21st line, for Chamra, read Chama.
Page 76, 25th line, for Playa, read Plaza.
Page 76, 25th line, for Chalma, read Chama.
Page 76, 26th line, for nambe, read Namb^.
Page 76, 31st line, for artemesia, read artemisia.
Page 77, 5th line, for Zandia clay, read placita marl.
Page 80, 24th line, for east, read west.
Page 80, 4th line from bottom, omit**so as^* and *' continue."
Page 81,4th line, insert ''southward*' between *' descend*' and **to."
Page 87, for Pig. 11, read Fig. 11, and for Yegas, read Yeguas.
"->..
II
Errata — Continued.
Page 88| 12th line from bottom, for Yegas, read Yegnas.
Page 88. 16th line, insert *' results" after word ** hog-backs."
Page 88. 9th line from bottom, for ** composed of," read *' composed at."
Page 89. 35th line, for Vegas, read Yeguas.
Page 89, 1st line, second paragraph, Vegas, for Yeguas.
Page 92, 1st line, fourth paragraph, for Green River, read Wahsatch.
Page 02, last line, for western, read eastern.
Page 93, 28th line, for stagnolis, read stagnalis.
Page 93, 20th line from bottom, for 10th Meridian, read 100th Meridian.
Page 93, 15th line from the bottom, for Sarcolemon, read Sarcolemur.
Page 95, under *' crocodilia," for spenops, read sphenops.
Page 104, 25th line from bottom, for base and slate, &c., read base ; and slate, &c.
Page t05, 25th line, for proxide. read peroxide.
Page 105, 26th line, for perotoxide, read peroxide.
Page 107, 14th line, for sky, blue, read sky blue, &c.
Page 112, 4th line from bottom, for apposition, read opposition.
Page 117, 25th line, fourth paragraph, for Sanoita. read Sonoita.
Page 119, 2d line, for acantho carpa, read acantho-carpa.
Page 121, 50th line, for helenium, read Helenium.
Page 122, 33d line from bottom, for de la Golondima. read de la Golondrina.
Page 122, 18th line from bottom, for Nezundol, read Negundol.
Page 122, 7th line from bottom, for Agare, read Agave.
Page 122, 5th line from bottom, for Cereus gigantiis, read C. giganteus.
Page 124, I2th line from bottom, for Machoeranthera, read Machebranthera.
Page 124, 11th line from bottom, for Veneris asplenerom, read Veneris and asplenium.
Page 125, 5th line, for agave, read Agave.
Page 125,' 23d line from bottom, for goniphrona, read goniphrena. *
Page 126, 8th paragraph, first line, for portulaca, read Portulaca.
Page 126, 8th paragraph, first line, for cheuopodium, read Chenopodium.
Page 129, 3d line nom bottom, for Cerro Blanco, read Sierra Blanca.
Page 133, 3d paragraph, 9th line, for Rio Turreones, read Rio Torreones.
Page 134, 9th line from bottom, for Rio Silla, read La Silla.
Page 135, 12th line from bottom, for in barrows, read by burros.
Page 137, 21st line from bottom, for albuminate fats, read albuminate, fats.
Page 139, 17th line from bottom, for arnudo,'read arundo.
Page 144, 27th line from bottom, for Helo derma, read Heioderma.
Page 148, 14th line, for spendens, read splendens.
Page 150, 25th line fromjbottom, for frosts, read forests.
Page 151, 9th and 10th lines from bottom, for arctic, read long-spurred.
Page 153, 28th line, for hutchingsii, read hutchinsii.
Page 157, 22d line from bottom, for Myiodestes, read Myiadestes.
Page 158, 17th line from bottom, for western ridgways, read^Ridgways.
Page 159, 7th line, for Mequite, read Mesquite.
Page 163, 5th line, for Syrnum, read Symium.
Page 164, 5th line, for Cass, read Coues.
Page 165, 22d line, for Foot, read Fort.
Page 170, 16th line from bottoip, for of this number, &c., are, read of these, number, dec, is.
Page 171, 4th line from bottom, for Vegas, read Yeguas.
Page 175, 2d line, for Ean-ayko. read Kanayko.
Page 175, 9th line, for Tiguet, read Tiguex.
Page 177, 22d line from bottom, for Castenade, read Castenada.
Page 178, 2d line, for Huatl-vi, read Hualvi.
Page 178, 8th line, for Kan-Ayko, read Kanayko.
Page 184, 2l8t line from bottom, for moen read moon.
REPORT.
1
APPENDIX LL.
•
ANNUAL KEPOKT OP LIEUTENANT GEORGE M. WHEEL^El^,
CORPS OF ENGINEERS, FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING
JUNE 30, 1875.
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUN-
DREDTH MERIDIAN, IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, NEBRASKA, UTAH, ARIZO-
NA, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, WYOMING, AND MONTANA.
CONTENTS.
ItEPORT.
Page.
Summary ol field aud office operatious 3
Personnel 6
Astronomical , 7
Geodetic and topographical 13
Roates and profiles 22
Progress-map 22
Meteorological and hypsometrical *. 30
Natural history * 30
Geology and paleontology , 30
Mineralogy , 31
Economic botany and agriculture 32
Zoology and botany 32
Ethnology, philology, and ruins 32
Publications 33
Photographs 34
Conclusion 34
Estimates 1 35
Supplementary report 36
i'
APPENDIXES.
A. — Executive report of Lieut. Wm. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers 37
B. — Executive report of Lieut. P. M. Price, Corps of Engineers 40
C. — Executive report of Lieut. R. Birnie,jr., Thirteenth United States Infantry. 41
D. — Executive report of Lieut. Stanhope E. Blunt, Ordnance Corps 43
E,— Executive report of Lieut. C. W. Whipple, Third United States Artillery 44
F. — Meteorology and hypsometry, field-seasou of 1874, by Lieut. Wra. L. Marshall,
Corps of Engineers 47
G 1. — ^Report on the geology of that part of New Mexico surveyed during the
field-season of 1874, by Prof. E. D. Cope, paleontologist 61
G 2. — Geological and mineralogical report on portions of Colorado and Nevr Mex-
igo, by Dr. O.Loew, mineralogist and chemist 97
H 1. — Preliminary and general botanical report, with remarks upon the general
topography of the region traversed in New Mexico and Arizona — its cli-
matology, forage-plants, timber, irrigation, sanitary conditions, &.c., by
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, acting assistant surgeon. United States Army 107
H 2. — Report upon the agricultural resources of Northern New Mexico and South-
ern Colorado, with analyses of soils, plants, &o,, by Dr. O. Loew C. 129
1 1. — Zoological report, field-season of 1874, containing —
I. — General itinerary, by Acting Assistant Surgeon H. C. Yarrow, United
States Army 139
II. — Notes by H. W. Henshaw, ornithologist 149
III. — ^Notesby C. E. Aiken, assistant 150
I 2. — An annotated list of the birds of Arizona, by H. W. Henshaw 153
J. — Ethnology, philology^ and ruins :
1. Report on the remains of population observed on and near the Eocene
plateau of Northwestern New Mexico, by Prof. E. D. Cope 166
LL— 1
2
2. Report oirfilc rums of New Mexico, by Dr. Oscar Loew 174
»3. Beport ?H> Certain ruins visited in New Mexico, by Lieot. Rogers Birnie, jr.,
Thirt^'th United States Infantry 178
4. Rep«Hpir the Poeblo languages of New Mexico — their affinity to each
otJieT kad to the languages of other Indian tribes, by Alb. S. Gatchet... 180
K. — Publications :
Ma^':^: 187
If^^irte 188
PBo^dgraphs .* 189
*• • •
ILLrSTRATIOXS.
TtTmngulation-niap.
•Process-map.
' \J^ate I. — ^Park near head of Conejos Canon, Colorado.
-**^ate II. — Procamelus occidentaUs ; cranium, side-view, from San Ildefonso.
*• J^late III. — View taken from the western flank of the Gallinas Mountains, looking north.
** Plate IV. — View from ruin No. 1 of Cristona, looking south.
Plate V. — Bathmodon elephantopus ; cranium, side-view, from the Gallic as.
Plate YI. — Bathmodon elephantopus ; cranium, from below, from the Gallinas.
Plate YII. — North Fork Cafion, White Mountain Creek, Arizona.
Plate VIII. — Oak Grove, White Mountain range, Arizona.
Plate IX. — Ruin in the pueblo San Juan, showing walls of room in third storj*.
Appendix F. — {Meteorology and hypsomeirg,}
»
Diagram showing efiects of temperature upon aneroid barometers.
Appendix G 1. — {Geology,)
Fig. 1. — Strata of feldspathic porphyry and gneiss on Sangre de Cristo Creek, neai
the pass.
Fig. 2. — Outcrop of Jurassic strata near Abiqniu.
Fig. 3. — Diagrammatic sketch of the Zandia Mountains, looking east b^' south across
the village of Placita.
Fig. 4. — South wall of the Cafion Cangilon.
Fig. 5. — View of a Jurassic anticlinal, looking north.
Fig. 6.— Triassic mesa, bounded on the north by Jurassic bluffs capped by gypsum,
immediately east of the anticlinal of Fig. 5.
Fig. 7. — View of curved hog-back of Triassic sandstone, with red peak, and the red beds
of the Trias, forming part of the Gallinas ^ountaind, looking north by east.
Fig. 8. — Bad lands of the Trias, looking southeast.
Fig. 9. — View of Triassic beds of Figs. 7 and 8, looking northeast.
Fig. 10. — View of Nacimiento and a^acent mountains, looking southeast from the
Eocene bluffs. .
Fig. 11. — Synclinal in Cretaceous, opposite tue CaOoncito de las Vegas.
Fig. 12. — Section of Cretaceous, at locality of Fig. 11.
Fig. 13. — Hog-back and lignite of Cretaceous, at Cristona, looking south.
Fig. 14. — ^View from hog-back of Cretaceous, from ruin No. 1, looking west-northwest.
Fig. 15. — Eocene bad-land butte, looking south from camp No. 2.
Fig. 16. — ^View of the Eocene bad-lands, looking north from second camp west of the
Gallinas.
Fig. 17.— Bad lands of the Wahsatch beds, near camp No. 2.
Fig. 18. — Section nearly east and west from the Gallinas to the Eocene blu£&.
Appendix G 2. — {Geology and mineralogy.)
Fig. 1.— Section of the Arkansas valley, five miles above Pueblo, Colo., showing irregu-
lar stratification.
Fig. 2. — Section showing the relative position ot the Carboniferous strata.
Fig. 3. — Section of the bed of Rio de San Jos^, two miles east of Laguna, showing the
basaltic flow.
Fig. 4. — Section showing the upheaved strata in the Gallinas Valley, near the Las
Vegas Hot Springs.
Appendix I,— {Zoology.)
Diagram of ruins in the valley of the Rio Chama, near Abiquin, N. Mex.
Appendix 1 1. — {Ethnology y ^-c.)
Fig. l.^Ground-plau of house No. 3.
Fig. 2. — Ground-plan of houses Nos. 4 and 5 and profile of No. 4.
Fig. 3. — Ground-plan of house No. 6.
Fig. 4. — Ground- plan of house No. 7.
Fig. 5. — ^View of house No. 24.
Fig. 6. — Indian rock-etchings.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian,
In the fields June 30, 1875.
General : I have the honor to submit the following report upon geo-
graphical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1875.
The States and Territories of California, Nevada, Nebraska, Utah,
Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana had been
entered at the close of the season of 1874, during the several years' op-
erations of the survey.
Of the political divisions lying west of the one hundredth meridian,
where actual field-work has not been done, are Oregon and the Territo-
ries of Washington and Idaho, and portions of Dakota, Kansas, and Texas.
When ordered, detached or conjoined work may be carried on in one or
all of the above, if means and skilled assistants can be made available.
The Territory of Alaska was not included in the scheme founded upon
the basis of a topographical atlas of the territory of the United States
west of the one hundredth meridian that was shortly after the close of
the season of 1871 submitted to, and approved by, the Chief of Engin-
eers, and the Honorable the Secretary of War. A similar method oi
dividing up its area might be applied in its future survey, with such
scale for the resultant maps as shall be dictated by the wants of the
Government.
SUMMARY OF FIELD AND OFFICE OPERATIONS.
At the close of the preceding fiscal year, the parties for field-opera-
tions had been organized and were commanded as follows :
Main and supply division. — In charge of myself, assisted by Lieut. 0.
W. Whipple, Third United States Artillery, as executive officer.
First division, — Party No. 1, Lieut. W. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers ;
party No. 2, First Lieut. Rogers Birnie, jr., Thirteenth United States In-
fantry. Second division. — Party No. 1, First Lieut. Philip M. Price, Corps
of Engineers ; party No. 2, First Lieut. Stanhope B. Blunt, Thirteenth
United States Infantry.
The field of operations embraced certain areas in Southern and South-
western Colorado, and Northwestern New Mexico, more specifically
described further on, and shown upon the progress-map herewith. In
addition to the parties before mentioned, a small astronomical party, in
charge of Dr. F. Kampf, observer, assisted by two meteorological
observers, determined the astronomical coordinates of Las Vegas and
Cimarron, N. Mex. ; Julesburg, Colo. ; Sidney Barracks and North
Platte station upon the Union Pacific Eailroad, Nebraska, sending sig-
nals to the observatory of the survey at Ogden, in charge for the season
of Assistant John H. Clark.
A special paleontological and zoological party, in charge of Acting
Assistant Surgeon H. C. Yarrow, United'States Army, with a subparty
under Prof. E. D. Cope, for making collections and geological and paleon-
tological investigations, principally in Northern New Mexico.
A special party, in charge of Acting Assistant Surgeon J. T. Roth-
rock, United States Army, for making collections in Southern Arizona.
Nearly all of these parties were disbaDded at Paeblo, Colo., in Decem-
ber; the officers and professional assistants returning to Washington,
where they, were actively engaged during the winter in the preparation
of field-results for final publication.
Executive and special reports of officers and professional assistants
are herewith. The organization of field-parties for the present season
is as follows :
California section. — Party No. 1 : In charge of myself, from which a
special party, under Lieut. C. W. Whipple, Third United States Artil-
lery, has been detached for independent work during the entire season,
:as executive officer and field astronomer ; Acting Assistant Surgeon H.
•C. Yarrow, United States Army, medical officer and zoologist; Acting
Assistant Surgeon J. T. Kothrock, United States Army, medical officer
and botanist. Party No. 2: First Lieut. Eogers Birnie, jr., Thirteenth
Infantry,, executive officer and field-astronomer. Party No. 3 : First
Lieut. Eric Bergland, Corps of Engineers, executive officer and field-
astronomer.
Colorado section. — First Lieut. Wm. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers,
in general charge, and executive officer and field-astronomer of party
No. 1. Party No. 2: First Lieut. C. C. Morrison, Sixth United States
•Cavalry, executive officer and field-astronomer. Party No. 3: First
Lieut. Wm. L. Carpenter, Ninth United States Infantry, executive officer
and naturalist.
To all of these parties are attached the requisite number of topog-
raphers, geologists, recorders, guides, packers, laborers, &c.
Paragraph 3, Special Orders No. 87, Adjutant-General's Office, current
series, sets forth the facilities to be aflforded through the supply depart-
ments of the Army in furtherance of the objects of the survey, and
details two 1st class priv9.tes of the Engineer Batallion, (who acted as
barometoic recorders,) and an escort of one non-commissioned officer
and seven privates, (selected from Company G, 12th Infantry,) from
the Military Division of the Pacific, who, having reported at Los
Angeles, Cal., were distributed among the working-parties of the Cal-
ifornia section.
The field work of the California and Colorado sections has been com-
menced both at Los Angeles, Cal., and Pueblo, Colo., as initial points,
and will be prosecuted over areas of portions of atlas-sheets 61, 69, 77,
78, 72, and 73 in the main, while a special party, under Lieutenant
Bergland, has been dispatched to the Colorado River to ascertain the
feasibility of its diversion from its present bed for the purposes of irri-
gation, in accordance with a special letter of iDstructions from the
Department. In this connection, work of considerable geographical
importance will be carried on, and preliminary information gathered,
upon which to base a plan to fully determine the practicability of utiliz-
ing this great river by directing its waters to a new channel, along which
all admissible lakes or reservoirs could be formed. This special exami-
nation having been intrusted to my charge, the detailed arrangements
and instructions necessary to the instrumental and other measurements
thereof have been committed to a party under Lieutenant Bergland, and
a report of progress will be submitted at the close of the field-season of
his party, which, in view of the severity of the climate in the compara-
tively arid sections bordering upon the Colorado, will not be prolonged
beyond October 15.
The several parties now successfully engaged in the field resume oper-
ations this year under the most favorable circumstances, the organiza-
tion, especially as regards perfection of methods and instruments, and
additional experience of observers, bavin g advanced and strengthened
as beretofore witbin tbe year.
Tbe officers of tbe survey were employed during tbe office-season as
follows: First Lieut. Wm. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers^ in charge
of field astronomical and geodetic computation and meteorological work,
assisted by Lieut. Rogers Birnie, jr., Thirteenth United States Infantry,
and Lieut. S. E. Blunt, Ordnance Department, until relieved; First
Lieut. Philip M. Erice, Corps of Engineers, in charge of topographical
work «and general supervision of property, including instruments and
instrument-record ; Second Lieut. C. W. Whipple, Third United States
Artillery, in charge of draughting work.
Acting Assistant Surgeon J. T. Eothrock, United States Army, in
examination of, and report upon, tbe collections made by the party
under bis charge during tbe field-season, and preparation of material for
vol. VI (Botany) of tbe survey-reports.
Acting Assistant Surgeon H. C. Yarrow, United States Army, in
charge of zoological work and preparation of reports thereon, assisted
by Mr: H. W. Henshaw, (ornithologist.) Subreports from these officers,
also from Prof. E.' D. Cope, on ruins of ancient buildings observed in
New Mexico ; on geological survey of field-season of 1874, including^
paleontology of Santa Fe marls, are herewith.
Prof. C. A. White was also engaged in preparing report upon inver-
tebrate fossils ; and at this writing tbe report, with plates, is ready for
tbe printer and engraver, and will appear in vol. IV of the survey-
reports.
Assistant Dr. F. Kampf was engaged in tbe reduction and computation
of astronominal work and preparation of observations for final publication.
Assistants Frank Carpenter, F. A. Clark, W. A. Cowle§, F. O. Max-
son, Louis Nell, W. H. Rowe, J. C. Spiller, E. J. Sommer, and Gilbert
Thompson, in the reduction and plotting of field-notes ; Dr. Oscar Loew
in the analysis of soils, minerals, mineral-waters, plants, &c., and prep-
aration of reports thereon ; also reports upon Indian languages and
ancient ruins. Charles Herman and J. C. Lang, in tbe projection, line
drawing, lettering, &c., of maps; and Mr. J. E. Weyss in drawing the
mountain work upon the final maps ; Hospital-Steward T. V. Brown,
United States Army, and Mr. F. M. Lee, in tbe reduction of meteor-
ological observations and computation of altitudes ; and Messrs. Fran-
cis Klett, Geo. M. Lockwood, J. B. Minnick, J. D. McChesney, and W.
D. Wheeler, in tbe settlement of money and property accounts, corres-
pondence, distribution of reports, maps, &c. ; Mr. T. H. O'SuUivan, in
printing photographs, maps, &c.
Tbe following is A general summary of field and office work during
tbe year:
FIELD.
MalD telegraphic longiliide wtations 5
Latitudes determined :
Main stations 6
Sextant stations 50
Main triangulation stations occupied 51
Topographical stations occupied 103
Number of miles traversed 11,440.25
Number of main barometrical stations occupied 572
Number of aneroid stations occupied 3, 335
Number of botanical specimens collected 9, 000
Number of specimens of mammals, fish, reptiles, and insects collected 20, 155
Number of specimens of birds collected 1, 227
Number of other ornithological specimens collected 83
Number of lots geological and mineralogical specimens collected, (including
mineral-waters) 497
OFFICE.
15
872
3,965
8
3
2
13
5
2
4
Number of astronomical positions computed.
Number of sbeets plotted
Number of cistern-barometer altitudes computed
Number of aneroid-barometer altitudes computed
Number of atlas-maps (1 inch to 8 miles) published
Number of atlas-maps ready for publication
Number of atlas-maps partially completed
Number of atlas-sheets (1 inch to 8 miles and 1 inch to 4 miles^ in conrse
of preparation
Number of reports published
Number of reports in conrse of publication
Number of reports nearly ready for publication
Nnmber of »apB distributed: I i*-t^°f ,8 BheeU each j .g^
PERSONNEL.
Tbe following chauges of officers upon the work have occurred during
the year : Lieut. Philip M. Price, Corps of Engineers, relieved May 5,
1875 ; Lieut. Stanhope B. Blunt, Ordnance Corps, relieved December
30, 1874 5 Lieut. Eric Bergland, Corps of Engineers, joined May 21,
1875 ; Lieut. C. C. Morrison, Sixth United States Cavalry, joined June
5, 1875 ; Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, Ninth United States Infantry, joined
May 22, 1875; and the following assistant engineers have been em-
ployed :
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVERS.
Dr. F. Kampf, the whole year. \ John H. Clark, from July 7 to Nov. 7, 1874.
TOPOGRAPHERS.
R. J. Ainsworth, July 7 to Sept. 5, 1874.
W. R. Atkinson, July 7, 1874, to Feb. 28,
1875.
Frank Carpenter, the whole year.
W. A. Cowles, July 7, 1874, to close of year.
F. A. Clark, July 11, 1874, to close of year.
F. O. Maxson, July 9, 1874, to close of year.
Louis Nell, the whole year.
Wm. H. Rowe, July 9, 1874, to May 31, 1875.
E. J. Sommer, July 1, 1874, toMay 9, 1875.
J. C. Spiller, July 11, 1874, to close of year.
Gilbert Thompson, the whole year.
Geo. H. Birnie, May 15, 1875, to close ot
year.
John A. Hasson, May 22, 1875, to close of
year.
BAROMETRIC RECORDERS.
Bernard Gilpin, July 1, 1874, to Dec. 15,
1874.
F. M. Lee, the whole year.
Geo. M. Dunn, May 5, 1875, to close of year.
F. Brockdorff, May 15, 1875, to close of
year.
Wm. C. Niblack, May 20, 1875, to close of
year.
Frank Holland, June 1, 1875, to close of
year.
Allston C. Ladd, May 22, 1875, to close of
year.
GEOLOGISTS.
G. K. Gilbert, July 1, 1874, to Sept. 30,
1874.
A. R. Conkling, May IP, 1875, to close of
year.
PALEONTOLOGISTS.
Jules Marcou, April 1, la75, to close of
year.
Douglas A. Joy, during month of June,
.1875.
Prof E. D. Cope, July 7, 1874, to close of
year.
MINERALOGIST AND CHEMIST.
Dr. Oscar Loew", the whole year.
COLLECTORS IN ZOOLOGY.
Dr. C. A. White, July 18, 1874, to Mav 25<
1875.
Chas. E. Aiken, July 22, to October 19, 1874.
H. W. Henshaw, (ornithologist,) the whole
year.
W. G. Shedd, July 23 to Nov. 13, 1874.
Chas. T. Shoemaker, May 25, 1875, to end
of year.
PHOTOGRAPHER.
T. H. O'Sullivan, July 23rto Nov. 30, 1874.
URAUGHTSMEX.
Charles Herman, the whole year. J. E. Weyss, the whole year.
J. C. LaDg, the whole year.
CLERICAL.
F. Klett, the whole year.
George M. Lockwood, the whole year.
J. B. MinDick, the whole year.
J. D. McChesney, Nov. 27, 1874, to end or
year.
W. D. Wheeler, the whole year.
The only casualty during the year was that of R. J. Ainsworth, topog-
rapher, who lost his life by the accidental discharge of his pistol,
at Tierra Amarilla, N. Mex., on the 4th of September, 1874. The cir-
cumstances of his melancholy death are stated by Dr. Yarrow (in
charge of the party in which Assistant Ainsworth was serving) in his
report. (See Appendix 1 1.)
Hearty assistance and co-operation have been rendered and maintained
by each and all of the members of the survey.
Thanks are due to Dr. Elliott Coues, United States Army, Prof. E. T.
Cresson, Messrs. Theo. L. Mead, W. H. Edwards, R. H. Stretch, 0.
B. Osten-Sacken, Henry Ulke, Dr. P. H. Uhler, Prof. Cyrus Thomas,
and Dr. Hagen, for kind assistance in the compilation of data derived
from zoological collections and observations in the field. The officers
of the Smithsonian Institution and several other gentlemen connected
therewith have rendered valuable assistance, as have also Dr. George
Vasey, of the Agricultural Department, and Mr. Sereno Watson, of the
Botanical Gardens, Cambridge, Mass. It becomes a pleasure to speak
of the cheerful co-operation of many officers of the Quartermaster's, Sub
sistence, and Medical Departments, and Ordnance Corps, and also that
of the commanders of the several military divisions, departments, dis-
tricts, and posts touched during the operations of the survey. The
officers of the United States Naval Observatory and United States Coast
Survey have likewise extended kind assistance.
Despite the many obstacles that have militated against the full and
fair development of the mapping on a large scale of the mountains of the
western interior, this work has gone on at au energetic and successful
pace, which from year to year (as its objects and results have become
more patent) it is believed has .won for it a better recognition.
The delineation of the surface of the western mountain-region, and a
description of its resources, offer a wide and extensive field, in which,
as I have endeavored by former reports to show, the Governmeut by
right of domain, and for want of knowledge, is most largely interested;
aud it is only by the constant attack of bodies organized for systematic
work that the physical structures of the waste and unknown lands
along the untenanted mountain-frontiers shall be brought to light and
made known not only for the uses of the Government, but for all the
people and for all time.
ASTRONOMICAL.
In this branch of the survey, the work during the year has comprised
the determination of the astronomical co-ordinates of the main stations
at Las Vegas and Cimarron, N. Mex., Sidney Barracks and North
Platte, Neb., aud Julesburg, Colo.
The usual temporary field-observatories and observing-piers have been
erected at these points, and Dr. F. Kampf and party conducted the obser-
vations, communicating with the observatory of the survey at Ogden,
Utah, in charge, for the season, of assistant John H. Clark.
Time-siftuals were trausmitted free of charge over the wires of the
Western Union Telegraph Company from Las Vegas and Cimarron,
N, Mex., and over those of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company
from the other localities npon the Union Pacific Eailroad.
The results of the observations taken at Julesbarg, near the station on
the Union Pacific Eailroad, and on the southern side of the railroad-
track, show this point to be south of the forty-first parallel of north
latitude, or in Colorado instead of Nebraska, as it has heretofore been
shown upon some of the published Government maps. The situation
of the station in relation to the Union Pacific Eailroad and boundary
is shown below.
I^B..*.
■>7
Loii402°2l'32 30
N E B R
Julespiirtf
>«« n ii nM ii n ii n >»
<V* ^ Lat. 41^
'ottiiffftf^t/ of Kansas 16 187. titles.
^0 UTII
O L R A D O
The usual meteorological observations have been kept up by the party
operating at these points. A comparison of times was had between
the survey observatory at Ogden, and United States Naval Observatory
at Washington, D. C, by Assistant John H. Clark, and Prof. James E.
Eastman, United States Navy.
The necessary sets of observations for a determination of the differ-
ence in longitude were made, and thus a third comparative result for
the longitude of the east pier in the west observing-room at the Ogden
observatory has been obtained ; those previous having been by connec-
tion with the United States lake survey at Detroit, Mich., and with the
pier establised by the United States Coast Survey in the Mormon Temple
grounds in Salt Lake City, Utah. Another set of observations was
also taken to serve as a comparison with the latitude previously obtained
for the position of the instrument upon this pier.
In addition to the positions above given, the astronomical station oc-
cupied by Lieut. E. H. Euffoer, Corps of Engineers, at South Pueblo,
Colo., in 1873, and of which no latitude had been published, was rebuilt,
and a set of zenith-telescope observations made thereat. The report,
with result, is herewith. /
PUEBLO, COLO.
Longitude: 104^' 36' 57".53.
Latitude : 38o 15' 42".84 ± 0" 17 .
The station is situated on the top of the bluflf near the railroad- station
in South Pueblo. The instrument was the same used at the previous
stations of Las Vegas and Cimarron, N. Mex. The longitude as given
above is derived from geodetic work, in connection with our primary
astronomical stations at Labran, Colorado Springs, and Trinidad, Colo.,
executed in the seasons of 1873-74.
Obsei-vations and computations for latitude of Pueblo^ Colo.
SEPTEMBER 14, 1874.
u
s
Micrometer-
readings.
Level.
Half-sum of
declination.
Corrections.
•
N.
S.
Remarks.
Micrometer
and refrac-
tion.
Level.
Meridian.
Latitude.
6780
6794
t d.
7 46.0
6 25.2
10 36. 6
14 90.
3 76.6
11 67.9
2 52.0
13 54.
1 25.8
2 90.0
13 43.
4 61.2
11 23. 8
68.8
10 27.
2 35.0
13 50.4
8 96. 5
17 26. 5
6 86.8
15 10. 9
1 65.0
d.
24.0
4.2
35.0
"— ao'
42.0
4,9
28.3
31.4
2.0
16.0
18.0
7.3
25.8
26.9
8.0
22.9
22.9
15.3
d.
11.0
30.7
- 0.3
37.3
37.5
— 1.0
/ //
38 16 31. 3
/ //
-0 46. 6
+2 54. 7
—4 14. 4
+5 53.
+7 53.3
+6 44.8
+4 15.4
-6 9.3
-7 9.9
+5 19. 9
—3 21. 1
-8 38. 7
If
-Z.{
-1.1
-1.2
+0.5
-0.6
-1.7
-1.8
-1.9
-2.0
—2.1
-0.4
-0.4
//
/ //
38 15 41.6
6824
6827
12 51. 2
19 59. 2
9 52.2
7 49.7
9 0.8
11 31.2
21 52. 7
22 53.0
44.8
6835
43.6
7140
7166
45.7
7213
7*260
"*43."3'
32. 0«
8.7
5.5
35.5
22.0
20.0
29.7
12.0
12.0
31.8
16.0
16.0
24.0
■
42.4
7320
7336
43.9
7365
7410
•••••■ •••
44.6
7505
7524
41.5
7571
7589
41.1
7674
7689
•
10 25.3
19 6.0
24 23.0
43.1
7778
44.5
7782
43.9
7807
SEPTEMBER 15, 1874.
6824
6835
6924
6933
6967
6986
7006
7022
7073
7114
7140
7166
7213
7260
7320
7336
7365
7410
7J505
7524
7571
7589
7644
7689
7733
7754
7778
7782
7807
6 75.8
3.0
6 84.5
6 72.0
9 31. 2
3 7fc.
5 7.6
8 60.1
3 39.5
12 2.1
11 8.9
2 0.0
12 70.
48.0
3 14.5
13 69. 5
3 89.9
10 44. U
74. 6
8 82,5
1 12.3
12 35. 2
2 81.5
11 7.2
6 17.5
8 88,5
7 22.0
15 44. 1
1 93.0
17.8
22.0
28.0
12.5
19.0
21.2
24,7
17.0
20.0
20.0
10.4
29.8
33.5
7.0
24.0
7.0
16.0
2:3.5
14.3
1 tJV. u
■ 8.0
36.2
22.0
21.0
28.0
15.3
43.3
43.0
2.0
21.0
16.8
12,0
27.5
21.2
19.5
15.8
23.5
21.3
22.0
.31.0
12.3
7.8
34.5
18.5
35.8
26.5
19.0
19.5
13.0
34.5
7.0
21.3
23.0
15.4
28.5
0.5
0.6
42. 2
30* p. m.
40* p. m.
38 19 59. 2
15 45. 9
12 9.8
17 58. 3
21 14.4
9 52.4
7 49.9
9 0.6
11 .31.4
21 52. 9
22 53. 2
10 25. 6
17 27. 3
19 6.3
24 23. 3
-4 19.3
-0 4.8
+3 33. 3
-2 15. 9
—5 32. 4
+5 50.3
+7 51. 1
-h6 46. 6
--4 12. 4
—6 8.9
—7 12.9
+5 18.2
—1 44. 5
-3 23. 9
—8 40. 8
+0.5
-fO.2
-0.1
+0.5
-0.5
-0.7
-0.4
-5.4
—1.4
+0.5
+0.6
-0.3
-0.1
+0.6
4-0.5
+0.1
+0.1
38 15 40. 5
41.3
43.0
42.9
41.5
*■
42.0
40.7
41.8
42.4
44.5
40.9
43.5
42.7
43.3
43.0
LL— 2
10
Observaiiona and computaUona for latitude of FuiblOf Colo. — Continued.
SEPTEMBER 16, 187J.
P4
s
CO
Cm
O
•
o
Level.
N.
S.
Remarks.
Half -sum of
decliuation.
6824
6835
€967
6986
7006
7022
t d.
6 44.7
— 24. 9
d.
31.3
11.0
d.
9.6
29.8
9 34.2
3 79.5
7.5
37.0
33.7
5.0
r> 37. 6
8 91.3
22.0
23.0
20.0
19.4
O ' //
38 19 59. 4
12 10.0
17 58. 5
Corrections.
Micrometer
and refrac-
tion.
/ //
-4 la 1
-1-3 3a 8
-2 16. 3
Level. Meridian.
Latitude.
//
//
-fO.7
-fl.3
-fl. 3
o / //
38 15 42.
45.1
43.5
Latitude, 38° 15' 42".84 ± 0".17.
The reports upon the results of the observations of the past field-sea-
son are now ready, and will appear as a part of volume II of the quarto
reports.
The positions of the main stations are herewith given.
11
o
CO
O
o
04
o
o
•••
•2.
00
00
o
o
•2.
I
o
I
«•»
00
S
go
la
s
&
«
09
«
.A
o
• I ;m
® t- C
'OS
a^ 00
5 <o u
p. J o
CO a^
^ s> o
.22c
7i a;^
SB
-J. '^
«) 1
* 2
9 "S
.2 §
5 -^
i-J_. BO
2 2 »
o
08
2
a
o
8
es
P4
o
a
o o
Q
H
§
•sqo JO
SJIBd JO -o^
o to
• •
2 S
a
o
T
CO
O CO
H 00
CI 1-1
o no
n o
L-J -^ «^
rf "* "*
CO
00
o
04 ej
CO CO
O) <U Q
9> ^ So
s
•JOJ
-J3 9[q«qaij
SCO
e o
-H -a
o m ^
1-N O) «
o
■H
44 44
at
00
CO
o o
5 S S
CO ur 00
»H 'a* »S
s s s
'sadcreqo
-X9 JO -o^
CO >A
CO CO O
I
O (S
a
i
§
bfi
g bc.9
a
B^f^
Cm
I-
P
04
Cm
0*
s
«M
s
M
Pi
Cm
a
P
s
P
(M
p. • Pi
CO t' w (-1
Ph^Ph^
u
<M
P«
s
P
«M
P<
s
Pi
P
Sj^a
a
Pi
p
Cm
P.
s
OS
M
P4
P
<M
P*
a.
pHiPi-ipHs
' joqamn :^99qs-8VX)T
1 «
g "
"*
o
o
o
o
•19A9J
••JQ*
•
00
■
S2
•V98 9A0qB 9pQ)I)lY
^io
CO
CO
&
5
•aoj
.§
o
g
S
LO
o
-J9 9iq«qoj J
^ d
d
d
d
d
-H
-H
-H
+1
■H
a
o
I
QQ
'I
•M p
O 1^
Pi
.P
^1
J
I
CO
1
I
a
'9
•M
QQ
•J«9i
S5 6
QD CO 00
12
Those determined by other astronomical methods, triangulation, and
trigonometrical processes, from the years 1869 to 1874 inclusive, will ap-
pear in the form of condensed tables of geographical positions, altitudes,
distances, magnetic variations, &c., the manuscript for which is in course
of preparation.
Connection was had with a point selected at the camp of organi-
zation of the expedition of 1874 with the monument at South Pueblo,
Colo., and the trial sextant-observations for latitude, here made by the
oflBcers in charge of parties, were compared.
The finished appurtenances and the necessary repairs to the observa-
tory have been completed, excepting the middle room and the dome, for
which a moderate sum should be authorized as soon as the same can be
made available.
I have also to recommend that a room adjoining the middle room to
the north shall be constructed for the purposes of meteorological obser-
vations and storage of instruments.
As has been customary, the several oflBcers of the Corps of Engineers
and of the line of the Army in charge of parties have made observations
for time and latitude at proper points, computing the observations in
the Office in Washington, D. C, upon their return from the field. No
additional points have presented themselves where telegraphic connec-
tions for comparison with sextant and chronometer observations for
time and latitude could be employed, but it is intended to perfect the
methods, whereby, with the most portable instruments and with the proper
accessories, determinations for longitude and latitude can be made suflB-
ciently accurate to serve as initial points for measured and developed
bases, at points remote from present routes of convenient transportation.
When the telegraph now in process of construction, under the Signal-
Service of the War Department, from Santa F^, N. Mex., to San
Diego, Cal., via the Eio Grande, Camp Grant, and Tucson, Ariz., and
Fort Yuma, Cal., is completed, convenient poijits, to be thus occupied,
will be selected.
The quadrilateral telegraphic communication, which will extend from
Ogden, Utah, by Central Pacific Railroad, to San Francisco, Cal.; thence,
via Southern Pacific Railroad or Coast Line, to San Diego, Cal. ; thence,
via Tucson, Ariz., to Santa F6, N, Mex.; thence to Denver, Colo.; thence
to Cheyenne, Wj^o.; and thence, via (Tnion Pacific Railroad, to close
the circuit at Ogden, will be taken advantage of to check astronomic
determinations at specific points that have been, or may be, occupied
on that part of the line extending from San Diego, Cal.^ to Santa Fe, N.
Mex.
It is advisable, in furtherance of this most important class of work of
the survey, to select at once at least two locations, one to be near the
east base of the Rocky Mountains, another to the west of the Sierra
Nevada, and both to the south of the fortieth parallel, at which the
foundations for permanent field-observatories, similar to the one at
Ogden, shall be laid at an early day.
• I have to recommend for the first Denver, Colo., and for the second
Los Angeles or San Diego, Cal.
GEODETIC AKD TOPOGRAPHICAL.
Measured and developed bases, each connected with the belts of tri-
angles that reach from Denver, Colo., on the north, to Santa Fd, N. ]Mex.,
on the south, and extend from the east base of the Rocky Mountain
ranges to near the western boundary of Colorado and New Mexico, have
FRELIMIN^
Sliowiogfb
Detenuiaalions'tiiiuLe afMami
MeasnredBases andatM
COLOKADi
GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS^
IhCh.
lstLieul.GKO.M.WH:
Under the I
Brig-. Gen. A .A.TniMPBRE"
18'
Seals
S Main Astronamical ,
9 do oflYmitaryTria
~ Janes betvieen. nuan or -,
Limits of^AHas Sheet
M
f?
13
been measured at Pueblo and Trinidad, Colo., and Cimarron, Fort Union,
Las Vegas, and Santa F^, K Mex. After the connections shall have
been completed at the close of the present field-season, the geographical
positions at the vertices of the main and secondary triangles should be
computable from the extremity of any of the above bases as initial
points, thus giving several results for each position arrived at from
original and independent data. The extremities of the bases at the
above-mentioned points are joined with the main astronomical points
that have been established in their immediate vicinit3\ These points
have all been carefully marked by enduring monuments, and the exten-
sion of the work can be developed from each in all directions at will.
Angles of the main triangles have been measured by four of the mov-
ing field-parties, and the connections completed over large areas in Colo-
rada and New Mexico, with the exception of a tew points to be occupied
early during the present season.
A preliminary sketch, based upon observations made by assistants L.
Nell, G. Thompson, F. A. Clark, F. O. Maxson, J. C. Spiller, and B. J.
Sommer, members of parties under command of Lieutenants Marshall,
Tillman, Whipple, Price; Birnie, Blunt, Hoxie, and myself, confined to
an exhibit of the main or primary triangulation, and showing its exten-
sion in the Colorado section of the work, is here introduced. The second-
ary triangles, other trigonometric connections, and intermediate astro-
nomical check-stations are not shown, as the data obtained for their
determination are not yet atl reduced.
Lists of geographical positions of the several orders of value will be
given in the special publication now being prepared. (See AppenHi^
K, on publications.)
This map, or sketeh,is of great value for field and office use, in connec-
tion with the fiUing-in of all essential details within the area already
embraced by the maip triangulation, and also as an index to future con-
nections westward.
The points occupied and to be occupied in Colorado during the pres-
ent field season were selected in pursuance of my project submitted to
and approved by the Chief of Engineers and the honorable the Secretary
of War, being a part of the system of triangulation and detailed map-
representation pertaining to certain of the rectangles lying within the
region to be occupied as proposed in an earlier project (April 3, 1873)
for the systematic and connected prosecution of the work, and which
received the sanction of the Chief of Engineers.and the Secretary of War
after Congress had made appropriation for continuing the survey for
the ensuing fiscal year.
The geographical positions of the main astronomical stations, together
with those of the extremities of the measured and developed bases, and
of the vertices of the main triangles, carefully computed, form the
mathematical basis, and, in the early stage of the construction of the
map, are most essential; while the intermediate points, obtained in the
secondary triangulation by connection with three well-established points,
by latitude-checks, or from meanders of the roads, trails, streams, &c.,
serve to locate all necessary points that are selected in such close con-
junction as to admit of the sketching of the intermediate mountain-
topography, so that as far as practicable from the resultant data conjec-
tural contours of the ground expressing diflfereuces of elevation of 250
feet, each referable either to an arbitrary or common plane, can be
delineated.
In limited areas where the sectionizing of the public lands has been
accomplished, usually in mountain-valleys encompassed by the geograph-
14
ical work of the survey, connection with the stakes or other marks is
had when practicable, and minor details of roads, trails, rivers, creeks,
lakes, springs, &c., can be introduced from the Land-Office plats with
sufficient accuracy.
The details gathered the past season are sufficient for the construction
of sheets of the area occupied upon a scale of one inch to four miles, while
a portion of the so-called San Juan mining-region, intricate in topog-
raphy, and likely to become of importance through its mining pros-
pects, will be mapped upon a scale of one inch to two miles ; indeed, for a
clear and vivid representation of the rugged wilderness of mountains
lying in Southwestern Colorado, no scale less than one inch to one mile is
adequate.
Note. — The field-work of 1874 completes the connection of the areas of New Mexico
and Colorado over which the snrveyed portions were partially joined in 1873, while at
the close of the season of 1875, the areas mapped will stretch in a belt from the Pacific
Ocean to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, or westward from the Pecos to the
Pacific.
The area embraced during the past season has not been so large as in
former years. Another step has been made in the direction of a more
perfect and refined geodetic survey ; and the system once established,
the results as to areas mapped in a manner that will require no future
change, except in details incident to the development of the country,
will vary, the force remaining constant, according to the physical con-
struction of the ever-shifting panorama of mountain, valley, and plain
found along each parallel of latitude within the longitudinal limits of the
survey.
Note. — The number of sheets, 19 by 24 inches, required to express the topography of
the United States, excepting the Alaska addition, lyin^west of the one hundredth me-
riditin, upon a scale of one inch to one mile, is approximately 6,000. If each of the 95
sheets projected to form the atlas of that area upon a scale of one inch to eight miles
were complete, the number would be 6,080 sheets.
When practicable, initial monuments, marking a point of determin-
able position as to longitude, latitude, and altitude, the meridian-line
through which has been laid out, have been erected in mining-camps
about to be opened, aud where surveys of the mineral-lands, and other
surveys, both superficial and underground, are about to be made. More
attention will be given from year to year to the ^election of points of
initial value in the future survey of the mountain-ranges in greater
detail, or those portions of them from which the precious and other
metals are to be extracted.
It would appear eminently proper to anticipate, since this work lies
outside and in advance of the LandOflfice surveys, the wants of this
class of surveys at the time that they shall be extended largely into the
more impassable mountain-sections, so that in the future the linear or
rectangular connection over difficult lines may be avoided, or perhaps
replaced by a triangular system to be made applicable to all classes of
areas within the western mountain-regions.
From time to time, as mineral development on a large scale has
brought to light a knowledge of the circumstances of ore-deposition in
veins showing considerable permanence, and from which large annual
products are obtained, more minute topographical surveys should be
prosecuted, and the superficial and underground relations between the
source of mineral-supply aud the *' conn try -rock'' be obtained. In this
connection, the i^lane-tables and other instruments convenient for the
determination of contours over medium-sized areas will be brought into
requisition.
In volume I will appear a clear and full exposition of the principal
15
features of the methods employed in the ideographical portions of the
work, with practical illustrations drawn from the material already at
disposal.
While details under these methods will necessarily undergo many
modifications, the system at present adopted will answer for the survey
of all mountainous areas where natural objects, such as peaks, mesa-
edges, buttes, volcanic cones, &c., appear within successive horizons at
distances convenient for measurement, say not exceeding fifty miles for
the sides of the main triangles.
The expedition of 1874 was divided into nine moving field-parties
in addition to the observatory-party, and the office-force of draughts-
men and computers in Washington. These parties were respectively in
charge of (1) myself 5 (2) Lieut. Wm. L. Marshall ; (3) Lieut. P. M. Price 5*
(4) Lieut. C. W. Whipple; (5) Lieut. Eogers Birnie, jr.; (6) Lieut. Stan-
hope E. Blunt; (7) Acting Assistant Surgeon H. 0. Yarrow;* (8)
Acting Assistant Surgeon J. T. Rothrock ; (9) Dr. F, Kampf.
The parties, including my own, those of Lieutenants Whipple, Price,
Birnie, and Blunt, were so disposed as to work up a block of territory
lying south of the latitude of the most northern of the Spanish Peaks,
bounded on the east by 104^ 07' 30" west longitude ; on the south by a
latitude-line passing through Santa Fe; and on the west approximately
by the western boundary of Colorado and Xew Mexico.
These parties were assigned parallel strips from north to south, so
far as compatible with the physical conformation of the areas of drain-
age into which they were to enter, with the exception of the one under
Lieutenant Blunt, which had for its duties the survey of that part of the
area above mentioned lying to the east of the summit-line of the ranges
facing. the plains, a well-marked profile running nearly due north and
south throughout the entire area to be occupied during the season.
The party under Lieutenant Marshall was intrusted with the comple-
tion of triangulation extending over parts of Southern and Southwestern
Colorado, and its connection with the base at Pueblo, that had been left *
the preceding season incomplete. Dr. Yarrow was placed in charge of
a paleontological party operating within the area projected for the sea-
son, and a topographer was assigned to it. Dr. Eothrock, with a party
organized to conduct certain barometrical observations and make col-
lections in zoology and botany, operated westward and south westward
from Santa F^, via Fort Wiugate, N. Mex., Camps Apache and Grant, to
Fort Bowie, Ariz., as a base of supplies. His mission proved success-
ful. Dr. Kampf assumed charge of the party, of which he was chief
observer, engaged in establishing the astronomical co-ordinates of the
main stations referred to along the east base of the Eocky Mountain
ranges and upon the Union Pacific Railroad. The parties, without
exception, prosecuted their labors to the close of the working-season
with vigor and success.
The continued improvement of instruments and methods in this
branch, together with the valuable experience gained by assistants who
have been connected with the work for several years, tend toward
greater facility, and enhance the value of the work with each succeed-
ing year. A reference to the executive reports of the several chiefs of
parties will show, to some extent, the features of the country traversed
and the amount of work accomplished.
* The party of Lieutenant Price was for a portion of the season in charge of Assistant
Francis Klett, who assnmed its duties iii addition to his other labors; and that of Dr.
H. C. Yarrow was assumed charge of by Prof. E. D. Cope, in September, the former
having been ordered to the office in Washington.
16
The principal line of march of the party under my charge extended
from Pueblo, Colo., on the Arkansas, via the regularly-traveled wagon-
road, to Fort Garland, situated on the eastern side of the San Luis Val-
ley, through the Sangre de Cristo Pass; thence westward, crossing the
Eio Grande, to near the junction of San Antonio Creek with the Couejas
Eiver; thence to the source of the latter; having touched and followed,
€w route, for a small distance, a portion of the south fork of the Alamosa
Creek, near its head ; thence passing the continental divide via the head
of the east fork of the Upper San Juan Eiver to its meeting with the
upper main fork, and onward to Pagosa Springs, from which point a
trip was made to Tierra Amarilla and return.
The homeward journey doubled on the inward route to the confluence
of the upper forks of the' San Juan ; thence in and out of the depressions,
marking streams reaching either fork, until Del Norte, lying at the outer
^ate or entrance of the Eio Grande to the great San Luis Valley, was
reached ; thence following the usually-traveled route via Poncho Pass
to Canon City on the Arkansas.
The portion of the route from Pueblo to Fort Garland and its sur-
roundings has often been described, while the resources of those sections
in Colorado bordering upon the east base of the Eocky ranges* are
receiving an outlet through the Denver and Eio Grande and other
railroads that are fast being pushed to the southern boundary of this
Territory, about to become a State.
Fort Garland, lying on a plane slightly elevated above the main val-
ley between the Ute and Sangre de Cristo Creeks, and near their junc-
tion, is south and west about nine miles from old Fort Massachusetts,
that was far more desirably located on Ute Creek, except as to its
defensive position and convenience in reaching the valley of the Arkan-
sas by any of the known passes of the Sangre de Cristo.
Up to the present time, the industries of the mountains and high val-
ley portions of Southern and Southwestern Colorado have been but
. little developed, owing largely to their inaccessibility, and to the fact
that traveled routes have left large areas comparatively untrodden ex-
cept by the wagons laden with Government supplies, the wool-teams of
the settler, mostly from New Mexico, the march of troops to and from
stations, or in scouts in and out of mountain, valley, and caiion, the
hardy prospector for hidden mineral wealth, or the nomadic tribes in
their annual wanderings.
The later mineral discoveries in the San Juan region have awakened
a new spirit of enterprise ; new mail and stage routes reach out into
the unknown parts ; toll-roads have been built ; and the earlier prospec-
tors are, it is hoped, to be followed shortly by capital seeking invest-
ment, always most welcome in such remote regions.
The San Luis Valley was crossed to a camp on its western side, upon
the banks of the Conejos, in the center of a cluster of Mexican towns,
slumbering on the banks of this stream, and its neighbor, a tributary
of the San Antonio Creek. The valley is fully forty miles wide along
this line, which follows pretty closely the Trinchera, and crosses the
Eio Grande below the mouth of the La Jara, and thence in close proximity
* Up to the time of Fremont's first expedition, and indeed later than that, in the
popular mind, all the mountains lying west of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers,
especially those facing upon the great plains, were known as the ^' Kocky Mountains, '^
and looked upon as one range. Later geographical researches have proven the existence
of a number of ranges, and defined, in many cases, the boundaries of each. In speak-
ing of more than one of these ranges that face the great plains, the term " Kocky
ranges" will be used, in a sense ot contradistinction to Coast range or ranges, where
mention is made of one or several of the ranges facing the Pacific Ocean.
17
to the northern bank of the Conejos. The map will show the limits
entire of the great valley heretofore inappropriately called San Luis
Park, and the streams that enter it, some sinking soon after their
emergence from the canons of the lower foothills, and others, especially
those following from the San Juan range and to the south of Del Norte,
reach the Bio Grande upon the surface. The soil on the western side
is covered with a heavy, dark, pulverulent loam, well packed, being the
direct result of denudation of the basaltic-capped foot-hills of the east-
ern flanks of the San Juan range. The part of the valley coming under
my observation is limited to the route traversed, except at points where
detours for observations were made.
The lands crossed, one and all, are susceptible of cultivation if water
can be had, and will grow, with certainty, corn and the other cereals ,•
and, approaching the Eio Grande, the altitude is not too great to allow
maturing of the vegetables and more tender crops, with fruit. A proper
system of irrigation, embracing the Eio Grande and creeks to the south
that debouch from the San Juan range as far as to include the San
Antonio, would do much in bringing under cultivation large tracts of
fine soil, now of but little value even for grazing purposes, and all of
which is most favorably situated, offering good natural slopes for the
irrigating canals and ditches.
In this area, many of the agricultural productions that will find a
ready market, should the mining-regions to the north and west be
opened up successfully, can be grown.
By common consent of the most intelligent persons among the little
settlements along the Conejos, the climate is unsurpassed ; certainly
during our stay of a few days in August in this vicinity nothing better
could have been desired ; the warmth of the day being succeeded by the
still coolness of the night, that in the dry plateau-regions lends a charm
inexplicable, and affords the settler a security from disease not usually
appreciated.
The region of the San Luis Valley and its surrounding subdrainage
basins, to the extended glades of many of which the name of parks
might well be given, deserve a notice at the hands of foreign and do-
mestic immigrants annually seeking homes in the western domain.
The Rio Grande, where crossed, at a ford a little to the north of the
mouth of the Conejos, having low banks, marked only here and there by
sparse cottonwoods and willows, was in August a stream between 30
and 40 yards in w idth, with swift current, and a maximum depth of
about 4 feet. In times of high water, this ford is impassable except
by swimming. Not far to the southward appear wide-mouthed canons
of basaltic-capped islands of sediments, formed during the Lake period,
whose steep flanks approach farther on in caHon form.
The source of the Rio Grande is a region marked by some of the
greatest elevations found in the heart of the continent, and in an area
in which the annual amount of precipitation, pretty equally disposed
throughout the seasons, is great, probably exceeding 40 inches, and
reaching as high as CO inches near the crests of the highest ridges.
This river, of caiion rather than alluvial banks, meets in its course a
large variety of geological strata in its long journey from a point on the
continental divide in the Rocky Ranges to its meeting with the Gulf
of Mexico, as the range of elevations in its profile from upward of 12,000
feet above tide to sea-level w ould indicate.
The Conejos takes its rise in the heart of the San Juan range, near
the summit of the continental divide, and within stone-throw of the
source of the South Fork of the Alamosa Creek, both of which join the
18
Rio Grande from tbe westward, and in their course, before debouching^
from the foot-hills, pass through a succession of parks and glades, (see
Plate I,) limited on either side by canon- walls often 700 and 800
feet in height, and defiles within these walls through which the streams
wind with rapid currents.
The great variety of landscape, comprising forest-trees, shrubs,
grasses, (delightfully green in contrast with the ashen-brown of the
valley below,) lakelets, and springs, each affording a pleasing contrast
to the eye, and anticipations for a campaign in w^iich same of the es-
thetic accompaniments of camp-life, in contradistinction to the desert^
might reasonably be expected.
However different the sequel that brought several comparatively
sleepless nights on the greensward, with only the heavens for a cover-
ing, while the train with all its comforts seemed far away, may have
been, 1 shall not soon forget the grandeur of the view from Prospect
Peak, the first marked point of the foot-hills west from Conejos, that
afforded a horizon made up of extended valleys and massive mountains
on the one side, while to the westward, in the line of our route, lay the
cragged summits of the San Juan range, and, in intervening vistas, a
succession of forest, stream, and valley, most inviting.
The San Antonio Creek is a tributary of the Conejos from the south^
while the La Jara, less important than either the Conejos or Alamoza,
joins the Eio Grande between them. It was at the junction of the San
Antonio and Conejos that Lieutenant (afterward General) Pike, while
exploring for the source of the Eed River, was captured by Mexican
troops in 1807 and taken to Mexico. The remnants of a stockade
erected as a protection against the Indians yet remain, and I was in-
formed by credible authority that a peg bearing his name had been dis-
covered near the source of Sangre de Cristo Creek, indicating that he
entered the Eio Grande from the Arkansas, either by way of the
Sangre de Cristo or Abeyta Pass, names unknown to the map of his
route.
If we have a right to apply the term " park'' to a series of natural
objects picturesquely grouped in areas of considerable extent, and the
right is exercised in the western mountain-region entered by the survey
under my charge, after according the palm to the little valleys of drain-
age of the Upper Colorado Chiquito and the heads of Salt River, explored
in 1873, my mind turns next to those situated among the foot-hills west
of the central part of San Luis Valley, and in the valley of the Upper
San Juan, where nature has accomplished on a grand scale a harmony
that art could not imprpve, and the freshness and purity of which it
might desecrate.
The timber noted has been principally pine and aspen, the former
predominating. The highest peaks of the San Juan are bare, but the
higher foot-hills and the mesa headlands standing out in the southern
horizon, and the high mountains encircling the head of the Sian Juan^
are plentifully supplied, as well as large areas along the creeks that
enter the San Juan from the north as far west as Las Animas River.
The nutritious bunch-grass of the entire mountain-region, as yet un-
harmed by the tramp of sheep that, lower down the Rio Grande, have
worn out parts of the ranges upon which they feed, is valuable to the
prospector or future settler.
Evidences of large and small game have been plentiful, but no time
could be devoted to hunting. Occasional messes of fine mountain-trout
gave evidence of their plentifulness.
The divide between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific was found
19
at the head of the South Fork of the Alamosa Creek, and by an abrupt
and tortuous descent from the plateau-shaped summit the bed of the
Bast Fork of the San Juan was reached, over a rugged trail marked out
by this party, and not likely to be soon followed. A difficult journey
brought us to the junction of the main and east forks of this stream,
from whence a fine trail leads to Pagosa Hot Springs, a point selected
as a rendezvous. After the usual mishaps and trials incident to explo-
ration-life, camp was made at this picturesque locality. This point had
been visited by the party of Lieutenant Marshall in 1873, and a party
under Captain Macomb, oftheCorps ofTopographical Engineers, passed
this section to the westward in 1859 in search of the junction of the Green
and Grand Rivers. A description of these hot springs is given by As-
sistant J. J. Stevenson in volume III of the quarto Reports.
The principal southern tributaries of the San Juan River are the Rito
Blanco and Navajo. They are crossed by the wagon-road constructed
by Captain Macomb, of the Topographical Engineers, in 1859, on the
road to Tierra Amarilldi, upon the Rio Chama, where are several small
Mexican settlements within a radius of six or seven miles upon the main
stream, or near the mouths of the East Fork and ITntritas Creek.
The ruins of the buildings at old Fort Lowell are characteristic, and
show the rapid action of time as a demolisher. Remtiants of the tem-
porary shelter used as a summer cantonment on the banks of the San
Juan, a little to the north of Pagosa Springs, were noted.
A shorter route, but impracticable for wagons after heavy rains, via
Canon Amagre, has been lately opened from the upper settlements about
Tierra Amarilla, that passes to the eastward of Horse Lakes. Grass
abounds along this entire distance, and timber on the high hills and
mesas.
Below the mouth of the !Navajo, the San Juan turns from, first a south-
erly, then southwesterly course, nearly to the westward, and soon receives
from the north several important streams, including the Florida, Pinos,
La Plata, Las Animas, and Mancos. So far as is known, no streams of
any importance enter the river from either side to the west of the Man-
cos. The area bounded on the east and south by the San Juan frotn the
junction of its forks to the mouth of the Mancos, on the west by the
Mancos, and on the north by a line drawn from the point of the emerg-
ence of this stream from the higher mountains to the point first men-
tioned, is one great grazing-field, broken only at irregular intervals by
groves, and not infrequently dense patches of timber. Its elevation
precludes the cultivation of vegetables and corn, except in spots in the
lower part of the narrow valleys of the streams ; but the more hardy
crops ought to mature by careful culture.
The mountains commanding the area described upon the north and
east are covered nearly to their summits with a dense growth of pine,
fir, and hemlock. Groves of aspen occur at' elevations from six to eight
and often nine thousand feet above sea-level.
The San Miguel, La Plata, and San Juan ranges, and other groups
not yet properly classified, form this vast mountain amphitheater. Late
prospecting has shown that surface indications of the precious minerals
are promising at several points, some of which were visited, and reports
thereupon, as far as the examinations could be made, will appear in
due time.
In the month of September, the climate upon the Upper San Juan and
its northern tributaries, at elevations not exceeding 8,000 feet, is delight-
ful. The rains of July and August have ceased, and few clouds disturb
20
tlie clearness proverbial of tbe interior mountain-valleys and plateaa-
re^ions of Colorado and New Mexico.
The homeward route lay through a beautiful, park-like valley, reach-
ing from the foot of the high mountains, from which the river breaks
out through a precipitous cation, to the junction oC the two forks; thence
the trail winds in and out, following the ridges dividing the drainage
between these forks to a tributary of the South Fork of the Rio Grande,
which is followed by a tortuous trail, often leading out of the valley of
the stream to avoid canons, to its mouth ; and thence along the inclosed
mountain-valley, through which flows the Rio Grande proper, to the lit-
tle mining-town of Del Norte, facing the San Luis Valley. This trail
had not apparently been frequented for years, but must have been of
considerable importance to the Utes in their journeys in and out of the
San Juan from the Rio Grande before their location upon reservations.
Most of the summits passed were in excess of 10,000 feet above tide,
and covered with heavy timber. Thunder and lightning, rain, hail, and.
snow-storms were our lot during this difficult trfp, taken at the close of
the month of September. Trails crossing passes of so great elevation
in this section of territory become difficult later in the season than
October 1 5 and the months of July, August, and September are the only
ones of the year during which surveying parties obliged to climb the
high surrounding peaks in succession can work with safety or advantage.
The large rainfall has served to give fantastic shapes to the intricate
drainage-areas shaped by the geological structure of this region, and
determine for it an apparent inaccessibility, except along certain lines.
The meager number of Indian trails in the area comprised by the heads
of the Rio Grande, San Juan, and its northern tributaries, the Dolores,
Uncompahgre, and Lake Fork of the Gunnison Rivers, in a section not
long ago fully ranged over by certain of the Ute and Apache tribes, is a
fair indication of the difficulties of traversing these regions, while the
physical obstacles met by the parties in their claraberings through these
mountains could only be hinted at in long-drawn itineraries of their
routes, which time, space, and the scope of the reports of the survey
alike forbid.
The South Fork of the Rio Grande, although dignified in title, is
insignificant in comparison with the main stream that it joins. It is
simply the largest creek that enters the Rio Grande between its source
and debouchure into the San Luis Valley.
From Del Norte our route followed along the northwest arm of San
Luis Valley, via Saguache, and thence across Poncho Pass and the
creek of that name to the South Fork of the Arkansas, and thence to
the end of a branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Narrow-gauge Rail-
way at Canon City, near the mouth of the main canon of the Arkansas
River. The pass discovered by Lieutenant Marshall, to the head of the
Lake Fork of the Gunnison, or passing by tbe head of the main fork of
Puncho Creek, leads up the above-named creek from the point at which
it is joined by the road in question.
The impressions left upon my mind as to the general resources of
Southwestern Colorado, as yet mostly in prospective, have been ex-
tremely favorable. Better communication, more settlers, and money
for the development of its mines, are the needs of the present state of
settlement; certainly, nature has kindly supplied the earth with much
that energetic industry can subjugate to the wants of man.
The expedition of 1875 has been divided into two sections, known as
the California or Pacific-coast section, and the Colorado or Rocky
Range section. Lieut. Wm. L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers, has
I
21
commaud of the latter, wbich is subdivided into three parties. This
section of the expedition will disband at Fort Lyon, Colo., and during
the season will conclude triaugulation-work left incomplete because
of the uncertainty of making the best selection of the vertices of a
system of triangles in a section of country thickly studded with
mountain-peaks, over which no prior reconnaissance has been made^
experienced during the last as well as in preceding seasons.
Lieutenant Morrison and party are instructed to fill in a space left
blank in the southwestern portion of sheet 69, and search further for a
line for a wagon-route leading from the valley of the Arkansas to the
headwaters of the Puerco of the West, and thence branching to li^orthern
and Eastern Arizona in the vicinity of Prescott and Camp Apache, most
of which has already been determined by officers sent out from the
headquarters of the Department of the Missouri, and by parties of this
survey.
Detailed work extending eastward to the central line of sheet 78 will
be carried as far to the south as the time and force will permit.
This section, an expedition by itself, is most completely equipped, and
good work, and a great deal of it, is expected to result.
The California section has been subdivided into five parties. Detailed
operations will be completed as far as practicable in sheets 72 and 73.
A belt of triangles will be carried along the peaks of the coast and
Sierra Nevada ranges as far north and eastward as Death Valley; por-
tions of the outlying basins and their surrounding mountains in the
vicinage will be worked up in detail by another party.
The special party under Lieutenant Bergland will examine the Colo-
rado River, making special preliminary surveys at the following points :
1st, foot of Virgin Canon ; 2d, mouth of Eio Virgen ; 3d, mouth of
Vegas Wash; 4th, near Cottonwood Island; 5th, Camp Mohave; 6th,
in the vicinity of the " Needles.''
The flow of the river and the character of its sediments Will be deter-
mined at the mouth of the Eio Virgen and at Camp Mohave. The char-
acter of the soil in the vicinity of the above-named places, and along
the routes to and from their field of labor, will be carefully noted.
An approximate estimate of the cost of a canal leading from any of
the above points, if one feasible can be found, with the preliminary loca-
tion of its line, will be made. The above are a number of the subjects
from which results are expected to be obtained during the short field-
season that they will be required to labor in that hot and now compara-
tively desert region.
This special survey, if carried forward to completion, implies other
examinations than those necessary to prove its practicability as an engi-
neering problem, and involving detailed investigations into the present
physical condition, the climatic, and other oscillations, with attendant
hygrometric and surface changes in this great area of drainage ; and, in
view of the limited means available, no more than a preliminary exami-
nation, arranging in skeleton the accumulation of existing facts, and
those made known by the labors of this season, can be expected.
A report of their results will be communicated at an early day, after
their return from the field, October 15, and also a detailed estimate of
the time and means necessary to determine with certainty the possibility
of the diversion of the Colorado for purposes of irrigation at any point
along its present channel between the foot of the Grand Canon and its
entrance into Mexican territory at the boundary, below Fort Yuma,
Cal. ; it having been demonstrated by results already obtained that such
22
diversion cannot be made between the foot of the lower Grand Canon
and the junction of its confluents, the Green and Grand Bivers.
I most respectfully suggest the desirability of entering such portions
of the following areas for the season of 1876 as shall seem most practi-
cable at the time that detailed projects shall be required to be submitted :
For the Pacific coast section of the survey, the unfinished portions of
sheets ISTos. 72 and 73; No. 80, 64 (C), 64 (D), 48 (C), 48 (D) ; for the
Rocky Eange section, the unfinished parts of Nos. 77 and 78 ; also por-
tions of 84 (B), and 85 (A), 53 (A), 52 (A), (B), 52 (C), 51 (B), 51 (D), 24
(G), 24 (D), 33, 34, 35 (A), 35 (G), 42 (A), 42 (B>, 43 (A), 43 (B), 44 (A),
44 (C).
These areas, one and all, are easily connected with initial points
already established, and represent sections into which mineral and other
industries are most rapidly entering.
PEOGEESS-MAP.
This map, skeleton in its character, and of approximate accuracy only
as to its several lines and positions, has been revised to date.
There is not claimed for this map the novelty and thoroughness of a
compilation, as it is simply a reduction, to which has been added a little
new material, drawn principally from this survey, of what is known as
the Western Territory Map of the Engineer Department, originally
compiled under the direction of Lieut. G. K. Warren, Topographical
Engineers, in the years 1854-'58. The skeleton-map, a reduction also
from the Western Territory Map, prepared to accompany the Progress
Beport of 1872, was constructed in great haste, to meet any call that
might be made for preliminary information, as further appropriations
had been asked. It was perfeeli^l, primarily, to show the scheme pro-
posed for a series of topographipal atlas-maps of the area west of the one-
hundredth meridian, and the progi^ss of that work, to include the area
entered during the season of 1872. Having answered most of the par-
poses for which it was intended, it was replaced by the present "Pro-
gress Map," more complete in all its characteristics.
So far as information can be obtained, the extensions of railroad
and telegraph lines are represented; but as no Department of the
Government is the custodian of fully reliable information upon this sub-
ject, the information has, per force, been sought from various sources 5
hence an uncertainty as to its completeness.
Note. — The designatioDs (A), (B), (C), and (D), respectively, have been given to the
northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast quarters of each atlas-sheet, as shown
upon rectangles 52, 01, 69, 77, 78, 72, and 73 of the progress-map.
ROUTES AND PROFILES.
In response to a letter from the commanding officer of Fort Cameron,
Utah, to Bvt. Msy. Gen. E. O. O. Ord, while in command of the De-
partment of the Platte, by whom it was referred, through the Chief of
Engineers, to this office, a report was made upon the different routes
•discovered from the vicinity of Fort Cameron, Utah, to the southward,
crossing the Colorado River and ending at Prescott, Ariz.
That report is not now available ; but the tables of distances from
Beaver, lying to the westward of Fort Cameron and Salt Lake, via sev-
•eral routes, all ending at Prescott, are herewith.
LeUnd
St«iiM,Jr.
Ih
^^'^BRSlt^
23
From Beaver,* Utah, to Prescott, Jriz.^ {atlas-nheeis Nos. 59, 66, 67, 75,) via Saint George
Grand Wash, and Truxton Springs.
From Beaver
To Biickhorn Springs.
To Paraizoonah
To Parowan
To Sammit . . .
To Cedar City
ToKanara
To Bellevicw
To Toqaerville
To Harrisburg
To Washington
To Saint George . . .
To Camp at nead
Grand Wash.
of
To Washi • Pahghan
Springs.
To Fahghnn - Pabghan
Springs.
To Colorado crossing
of expedition of 1871.
21.00
9.00
4.00
7.50
14.50
1.'>.50
17.00
8.00
7.70
9.00
■4.80
24.65
17.37
22.79
25.28
V
so
•p^
&
B
o
«
a
a
•^*
•*•>
§
3
Cm >
•Si
Be marks.
349.89
335. 39 5726.
319. 89 5419.
41.50
56.00
71.50
88. 50302. 89
96. .50;294. 89
104. 20,287. 19
113.20-278.19 2906.0
118.00 273.39.
142. 65 248. 74
391.39G057.7
21.00 370.39 1
30. 00 361. 39 6222. 7 Good water, grass, and wood
34. 00 357. 39 5910. Good water ; grass scarce ; wood
plenty.
Grass and water scarce; wood
plenty.
Good water ; no grass in vicinity ;
wood.
Good water, grass, and wood
do
do
do
do
do
Black Rock Springs, west-north-
west of camp ; water, except in
dry seasons ; grass and wood.
Good water, grass, and wood
Authority.
160.02
4421.
•231.37
I
182.81208.56 2281.9
208. 09 183. 30'
Good water; grass; no wood..
Grass on mesa ; driftwood only ;
no ferry ; river believed to be lin-
fordable, unless during October
and November of exceptional
years.
Klett.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
* The center of the public square in the town of Beaver is approximately two and one-half miles by
-wagon-road from Fort Cameron, and nearly due west. -
From Beaver to Paragoonah, road good, Mormon settlement.
to Parowan, Summit, and Cedar City, road good ,* latter places Mormon
settlements,
to between Belleview and Toquerville, road becomes very steep in places,
to between Toquerville and Saint George, road sandy; Mormon settlements
along road.
From Saint George to the Colorado crossing, trail practicable for wasron-road, except
at Cottonwood Springs, (twelve miles north of Colorado River,)
where it leaves the Dry Wash and climbs steep mesas. At this
point road would have to be bnilt.
From crossing to Truxton Springs, road could be built without difficulty, though in
places grade would be steep.
From Truxton Springs to Prescott, good wagon-road ; joins Prescott and Hardyville
mail-road at Cottonwoods, near old Camp Willow Grove.
24
From BeaveVt ^tdhf to Prescott, Ariz., (atlas-sheets Nos. ^9, 66, 67, 75,) via Saint George,.
Grand Wash, and Truxton Springs,
OB
a
B
a
.1-1
a
a
P
From Beaver
To Colorado crossing . . 208. 09
To Tinnahkah Springs. 21. 88
To Attoovah (or Cafion) 14. 21
Springs.
To iNew Creek of Ives, 14. 24
or Pahroach Springs.
To Truxton Springs ... 16. 9!
To old Camp Willow 25.00
Grove.
To Fort Rock 15.00
To Oaks and Willows . . 27. 13
To old Camp Hualapais. 9. 00
To toll-gate in William- 16. 56
son's valley.
To Prescott 23.37
I
3
o
H
CO "-H
9 S
Hi
6057. 7
208. 09 183. 30
229, 97 161. 42
244. 181147.21
258. 42
275.33
4080.0
300. 33
315.33
342. 26
351. 46
368.02
391. 39
132. 97
116. 06 3885. 5
91.06
76.06
67. 06
39. 93 5321. 9
23.37
0.00
From
Remarks.
Wood ; water of river muddy ;
grass at river scarce.
Small springs ; buncb -grass ; wood.
Spring in ca&on; banch-grass; cedar-
trees.
Good camping-grounds ; plenty
wood, water, and grass.
Banch-grass through sage-brush,
water, and wood.
Wood, water, and grass
Good water ; no grass ; little wood.
Water, wood, and grass
Good water and grass ; plenty wood.
Water and wood; little grass
5318.0, Water and grass.
Authority.
NelL
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Klett.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Good camping-grounds at crossing of Muddy Canon," between Fort Rock and Oaks and
Willows.
From Beaver, Utahj to Prescott^ Ariz., (atlas-sheets Xos, 59, 66, 67, 74, 75,) Saint George
mouth of Virgin and Scale's SjJrings.
Distance in miles.
i
Altitude in feet
above sea-level.
Remarks.
Authority.
From Beaver
429. 98
310.98
6057. 7
To Saint George
To Beaver-dam
To Saint Thomas
To Mouth of Rio Virgen
To Mountain Spring. . .
To Chloride City
To Mineral Park
To Cerbat
118.00
30.90
50.00
24. ?6
41.43
14. 53
7.00
6.00
9.00
16. 6.=)
20.85
15.00
36.13
16.56
lis. 66
148. 90
198. 90
223. 46
264. 89
279. 42
286. 42
292. 42
281. 08
231. 08
206. 52
165. 09
150. 56
143. 56
1600.0
5500. 8
*4i76.'6
' "532i.'9
""5,3i8.'0
Water alkaline ; grass scarce ;
wood plenty.
Good water; grass and wood
scarce.
Water muddy and alkaline; no
grass ; willows ; ferry.
W ater alkaline ; little bunch-
grass ; wood.
W ater brackish ; little grass
Water alkaline; wood and gratis
at small distance from town.
Water and wood; very little grass.
Water and wood; grass some
distance from camp.
Good water, wood, and grass
do
Klett.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
To Beale's Springs
To Hualapais Springs. .
To old Camp Willow
Grove.
To Fort Rock
301.42 128.56
318.0; 111.91
338.92. 91.06
3.53.92 76.06
390.051 39.93
4f)fi. fil 2:v.'^7
Do.
Do.
Do.
Good water ; no grass ; little wood
Good water, wood, and grass
Good water and wood ; little grass
Good water and srrass ....
Do.
To Camp Hualapais
To toU-eate
Do.
Do.
To Prescott
23. 37i4-2<). 9.^ on
Do.
* Cottonwood.
Road from Saint George to Beaver-dam, across the ranges, good and hard ; plenty of
wood.
Road from Beaver-dam to Saint Thomas, along and through ths Virgin River bed ,
quicksand in places.
Road from Saint Thomas to mouth of Virgin River good ; ferry across Colorado one-
fourth mile below mouth.
Road from Virgin to Mountain Spring generally good.
25
Koad from Mineral Park good ; mining-town.
Road from Cerbat sandy ; mining-camp.
Road from Beale's Spring good ; abandoned military post.
Road from Cotton woods good.
From Fort Rock to Fresco tt. Mineral Park and Cerbat are both sitaated about one
mile east of road from Chloride City to Beale's Spring.
I^Yom Beaver y Utahj to Prescoit, Ariz., (atlas-sheets Nos. 59, 67, 75,) via mauth of Paria Creek
•
1
a
a
1
s
1
Altitude in feet
above sea-level.
Remarks.
Authority.
From Beaver
446.04
440.04
414.04
394.54
386. 94
355.94
341.94
312.24
298.14
285. 14
269 94
262.19
244.46
215.84
211. 59
6057.7
6273.3
To Fremont Pass
To Panonitch
6.00
26.00
19.50
7. CO
31.00
14.00
27.70
14.10
13.00
15.20
7.75
17.73
28.62
4.25
6.00
32.00
51.50
59.10
90.10
104. 10
133.80
147.90
160. 90
176. 10
183.85
201.56
230.20
234.45
Single spring; plenty wood; grass
iKior.
Water and wood ; grass poor.
do
Wej'ss.
Do.
To Asay's Ranch
To fork's of river
To Johnson's Springs..
To Nav^o Wells
To Honse-rock Springs.
To Jacob's Pool
To Soap Springs
To mouth of Paria
To Navajo Springs
To Limestone Water-
pockets.
To Water-pockets
To Moqnis-Pnebio trail.
Do.
*3294.0
5405.4
Grass, wood, and water.
Good water, wood, and poor
grass.
Animals watered with bucket ;
wood; grass scanty.
W ood and erass ; spring off from
road, at foot of cliff.
Spring at ranch ; wood scarce.
Water alkaline; wood scarce;
graeing near cafion.
Drift-wood; poor grass; ferry.
Excellent water and grass ; wood
on mesas.
Water in pools to right of road, in
small gulch; grass; little wood.
Springs in pockets; grass and
wood scarce.
Wood, water, and grass in vicin-
ity, north of roa£
Do.
Do.
Thompson.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1 Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
* Two miles above month of Paria.
Road from Beaver to Fremont Pass good ; near Panqaitch settlement difficult on
account of water-ditches.
From Beaver to Navajo Wells, road good, except in wet weather, when it becomes
very bad ; ^rass along road very scant, and insuMcient to decently support animals
on the march.
From Navajo Wells to Ferry-landing, road is good till it passes over Kaibab Plateau,
where it becomes rough.
To Jacob's Pool, road sandy in places ; good to mouth of Paria, but crosses a number
of arroyos.
To Navajo Springs, good made road round springs ; excellent to Limestone Pockets
and beyond, till it passes divide, when it becomes sandy.
From Navajo Springs to Moquis-Paeblo trail, good road, foUowiog arroyo.
LL— 3
26
From Beaver, Utah, to Preecoit, Ariz,, (ailas-^heeis Nos. 59,67,75,) via mouth of Paria
Creek.
From Beaver ,
To Moquis-Pneblo trail,
To Moeu-copie Creek. . .
To Colorado Chiquito. .
To Cascades
To "wa.eon-road . . ,
To CusdIdo tanks.
To Antelope Springs. . .
To Volunteer Spring.-. .
To spring sonth of Bill
Williams Mountain.
To Iiattle^nake Cufion .
To Postal's Kanch
ToPrescott
CD
a
a
I
8
I
3
e
H
0. 00 934. 45
11.00245. 45
I
12.00257.45
58.75316.20
11.50 327.70
4. 00 331. 70
I
24. 00 35.5. 70
11.20366.90
27.32.')94.22
I
15. 42 409. 64
I
14. 40 424. 04
22. 00 446. 04
211.59
2IJ0. 59
188.59
129.84
118. 34
114.34
90.34
79.14
51.82
36.40
22.00
I
6057.7
4984. 1
6244.1
8065. 1
7106. 4
Bemarks.
From map; distance probably
too small.
do
From map; water alktAine: wood;
grass scarce on lava debris a
few miles south of river.
Plentv of wood and grass
Wood and excellent grass ; water
said to exist in tanks all the year.
Good grass and wood anywhere. .
Good wood, water, and grass
5526.6 do
4600.
5318.
Wood scarce ; good water; bunch-
grass.
Good water ; wood and grass poor.
Plenty water and wood
Authority.
Somers.
Do.
l>o.
Nell.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
From Moqnis-Pueblo trail to Cascades and from Cosnino tabks, distauces were taken
from map, and -for road distanceB (though correction Tvas made) are probably too
small.
The trail used from Cascades on Colorado Chiqiiitd to wagon-road is perfectly prac-
ticable for wagon ; hence good mail-road to Prescott.
From Salt Lake to Panquitch, (atlas-sheets Kos, 50, and 59.)
From Salt Lake
To Mountain House . . .
To Provo
To Spanish Fork
To Santaquin
To Mona
ToNephi
To Chicken Creek
To Sevier bridge and
bend of Sevier.
To Gunnison
ToSalina
To opposite Glenwood . .
To Monroe
To Marysvale
To Circleville
ToPanquitch
O)
^^
a
a
a
S
Cfi
21.00
24. 0:»
13. 40
12.60
11.50
9.00
13.50
21.25
14.00
16.90
1,5.00
19.00
14.00
25.00
29.40
Of
o
a
S
3
259.55
0. 00'2;J8. 55
45. 00
5a 40
71.00
82.50
91. .50
105.00
214.55
201. 15
188. 55
177.05
I6K05
154. 55
126. 25 133. 30
140.25119.30
157.15 102.40
172.15
191. 15
205. 15
2:W. 15
^.259.55
87.40
68.40
54.40
29.40
0.00
= '2
•wm ad
1?
4534. 5
*4523.
*4926."6
4765.0
5144. 6
t5282. 6
5624.
6273. 3
Remarks.
Camp 4, 4 miles south of Provo
Authority.
Thompaon.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Klett.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Thompson.
Do.
' Payson.
t Richfield.
Utah Southern Railroad, from Salt Lak^, through Provo, nearly to Santaquin.
From Santaquin to Panqnitch good wagon-road, with wood, water, and grass. From
Chicken settlement, road to Gunnison runs through Salt Creek settlement, slightly
shortening the above given distance.
From Salt Lake City to Panquitch, 259.55 miles.
27
From Salt Lake City to Beaver, (atlaa-sheeta Nos. 50 and 59,) via Fillmore.
From Salt Lake City. .
To Santaqoln
ToMouH
To Nephi
To Chicken Creek.
ToScipio
TnHolden
To Fillmore
To Meadow Creek
To Corn Creek
To Cove Creek
To Pine Crt*ek
To Indian Creek..
To Beaver
a
a
00
71.0'>
11.50
9.00
13.50
22.30
14.00
9.10
10.80
6.9U
22.10
(i.OO
12.20
8.60
S
I
5
o
H
83.
91.
105.
1-27.
141.
150.
161.
168.
190.
196.
•109.
•217.
50
217.
146.
50il3.5.
126.
00,112.
30 90.
30| 76.
40, 67.
20 56.
10, 49.
20 27.
80 20.
00 8.
60' 0.
60
60
10
10
60
30
:iO
^^
«>^
9
*i >
r o
4920.0
5113.0
20'
40|
50
4'»
80,
60
00,
6025.0
5992.0
6959.
6057.8
Remarks.
Utah Southern railroad
Authority.
Thompson.
Do.
Kletr.
Do.
Do:
Thompson.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
From Chicken Creek good stage-road, crossing Sevier by bridge, 21.25 miles from
Chicken Creek.
Miles.
Shortest, 1i ne from Beaver to Presc^tt (air-line) 2.56. 00
Via mouth of Virgin , 429.98
Via mouth of Paria 446.04
Via Grand Wash and Colorado crossing of 1871 391. 39
Conjectnral route via Pahroach Springs shortens distance to Prescott by about seven-
teen miles. •
Conjectural route, believed to be practicable, from mouth of Moen-copie to Sniveley's
Holes, shortens distance by approximatisrely fifty-nine miles; making distance from
Beaver via mouth of Paria 3'^8.03 miles. No water known to exist between the Colo-
rado Chiquito and Crater. Lake.
Miles.
From Salt Lake City to Prescott, via Utah Southern Railroad, to Santaquin, Pan-
quitch, month of Paria, and Cascades 705.50
Via Beaver and month of Virgin 647.58
Via conjectural lines from Moen-copie via Crater Lake 648. 00
It appears that the shortest possible distance in an air-line from Bea
ver to Prescott is 256 miles; that via the mouth of the Virgin Kiver?
Sacramento Valley, Beale's Springs, &c., (entirely a wagon-road,) the
distance is 429.98 miles.' From the same point to Prescott, via the head
of the Sevier, the mouth of Paria Creek, Little Colorado River, &c.,
(wa^on road except for a short distance in the immediate vicinity of the
Little Colorado,) the distance is 446.04 miles. By way of Saint George,
Utah, the Grand Wash, Colorado crossing of the expedition of 1871,
(wagon road to the Colorado River and from Truxton Springs,) the dis-
tance is 391.39 miles, which is shortened by a conjectural road via the
edges of the Colorado plateau and Pahroach Springs by seventeen
miles. The route via the mouth of the Paria and that via the mouth
of the Virgin River could, at the present writing, be made available by
small bodies of troops moving with wagon-transportation ; the more
easterly one being preferable, principally because of several long marches
over sandy ground, with long intervals either destitute or affording an
insufficient amount of water at certain points that occur on the other.
By ascending the Little Colorado from a point at which it is reached
by the Mormon wagon-road From the mouth of the Paria, to Sunset cross-
ing, where the regularly-traveled road westward across the San Fran-
cisco plateau leaves that stream, it becomes practicable for military
commands, say by companies well-equipped- and carrying a few days'
{
\
\
V
N
\
23
From Beaver* Utah, to Preacott, Ariz., (atlaa-Hheeia Nos. 59, 66, 67, 75,) via Saint George
Grand Wash, and Truxton Springs.
«
•
•p^
^
a
C)
s
a
a
cj
•#«
•»-»
s
«
••*
s
5
.5
s
o-r
Hemarks.
from Beaver
To Buckhorn Springs .
To Paragoonah
ToParowan ,
To Sammit
To Cedar City
ToKanara
To Bellevicw
To Toqaerville
To Harrisburg
To WasbiDgton
To Saint George . . .
To Camp at nead
Grand Wasb.
of
To Wasbi - Pabgban
Springs.
To Pabgban • Pabgban
Springs
To Colorado crossing
of expedition of 1871.
Authority.
391.39 6057.7:
21.00 370.39
30.00 361.39 6-22i7i
34. 00.357. 39 5910.
41.50:349.89
I I
56. 00.335. 39 5726.
21.00
9.00
4.00
7.50
14.50
1.'S.50
17.00
8.00
7.70
9.00
■4.80
24.65142.65248.74
71.50 319.89 5419.0
88. 50'302. 891
96. .50,294. 89,
104.20 287.19
1 13. 20 27a 19 2906.0
118.00 273.39^
17.37
22.79
25.28
160.02231.37 4421.0
182. 81-208. 58 2281. 9
Gi)od water, grass, and wood ,
Good water ; grass scarce ; wood
plenty.
Grass and water scarce,- wood
plenty.
Good water ; no grass in vicinity ;
wood.
Good water, grass, and wood
do
do
do
do...
do
Black Rock Springs, west-nortb-
west of camp ; water, except in
dry Hoasons ; grass and wood.
Good water, grass, and wood
208.09183.30;
Good water; grass; no wood.
Grass on mesa ; driftwood only ;
no ferry ; river believed to be lin-
fordable, unless daring October
and November of exceptional
years.
Klett.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
*Tbe center of tbe public square in the town of Beaver is approximately two and one-half miles by
'wagon-road from Fort Cameron, and nearly due west. -
From Beaver to Paragoonah, road good, Mormon settlement.
to Parowan, Summit, and Cedar City, road good ; latter places Mormon
settlements,
to between Belleview and Toqnerville, road becomes very steep in places,
to between Toqnerville and Saint George, road sandy ; Mormon settlements
along road.
From Saint George to the Colorado crossing, trail practicable for was^>n-road, except
at Cottonwood Springs, (twelve miles north of Colorado River,)
where it leaves the Dry Wash and climbs steep mesas. At this
point road woald have to be built.
From crossing to Truxton Springs, road could be built without difficulty, though in
places grade would be steep.
From Truxton Springs to Prescott, good wagon-road ; joins Prescott and Hardy villa
mail-road at Cottonwoods, near old Camp Willow Grove.
30
METEOROLOaiCAL AND HYPSOMETRIC AL.
Operations in this branch of the survey were conducted under the
supei iutendence of the chiefs of parties, by a body of observers who had
been carefully instructed in the details of observation as prepared for
the work, and based upon the results of years of experience and care.
Observations were taken, as usual, with a view to the compilation of
altitudes, and a knowledge of the general climatic features of the
regions traversed.
Each party was provided with complete sets of instruments, includ-
ing mercurial cistern-barometers, aneroid barometerH, with attached
thermometers, and hygrometers, and with means for cleaning and
repairing, when necessary, the cistern-barometers.
Besides instrumental observations, the amount of cloudiness, charac-
ter and motion of clouds, the direction and estimated velocity of the
wind, fall of rain and dew, and other phenomena pertaining to this field
of inquiry, were carefully observed and recorded.
Observations on the cistern-barometer and hygrometer were taken at
hve hundred and seventy-two of the most important points along the
routes, the number of observations at each point ranging from three to
thirty-five, and aneroid and thermometer readings were taken at three
thousand three hundred and thirty-five minor topographical stations,
which, checked as they have been by comparisons with a cistern-barom-
eter before leaving camp in the morning and immediately upon reaching
camp in the evening, may be regarded as sufficient data from which to
compute a reliable series of altitudes.
Lieutenant Marshall submits a special report (see Appendix F) upon
the barometric work of the season, with a description of the system of
observation, record, and reduction in present use upon the survey.
Much credit is due to Lieutenants K. L. Hoxie and Wm. L. Marshall,
Corps of Engineers, for the furtherance of the systematic organization
of this branch of the work.
NATURAL HISTORY.
Uesults growing out of inquiries in the subjects of geology, paleon
tology, mineralogy, including chemical analysis of minerals, mineral
waters, soils, plants, &c., zoology, and botany, and reports thereon by
individuals selected for the purpose, are all more or less calculated to
increase our knowledge of the recent and extinct fauna and flora of the
regions traversed, and, so far as compatible with the main object of the
survey^ to wit, the preparation of detailed topographical maps and an
examination into the general resources of the region surveyed, these
cognate scientific branches have each their representative or represent-
atives.
GEOLOaY AND PAI.EONTOLOaY.
Active geological operations were not prosecuted during the year,
excepting by Prof. E. I). Cope, as incidental to his paleontological re-
searches in Northern New Mexico, and by Dr. O. Loew, as bearing upon
the chemical and mineralogical investigations made by him in Northern
New Mexico and Southern Colorado.
A report by Professor Cope (Appendix G 1) gives the results of his
geological work for the season ; also one by Dr. Loew, of the same char-
acter. (See Appendix G 2.)
Pioft ssor Cope was fortunate in finding prolific fossil beds, especially of
31
vertebrates, in the Eocene of the Gallinas group in New Mexico; and apre-
liminary report of his results in this interesting field was submitted with
the last annual report ; subsequently a special publication was made upou
the Vertebrata of the Eocene 6f IS^orthern New Mexico. His report, nearly
complete, upon the Vertebrata collected under his direction, and their
relations with plates of new species, has been submitted, and will form
a part of volume IV, (Paleontology.)
Dr. Loew has submitted during the year a report upon the composi-
tion of a number of mineral and hot springs ih Southern Colorado and
Northern New Mexico, embracing those of Manitou, Red Creek, and
Pagosn, Colo., and Las Vegas and Abiquiu, N. Mex., which has been
included in volume III, (Geology.)
Dr. C. A. White, of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me , has been en-
gaged for the major part of the year in the identification of the species
of invertebrate fossils collected in the seasons of 1871, 1872, and 1873.
A preliminary report of his labors, giving descriptions of new species,
was published in octavo form. His finished report has been received,
and will be Part I of volume IV, (Paleontology.)
The number of species new to science was found to be fifty, and the
report based upon material drawn from a field of extended and varying
geographical distinctions has been made complete and comprehensive.
The services of Dr. Oscar Loew have been retained for the expedition
of 1875, and he will accompany the party to the Colorado River; and
the veteran geologist, Jules Marcou, joined the California section of the
expedition at Los Angeles, CaL, where twentj^-two years before he hart
passed while holding the appointment of geologist to the expedition
under the command of Lieut. A. W. Whipple, Corps of Topographical
Engineers, for a survey for a railroad route along the thirty-fifth paral-
lel. He will be assisted by Douglas A. Joy, a young graduate of the
School of Mines, Columbia College, New York.
Mr. A. R. Conkling, a graduate of several years' standing from the
Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, accompanies party No. 3 of
the Colorado section of the expedition, and will examine the mountain
structure from the Spanish Peaks southward to the head of the Pecos.
The appropriation for the coming fiscal year having been much re-
duced, the services of the several geological assistants will necessarily
be temporary, unless the funds available after the assembling of Con-
gress can be made adequate to the more vigorous prosecution of this
adjunct of the survey.
The manuscript for volume III (Geology) was ready for the press early
in the year; but owing to a defect in the law making appropriation for
publication, the printing could not go forward until the defect was rem-
edied. The proof is now being received. Proofs of four of the geologi-
cal sheets to accompany the volume have been received, and four more
are ready for, and are soon to be in the hands of, the engraver.
MINERALOGY.
Dr. Loew submits an interesting report (see Appendix G 2) on the
mineralogical features observed by him in New Mexico and Colorado,
including tables of analyses of minerals, mineral waters, &c., to which
are added notes and tables on climatology, temperature of rivers, creeks,
and springs encountered.
One hundred and sixty-five mining-districts have been examined by
the officers and assistants of the survey during the past four years, with
a view to obtaining specific information in regard thereto, particularly
32
as to discovery, time worked, distance from railroad communicatioD,
boundaries, area of mineral-croppiDgs, position of ledges in relation to
main range, directions of lodes and deposits, character of wall-rock,
nature of ores, results of assays, annual production, number of mills,
cost of mining, milling, labor, supplies, &c.
Most of the information gathered has been collated, and will appear
in volume I of the Survey Eeports.
ECONOMIC BOTANY AND AaUICULTUEE.
The agricultural resources of the Far West is a question increasing in
interest with each succeeding year, and is one of vital importance to
the Government and country at large.
While the main objects ot* the survey do not admit of elaborate inves-
tigations upon this and other subjects of general interest, it has never-
theless been attempted to push inquu*y as far as time and facilities
would allow. Accordingly, Doctors Kothrock and Loew submit reports
(see Appendixes H 1 and H 2) upon the subject; the former in a rela-
tive way in connection with his more specific field, (botany,) adverting
to the general topography of the region traversed, its climatology, the
relation of forest plants and timber to present and prospective wants,
the probable increase in agricultural areas under cultivation and irri-
gation, and a system of tree-culture, the sanitary conditions of the
country as influencing immigration, &c.
Dr. Loew treats more especially of the capacities of the soil, its con-
stituent elements, the character and influence of climate, irrigation,
&c., with analyses and comparative tables. He also treats upon this
subject incidentally in his report upon mineralogy, (see Appendix G 2.)
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.
Collections in these branches have been made during the year by
Acting Assistant Surgeons H. C. Yarrow and J. T. Eothrock, United
States Army, and H. W. Henshaw and Charles E. Aiken, ornithologists.
Dr. Yarrow submits a general itinerary, and Assistants Henshaw and
Aiken report upon the collections in ornithology. An "Annotated List
of the Birds of Arizona,'^ by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, is introduced, (see
Appendixes 1 1 and I 2.)
With small additional expense no little increase has been made in the
lots of collections, heretofore large, that have been gathered from year
to year.
ETHNOLOGY, PHILOLOGY, AND RUINS.
Ethnological .material ch-aracteristic of present and extinct tribes has
been gathered, and facts of note recorded by several members of the
expedition since the season of 1872. Eelics of stone, flint, &c., have,
during the present season, been discovered along the coast near Santa
Barbara that rival all others yet found by parties of the survey.
A party in charge of Acting Assistant Surgeon M. C. Yarrow, United
States Army, assisted by Acting Assistant Surgeon J. T. Eothrock,
United States Army, H. W. Henshaw, and several laborers, has been
engaged for some weeks in their excavation.
Selections from the multitude of specimens will be forwarded to Wash-
ington ; meanwhile information of shell-mounds and other indications of
ancient buried remains of a people of which history contributes no trace
33
reaches us from several points, thus affording fresh fields for further
search.
Many crania were exhumed, not onl^' in this locality, but also in New
Mexico, in the season of 1874.
Yocabularies have been obtained from several of the nomadic and
l)ueblo tribes in Colorado and New Mexico by members of the expedi-
tion, over whose names they will be published.
Interesting relations, not heretofore supposed to exist, have been ad-
duced from a study of these vocabularies, by Professor Gatschet, whose
report is herewith, compiled principally from data and vocabularies col-
lected bj' Dr. O. Loew, of the survey, in addition to his regular duties,
and who has never lost an opportunity to push investigation in this
direction, (see Appendix J 4.)
The ruins newly discovered, and those known heretofore to exist, that
have been encountered by the parties, have been located so that a special
map may be prepared upon which to delineate their geograi)hical rela-
tions.
Professor Cope submits a report " On the Remains of Population ob-
served on and near the Eocene Plateau of Northwestern New Mexico,''
(see Appendix J 1,) in which he reaches the conclusion that the coun-
try of the Gallinas, and the Eocene plateau to the west of it, were once
occupied by a numerous population, indicated by ruined buildings, pot-
tery, tiint implements, and human bones.
Descriptions and diagrams of ruined buildings are given, the age of
some of which he places at three hundred and thirty-five years. This
" Sketch of a glimpse at one locality of the earliest civilization known
on the Americau .Continent" will be found of value to the student of
history and archaeology.
Dr. Loew and Lieutenant Birnie submit reports on the ruins visited
by them in New Mexico, which will be found of interest to many readers,
(see Appendixes J 2 and^J 3.)
Dr. Yarrow, in his report, (see Appendix I 1,) also submits some
interesting statements in regard* to the pueblo of Taos, N. Mex., the
character^ forms of government, habitations, &c., of its people. These
subjects are of increasing interest, as they are more and more examined
and understood, particularly in connection with the study of the ancient
peoples of these regions.
The material gathered will be grouped in a systematic form, and with
map and other illustrations, such as photographs of the aborigines, their
habitations, implements, (domestic and warlike,) apparel, &c., has been
cousidtred as an appropriate subject for another quarto volume, to be
numbered seven, and added to the series of quarto reports.
PUBLICATIONS. '
The maps and reports published during the year, with suggestions as
to further publications and an estimate of their cost, appear in Appen-
dix K.
Of the six volumes to be published in accordance with the act of
June 23, 1874, amended by the act approved February 15, 1875, two
(Geology and Zoology) are at the rendering of this report in the hands
of the i>rinter. Two others will, it is hoped, reach completion early
within the ensuing fiscal year. The independent publications proposed
during the coming fiscal year are, *• Catalogue of Mean Declinations"
and " Tables of Geographical Positions, Altitudes, &c."
34
PHOTOaRAPHS.
As usual, a photographer, in the person of Mr. T. H. O'SuUivan, who
has accompanied the expedition for the third season, has been added to
one of the parties, and the stock of negatives has been increased by
other characteristic views of scenery, ruins, and groups of Indians.
During the year a few selected sets of landscape and stereoscopic views
have been printed under the approval of the honorable Secretary of
War; only sufficient in number, however, for the use of the War
Department, the Engineer Bureau, and this office.
CONCLUSION.
In the conclusion of my last annual report (see Appendix FF of the
Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874) attention was invited
to the necessity for the continuance of the survey and to some of the
useful applications of its results.
While continued at its present size and stage of development, it is
perhaps unnecessary to set forth other advjintages that permanently
ensue from the aggregation and dissemination by Government and
other publications of exact geographical knowledge of any portion of
the country, only meager parts of which as yet have been mapped with
even tolerable accuracy ; yet it may not be inappropriate to state that
the manuscript and published map results of the survey, which, since
its organization, has been so directed as to embrace large areas of
political divisions, the importance of which is increasing, will prove a
substantial contribution to a general topographical map of the whole
country.
Information concerning new routes of travel throughout the areas
traversed, with suggestions as to the opening of Government wagon-
roads, and the probable routes for future rail\^y communications, &c.,
together with lists of camps, distances, geographical positions, altitudes,
&c., over present lines of supply, are all of valuable assistance to the
Government in looking to a decrease of expenditure in the maintenance
and supply of establishments in the territory of its wards, and add to
the practical features of a work, which, although it might with un-
doubted advantage be continued vigorously until detailed topographical
maps of the entire interior shall result, equal to those produced by the
great trigonometrical and topographical surveys of foreign powers, yet,
inasmuch as the preservation of public utility lies at the foundation of
duty in all Government undertakings, questions born of a desire to
economize expenditures must needs be met and answered.
It will be attempted from time to time, in a general manner and
finally by statistics, to show that the money expended for refined geo-
graphical surveys is warranted by the economic value of the informa-
tion gained for the use of the War Department, alone^ in directing its
operations, and that the indirect values of the maps and reports to
the other Departments of the Government, and to the country at large,
are attained at no cost to the public purse.
The act appropriating for the continuance of the survey admitting of
the prosecution with the present force in any part of the United States
west of the hundredth meridian, the area selected for the season was
suggested in the project submitted under your direction, which was
approved by yourself and by the honorable Secretary of War.
In future, sections lying adjacent to the Mexican border should be
entered in winter and early sirring. No parties have been so far placed
35
in the field duriug these seasons because of the uncertainty of con-
tinued appropriations; and as it will result economically to have winter
as well as summer campaigns, it is to be hoped that the action of Con-
gress, if favorable to the continuance of the survey, will i>lace it upon
a more permanent basis, so that the officer in charge can look forward
with a degree of certainty to a practicable appropriation upon which
recommendations tor the disposition of the field-parties can be based
sufficiently in advance to admit of their reaching in due season sections
north or south between the forty-ninth parallel and the Mexican bound-
ary.
It is believed that during the year an advantageous interchange of
results with the General Land Office has been had.
During the present season, connection has been made with the main
triangiilation stations of the United States Coast Survey in the vicinity
of Los Angeles, Cal. ; and the belt of triangles observed, if the several
assistants are fully successful, will reach as far to the eastward as
Death Valley in Eastern California.
ESTIMATES.
For continuing the field and office work of the survey, an appropria-
tion of $95,000 will be required.
The probable distribation of expenditares ander this appropriation wonld be as fol-
lows:
For parties in the field $40,000 00
For office-parties 13,920 00
For transportation, inclnding purchase of animals 12, 000 00
For material andontfirs 6,500 00
For snbsisteuce of parties in the field 6, 000 00
For forage, winter-herding, fnel, storage, &o 9, 500 00
For repair of instrnmenta .- 1, 500 00
For contingencies, including erection of observatories and monnments at as-
tronomical and geodetic stations, and 'office-expenses not otherwise esti-
mated for 5,580 00
Total •. 95,000 00
Amount appropriated to continue geographical snrveys of the territory of
the United States west of the one hundredth meridian, for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1876 40,000 00
Amount remaining on hand at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30,
1875 24,697 60
Amount required for field and office work for fiscal year ending June 30,
1877 95,000 00
Amount appropriated for engraving and printing the plates and atlas-sheets
accompanying the reports of geographical surveys west of the one hun-
dredth meridian, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1876 20, 000 00
Amount reinainiug on hand at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30,
1875 22,882 70
Amount required to continue the publications for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1877, (see Appendix K.) 25,000 00
The amounts above estimated for are the least that can be employed
to advantage if a vigorous prosecution of the work is expected, and
hence it is submitted that the total amount should be appropriated.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Geo. M. Wheeler,
First Lieutenant Oorps of Engineers^ In charge.
Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys,
Chief of Engineers^ U. 8. A.
36
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF OCTOBER 1, 1875.
My own duties took rae from the office in Washington on the even-
ing of May 26, to the field, in connection with the California section,
where I was ens:aged until September 1.
Eeturuing, Washington was reached September 10, and office duties
resumed. While in the field, I had personal charge of one of the main
field parties of the California section, which, at the date of my leaving,
was divided into two parts, one remaining in charge of Acting Assist-
ant Surgeon J. T. Eothrock, and another in charge of Mr. Francis
Klett, who has now been with the survey for the fifth year.
There were two other separate aud distinct parties : the first in charge
of Lieut. C. W. Whipple, Third United States Artillery, (who had mean-
while been transferred to the Ordnance Corps,) the secoiid in charge of
Lieut. Eogers Birnie, jr.. Thirteenth United States Infantry. A special
party under Lieut. Eric Berglaud had proceeded to the Colorado Uiver
early in June, to make certain special examinations along its banks, and
run a reconnaissance-line and occupy several mountain-stations en route.
The Colorado section was placed in charge of Lieutenant Marshall,
who took the field on the 15th of June fro.n Pueblo, in charge of (»ne of
the parties; Lieut. C. C. Morrison, Sixth United States Cavalry, and
Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, Ninth United States Infantry, having been
charged each with the command of one of the other parties. A spe-
cial natural-history party operated distinctly from the main branch of
the California section, in the immediate vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal.,
co-operating with parties of the Smithsonian Institution engaged in mak-
ing ethnological collections. This party was eminently successful, and
the resulting collections, consisting of a large number and variety of
stone implements and wares, &c., human crania and bones, are now daily
expected at this office. Meanwhile the office- work has been proceeded
with as rapidly as possible Mr. George M. Lock wood having been placed
in charge. Three draughtsmen and one computer have been engaged
in the topographical room. . Duplicate field-records aud plots are now
transmitted to the office in W^ashington from month to mouth during
the field-season.
On the 31st of August, the parties whose command I had relinquished
reported from the vicinity of Kernville, Cal.
Lieutenant Birnie forwards a succinct field-report from Panamint,
Cal., under date of the 27th of August. On the 24:th of August, Lieuten-
ant Whipple sent by mail a letter from old Fort Tejon, setting forth
the continuance of his operations in the Coast range near Soledad Pass,
at the head of Santa Clara valley. Lieutenant Bergland reported the
arrival of his party at Camp Mohave, Ariz., August 23, and by tele-
graph at San Bernardino, Cal., September 24. Lieutenant Marshall sub-
mits reports of his own party up to August 14, at camp on the Dolores
Eiver on the west side of the San Miguel range, Colorado, with accom-
panying reports of Lieutenant Morrison from Fort Wingate, N. Mex.,
on the 27th of July, and from Lieutenant Carpenter at Fort Garland on
the 1st of August. AVithout exception, the health of the command, con-
sisting of 77 officers, assistants, and employes, is good. The 145 riding,
pack, and team animals are reported in good condition. No casualties
of any special note have occurred. The results, so far, have been quite
as successful as could have been expected; and the practicability of
dividing the expedition of the season into separate and distinctly-organ-
ized parties, working under independent instructions, has been prov^en.
The Colorado section will reach Fort Lyon, on the Arkansas River,
37
about November 25. The California parties will reach Caliente, the pres-
ent terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad, about the same date.
They will be disbanded, the animals transferred, and the articles of
public property put in store.
Special operations for the month of October. — Regrular office- work will be
ooiitiuned as usual. The publication of volumes III and V will be pushed
with all possible vigor. The manuscript for volumes II and IV will be
sent to the printer as soon as he is ready for it. The manuscript of the
Catalogueof Mean Declinations of about 2,000 Stars, now being prepared
by Professor Safford, will be finished. Lieutenant Bergland will be
directed to take a temporary office at Los Angeles, and complete obser-
vations necessary to bring about a complete connection between the
base measured by this survey during the past season and that measured
by the Coast Survey in 1854 near Los Angeles, and certain other obser-
vations necessary to complete belts of triangulation, which, if success-
fully concluded, will reach from the coast near Los Angeles, in a triple
tier, northeastward to about the one hundred and sixteenth meridian of
longitude west from Greenwich. These belts of triangles form the basis
of a system that can be developed over at least all of the southern half
of California, a portion of Southwestern Nevada, and all of Western Ari-
zona. From the preliminary plots and field-work, profiles and other sec-
tions and special plots will be made, and a report of the examination of
the Colorado Kiver at the mouth of the Virgin, near Camp Mohave,
will be prepared and forwarded to this office without delay. When
Lieutenant Bergland submits this preliminary report, it can more nearly
l>e determined as to the practicability of re-organizing his party and
dispatching it to the lower part of tbe Colorado River, to continue its
operations during the winter months, in advance of which the matter
will bo submitted to the Chief of Engineers for further instructions, if
Bueh be considered necessary. It is hoped that funds from the appro-
priation for explorations and surveys, for the present fiscal year, may
be available, sufficient in amount to cover the expense of a winter
campaign of about four months ; if not, further appropriation must be
asked.
The several parties of the California and Colorado sections will prose-
cute this work during the month in the areas assigned to them.
Respectfully submitted.
GEOnaE M. Wheeler,
Lieutenant of Engineers j in charge,
October 1, 1875.
Appendix A.
exlficutlvk report op lieutenant william l. marshall, corps op engineers,
on the operations of party no. 1, division 1, field-season of 1874.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian,
Waehingtony D. C, April 16, 1875.
Sir : I have tlie honor to submit the following "brief executive report of the opera-
tions of party No. 1. division No. 1, of the survey under your charf^e^ during the field-
season of 1874.
The party was organized under your immediate supervision at Pueblo, Colo., during
the latter part of July, and in all numbered nine men, viz: First Lieut. W. L. Mar-
shall, Corps of Engineers, executive officer; assistant, Louis Nell, chief of triangula-
tion ; Mr. W. R. Atkinson, assistant topographer; Mr. Bernard Gilpin, meteorologist;
Mr. T. R. Davis, odometer and aneroid recorder; three packers; and one cook.
38
While at Pueblo, the party assisted in the raeasarement of the base and the develop-
ment to the inoantains of the initial triangles.
On AufTiist 1, the work upon the base having been completed, we proceeded via the
Puncho Pass and Cation City wagon-road to Pleasant Valley, in the valley of the
Upper Arkansas, where Mr. Nell and a small party were detached to make a barometric
profile oif the Hayden Creek Pass, and to meander and locate the headwaters of
Kerber Creek, a tributary of the San Luis, and the southern branches of Puncho
Creek, and to join the main party near the head of the latter stream.
Having made a primary station upon the high peak at the head of the north fork of
Puncho Creek, to complete the series of triangles established by me in Colorado in
1873, the party was divided, and the assistant topographer sent via the Coochetopi^
Pass to. the Los Pinos agency, with orders to trace San Luis River to its head, while
Mr. Nell and myself^ with one packer, crossed the Atlantic and Pacific divide at the
head of the middle fork of Puncho Creek to one of the tributaries of the Gnnnisori
River, which we followed from its head in the pass to near its junction wifh the Coo-
chetopa, connecting with the lines surveyed by Mr. Young of my party in 1873; thence
via the old Gunnison wagon-road to the agency, making en route the necessary second-
ary stations with the gradienta on peaks, in addition to the regular stations.
The assistant topographer joined u$« on the 17th of August, and from this date until
the 24th the party were employed in the vicinity of the agency in gathering topo-
graphical data, especially in the group of lofty volcanic peaks above the heads of
Coochetopa Creek, which here form the continental divide.
On this date (August 24) the assistant topographer and party were sent via the
trail from the Los Pinos agency to Antelope Park, in the canon of the Rio Grande
del Norte, to trace out the headwaters of that stream, while Mr. Nell and myself pro-
ceeded to the Uncompahgre Peak, which we occupied as as a primary point, spending
npon its summit two entire days. Having occupied four other prominent stations, we
joined the main party on September 5.
On September 9, having made stations on Canby and Pass Peaks, we crossed the
divide at the head of the Rio Grande, and from this date until September 26 the topog-
rapher and m.vself were engaged among the difficult and intricate topographical fea-
tures of the San Juan mining-district about the heads of the Las Animas, Uncom-
pahgre, San Mignel, and Dolores Rivers ; the assistant topographer having been sent
via old Animas City to the Pagosa Hot Springs on the Upper San Juan.
It was my intention, after the necessary stations were occupied and the lines of
drainage from the divide between the San Juan and Gunnison waters traced, to visit
the Sierra La Plata and the headwaters of the Rio Mancos and Rio La Plata, and then
return to the divide south of the Rio Grande headwaters; but on the 20th of Septem-
ber we were canght at timber-line in a two days' snow-storm, and after it was over,
while making a station on a high peak at the head of the north fork of the San Miguel,
both the topographer and myself were blinded by the dazzling reflection of light
from the snow.
From my experience in these high mountains, I was led to believe that they would
be closed by snow before the trip to the Sierra La Plata could be made, and our tri •
angulation connected with the astronomical stations at Trinidad and Pueblo over th^
summits of the peaks along the southern side of the Rio Grande loup in the continen-
tal backbone. I abandoned, then, this western portion of the work and directed, iiry
attention to perfecting the belt of triangles from the two stations mentioned to the
westernmost point attained by my party. Accordingly, we made stations on the most
southerly of the high peaks south of the mines in the San Juan drainage-area, and
then recrossed into the Rio Grande basin, and, turning to the south, attained the divide,
and were engaged among the very rugged and high peaks about the heads of the Rfo
Los. Pinos and Rio Florida, when we again encountered a four days' snow-storm, and
were forced by the great depth of snow, from 18 inches to 3 feet, from the mountains.
The tributaries of the Los Pinos and Piedra were then meandered by us, and after
having made several minor stations upon lower peaks near the head of the Piedra we
proceeded for supplies to the Pagosa Hot Springs, which we reached Octob»»r y.
Upon the following day, the snow having meanwhile melted from the southern
slopes of the mountains, Mr. Nell and a small topographical party went back to the
group of peakn we named, from its pinnacled appearance, Florida's Comb, to again
attempt to make an important triangulation-station ; but since the peak could only be
attained from the north, from which side the snow had not melted, the topographer
was unsuccessful after several attempts, but the remainder of the time was profitably
spent by him in gathering topographical details at a lower altitude.
As soon as the parties returned to camp at Pagosa, we proceeded to carry out, as far
as practicable, the instructions we found awaiting us there. We proct-eded up the
main fork of the San Juan, the detailed topography adjacent to the eastern and west-
ern forks, and their drainage-lines, having already been secured, as I was informed by
your party ; but on the evening of the 18th of October it again began to snow, and the
storm coutinued until the 20th. Upon its cessation, I sent Mr. Atkinson, Mr. Gilpin,
39
and oDe packer to meander the main San Jnan to its head, to make stations with grad-
ienta, to locate the heads of the stream and of the western branch of the Rio PiedrA.
Upon the completion of this, they were to gain the canon of theKio Grande, and mean-
dered the southern tributaries of that stream, which have their mouths between Ante-
lope Park aiid the month of the south fork. This party, though experiencing very
severe weather — the thermometer registering below zero — and much delay from the
heavy snow upon the mountains, were successful in their efforts, and certainly deserve
mnch credit for their resolution and self-sacrificing devotion to their work.
My own party, after making two triangulation-stations with 10-inch theodolite npon
the most prominent peaks in this portion of the continental divide, attempt.ed to gain
the Summit mining district by way of the heads of the South Fork of the Kio Grande, but
on account of the slippefy and unsafe condition of the steep sides of the cafion of this
stream from snow and sleet, we were compelled to abandon the attempt, and to reach
our intended triangulation points near the head of the Alamosa, via Del Norte. Upon
reaching this point, I purchased the necessary snpplies and provisions and immediately
sent Mr. Nell and party, via the Los Pinos Creek trail, to the Summit mining-district
to occupy the triangulation-points which had been selected in that vicinity, with di-
rections that he should, npon the completion of his mountain-work, carefully meander
the Rio Grande del Norte from the town of Del Norte to the Costilla Ferry, thence pro-
ceed to Costilla, thence meandering the Costilla Creek to its head, make a barometric
profile of rhe Costilla Pass and of the road via the Yernu jo Pass and the Purgatoire
River to Trinidad. He was successful, in spite of snow, in closing, in a very satis-
factory manner, our triangulation and in carrying out this programme.
Mr. Atkinson having arrived at Del Norte, 1 started with him and one packer, mean-
dered the road from Del Norte to Conejo*, thence to Fort Garland, thence to San Luis
de Culebra, thence, via the head of ihe south fork of Culebra Creek, crossed over one of
the highest points of the Spanish range to the head of the main Vermejo, which stream
■VF^ mcHudered as far as the Elizabethtown road, and thence proceeded to Trinidad,
-where we arrived November 13, and where we found Mr. Nell and party engaged in
selecting and marking out a ba^ie-liue, to be measured by him, and developed from the
astronomical station at this point to the principal peaks in the Raton and Spanish
ranges, alreiidy occupied by other parties of the expedition.
On the 15th of November, I detached the assistant topographer and a small party,
and sent them to gather topographical details in the drainage- areas of the middle and
north forks of the Purgatoire River, to proceed to Pueblo for disbandment upon the
completion of their work.
A base-line nearly six miles in length having been located and marked, and all the
necessary arrangements, to aid in its measurements and development, for the erection
of artificial stations, &c., having been made, I left Mr. Nell and party to complete this
-work, and proceeded, November 20, to Pueblo, for the purpose of supervising the dis-
bandment of the several field- parties of the expedition.
The measurement of the base line at Trinidad .was completed by November 27, and
the parties all disbanded at Pueblo, Colo., by December 2, .1874.
During the field-season, besides the executive charge of the party, I took the neces-
sary sextant-observations for latitude at points which could not well be located by
triangnlation-methods ; and when the party ^as divided, as was generally the case, I
carried the cistern- barometer, and took and recorded the barometric and psycbrometric
observations, for hypsometrical purposes, for the division I accompanied, all of which
observations I have since computed, and the results are in the hands of the topographers.
INSTRUMENTS USED.
The parties were well provided with instruments.
Tlie triangulation stations were occupied with an 8-inch transit, matdeby Stackpole,
reading by vernier to 10^' of arc. Minor stations were occupied with a gradienter,
reading to I' of arc, and the meanders were executed with a Cassella theodolite, read-
ing by vernier to 1^ of arc ; the distances being measured by odometer, and checked by
sights to points well fixed by triangulation. We carried two cistern-barometers, made
by Green ; two 3-inch aneroids, with attached thermometers, made by Cassella, of Lon-
don ; and two sets psychrometers for our hypsometric work, together with the necessary
appliances for refilling and replacing broken barometer-tubes.
HYPSOMETRY.
The observations required by the printed instructions, compiled and prepared by
Lieut. R. L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers, ior the guidance of members of the survey, were
taken. These were, cistern-barometer and ])sychrometer observations at camps and
upon triangulation and topographical stations, and aneroid and thermometer readings
at all meander-stations.
The system of observation, instrumental comparisons, field-transcripts, and records,
devised by Lieutenant Hoxie, has worked admirably during the past season, and has
been fruitful of the best results. Especially useful is the combination oi the records
40
of aneroid and odometer, wherehy definite profiles are secured ; also, the method of
reduction of the aneroid work, whereby the effect of iustrumeutal errors are nearly
eliminated from the final results.
These observations, many hundreds in number for each party, have all been corrected
for instrumental errors and horary oscillations, carefully computed, and the altitudes
written upon the plats.
AZIMUTHS.
The triangnlation-stations all being very far above the upper limit of tree-growth,
and the peaks themselves seldom visible from any convenient camping-place where
wood for tires coUld be obtained, it was generally impracticable, from cold, to take
observations at night for azimuths of sides of the main triai%le8. However, at Simp-
son's Peak, a lofty mass above 14.000 feet altitude, at the head of the Rio Los Pinos, which
I have named, with your permission, in honor o( Col. J. H. Simpson, Corps of Engi*
neers, who has done so much in the way of western exploration, quite an extended
series of observations on Polaris were made by myself and Mr. Nell for azimuth ; the
time being determined by sextant and watch, and the observations taken near elonga-
tion.
At camps, the usual observations on Polaris at elongation for magnetic declination ;
and for azimuth, when we relied upon latitude and azimuth for the locacion of onr
camps, were taken, and have been computed. These results of single observations for
magnetic declination, taken by the various parties of the survey since its organization
at hundreds of places in the interior where this element of terrestrial magnetics has
not been known, with nearly as close an approximation to accuracy as given even by
our short needles aud the coarsely-graduated arcs of our meander-theodolites, should
now be sntficieutly numerous to be of great value in the construction of general mag-
netic charts.
During the past season, I have always endeavored to have this element more accu-
rately determined by attachinganeedje to the telescope of the 8-ioch transit used on onr
triangulation-stations, and causing to be measured as accurately as possible the angle
between the magnetic meridian and a side of a main triangle, the azimuth of which is
quite accurately given by the computation of the triangles.
The azimuth of the base-lines at Pueblo and Trinidad, in the measurement of which
roy party participated, was determined by elaborate observations made by Dr. Kampf
with an 8-inch theodolite, in connection with an astronomical transit.
Respectfully submitted.
Wm. L. Marshall,
First Lieutenant of Engineers,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Carps of Engineers,
Appendix B.
executive report of lieutenant p. m. price, corps of knginbers, on the opera-
tions of party no. 1, second division, field-season of 1874.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the IOOth Meridian,
Washington, Z>. C, March 17, 1875.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report upon the operations of party
No. 1, second division, while under my charge, during the field-season of 1874 :
Upon taking charge of the party at Santa F6, N. Mex., on the 3d of October, 1874,
its pirsonnel was as follows: Gilbert Thompson, chief topographer; Frank Carpenter,
assistant topographer; Dr. Oscar Loew, chemist and mineralogist; L. H. Hance, me-
teorological observer ; A. J. Tweed, odometer-recorder ; two packers ; one herder ; and
one cook.
The first work to be performed was the measurement and development of a base-line
at this point. On account of the difficulty of finding, in the immediate vicinity of Santa
F6, a position suitable for this pnrpose, the plateau south of Tetilla Peak, and about
fifteen miles pouthwest of Santa F6, was selected. The base-line was measured twice
with a compensated steel tape, .'iO feet in length, under a pull of twenty pounds ; the
tape being set for temperature on the measurement of each length. Pegs were driven
at distances of 200 feet apart, afad at less distance when required by the nature of the
ground. The difference of level between the consecutive pegs was afterward deter-
mined by leveling with a Y-level, and the corrections necessary to reduce the measnred
distance to a horizontal distance calculated and applied. The two measurements give
19:m.027 feet and 19391.073 teet, a difference of 0.046 foot, and a mean of 19391.05 feet.
The base-line was developed, aud connected by good triangles with the astronomical
41
moDament at Santa FS, and with the system of triangles extending down from Paeblo.
The angles were read from an d-iuch Stackpole transit, reading to 10^' of an arc.
I was directed to place in position the cut-stone astronomical monument and merid-
ian-marks at Santa F^. I found thaf Professor Safford had not marked the meridian,
and that the ohserving-stone used by him was so situated that the meridian passing
through it cuts houses about 30 feet to the north and south of it. I, therefore, placed
the monument 5 feet 10 inches west of this stone. This position did not admit of the
placing of a meridian-mark to the south of it, but enabled me to put up one on ihe
mesa, at a distance of 1926.428 feet north of the monument.
The observations necessary for the determination of the direction of the meridian
were made with a Wurdeniann portable transit. I am indebted to Lieut. C. 0. Morri-
son, Sixth Cavalry, acting engineer officer of the district of New Mexico, for his kind
assistance in this work, as well as for many other courtesies shown myself and the
remainder of our party.
During the time occupied by Mr. Thompson in reading the angles at the stations
selected for the development of the base-line and its connection with his triangula-
tion-stations, Mr. Carpenter was employed in meandering roads and streams to the
west and north of Santa F^.
Our work in this country was finished on the 3d of November, and on the morning
of the 4th, supplies sufficient to last until we should reach Fort Union having been pur-
chased, the party left Santa F6 to proceed to Las Vegas.
It had been my intention to take the whole party to Las Vegas over what is known
as the Fort Union trail, in accordance with your instructions requiring that trail to be
surveyed ; but recent snows in the mountains had rendered it impracticable for a
heavily-laden pack-train. I therefore sent Mr. Thompson, with Dr. Loew and one
packer, by that route, and proceeded by the stage-road with the main party, arriving
at Las Vegas on the evening of the 6th. Mr. Thompson did not come in until the
evening of the 9th, having experienced great difficulty in following the trail.
Another base-line was measured on the plateau two miles north of Las Vegas; the
method employed being the same as that for the Santa F6 base, except that the pegs
were driven at distances of 50 feet apart, and that three measurements were made
instead of two. The three measurements give the following results for the length oi'
the base-line : 8570.1429 feet, 8570.0927 feet, and 8569.9856 feet ; the greatest differ-
ence being 0.1573 foot, and the mean of the three results 8570.0737 feet.
The ends of the base-line were marked by cut-stone monuments. A triangiilation
was made connecting the base-line with the astronomical monument in the plaza of
the town. This was completed on the 15th of November, and on the following morning
we left Las Vegalfe, and, in accordance with your instructions, made the best marching-
time possible to Pueblo, reaching that point on the 26th. A delay of half a day was
made at Fort Union for the purpose of procuring supplies. We suffered considerably
from the cold the last two or three weeks, as a cold wind was blowing the greater
part of the time, and on the 18th arid 19th we had severe snow-storms.
Aneroid and cistern barometer readings were taken regularly, as required by the
" Instructions concerning meteorological observations."
While the work at Santa F6 and Las Ve^as was going on. Dr. Loew was constantly
engaged in making trips to points of interest in the vicinity of those places for
the purpose of collect! g zoological, botanical, and mineralogical specimens, and of
gathering information relative to the agricultural and mineral resources of the country.
He also obtained specimens of all the mineral springs met with, the analyses of which
will prove very interesting and valuable. Great credit is due him for the indefatigable
industry displayed by him during the season, as shown by the number and value of
his collections.
I desire also to return my thanks to Mr. Gilbert Thompson for his efficient co-opera-
tion, and to bear testimony to the skill and energy with which he prosecuted his work.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Philip M. Price,
First Lieutenant of Engineei'8.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers,
Appendix C.
executive report of lieutenant r. birnie, jr., thirteenth united states
infantry, on the operations of party no. 2, first division, field-season of
1874.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian,
Washington^ B. C, March 9, 1875.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following executive report of the operations of
party No. 2, lirst division, during the field-season of 1874 :
L L— 4
42
The party, as organized under your direction at the rendezvons-camp, Pueblo, Colo.,
consisted of F. A. Clark, principal topographer ; W. H. Rowe, assistant topographer ;
A. C. Ladd, meteorological observer ; J, W. Kurtz, odometer-recorder ; two packers,
one herder, and one cook, making, with myself, ti^ total of nine persons.
We left camp at Pneblo, July 29, and our operations during the month of August
carried us as far as old Fort Lowell, N. Mex., first occupying Cuemo Verde and
the western of the two Spanish Peaks, thence along the eastern base of the Spanish
range, crossing or meandering the course of the Cucharas and Purgatory Rivers, Ver-
mejo and Costilla Creeks, and occupying peaks of the range for triangulation and topo-
graphical purposes.
We crossed the range by the Red River Pass, through which runs a very direct trail
from Elizabethtown to San Antonio, N. Mex. A halt 6f several days was made in the
vicinity of San Antonio to obtain the topography of the adjacent country. The party
was then divided, and crossed the Rio Grande and its valley by two routes to San An-
tonio Peak, and then again dividing proceeded to old Fort Lowell ; Mr. Clark cross-
ing the headwaters of the streams that flow into the Chama on the north, the Ojo
Caliente Creek, ElRito, Cangilon, CeboUa, Nutrias, and Nutritas Creeks. Trips to the
adjacent country were made in several directions from Fort Lowell.
A supply of rations for forty days was received, and the party moved to Hediondo
Lake, about twenty miles west, where the plotting of the routes meandered and the
duplication of field-notes taken to this point was accomplished.
The party was divided to proceed to the San Juan River ; Mr. Clark with Mr. Ladd
and one packer by way of the Gallinas Mountains and Cahon Larzo, while with the
remainder I pursued nearly a westerly course, meandering the Canon Cenesal and mak-
ing topographical stations upon prominent mesas.
The course of the San Juan was followed for about sixty miles, when we turned to
the southward along the eastern base of the Tuni-Cha range to the villages of the
Navajo Indians on Pena Blanca, Tuni-Cha, and Vaca Creeks. A trip was made by Mr.
Clark and myself to the highest points of the Cariso Mountains, being the most west-
ern point reached by us.
Returning eastward, the party was divided at the villages ; with one part I followed
up the Ca&on de Chaco, recrossing the Atlantic and Pacific divide into La Jara Valley
a few miles north of Naciuniento, N. Mex., while Mr. Rowe, with two others, kept along
the divide to the north of the Canon de Chaco, passed by the springs Nuestra Senora
and San Jos6, Gallinas, Capulin, Punco, and Cannonus Creeks to Abiquin, where the
parties joined.
Several points were occupied in this vicinity for triangulation and topography, and
the meander of the Chama completed from Fort Lowell to near its junction with the
Rio Grande. Some time was also spent in this camp to allow our animals, that were
in a very poor condition, to recuperate, as for nearly six weeks they had had nothing
but grass, and that often very scant; the supply of water also being very insufiBcient.
The notes and plats of the party were put in order here, and a supply of rations
received.
The party next moved by trail to El Rito, while Mr. Rowe meandered Ojo Caliente
Creek, meeting us at the Ojos Calientes. The Rio Grande was recrossed at the mouth
of the Hondo by Mr. Clark,. while the rest crossed at Embuda, passing over the unfin-
ished portions of Lieutenant Ruffuer's new road, and meandering or crossing the
waters of Embuda, Penasco, Picuris, Rio Grande, and Frijoles Creeks, visiting the towns
of Ojo Salado, Chemisal, Penasco, Llano, Santa Barbara, Picuris, and Los Ranches,
and joined Mr. Clark on the Rio Piieblo near Taos.
In crossing the range from Taos to Elizabethtown, we failed in attempt to occupy
a high point lying between these towns, encountering a snow-storm, high winds, and
extremely cold weather. The road through Taos Pas s to Elizabethtown and Cimar-
ron was meandered, and a barometric profile of the pass made. At Elizabethtown, our
meander-line was connected with that made early in the season, and thence the
Moreus and Cienazilla Valleys and the Cimarron Canon were passed through to Cim-
arron.
At Cimarron, a base was measured, and extended to connect the astronomical station
established there by Dr. Kampf with the system of triangles carried over the area sur-
veyed by the party. On November 23d Mr. Clark was left at Cimarron to complete
the measurement of the angles about the base, while the party took nearly a direct
route to Pueblo, meandering the route through Cerososo Canon and Van Brimmer Park,
and crossing the Vermajo Creek, thence returned by the same route it had pursued
going out, and arrived at Pueblo Novembor 28, and was disbanded within a few days.
A great portion of our area was poorly adapted for triangulation, on account of its
mesa character. Sixteen peaks were occupied for primary triangulation and topography,
and twenty-five others for topography and secondary tiiangulation, with about seven
hundred stations en routCy at which bearings were taken, together with barometric
readings for altitude.
The triangulation was made with an 8-inch-plate theodolite, Stackpole & Brothers ;
43
the instmments used for topography heing the gradienter, small theodolite, Casella,
prismatic field-compass, with cistern and aneroid barometers.
Abont two thousand nine hundred miles of route was traversed, and nearly all care-
fully meandered. Distance was measured by an odometer, (iu some cases estimatedl)
and observations with the sextant for latitude taken by myself at camps that could
not be located by bearings, and to serve as checks upon meander-lines.
Cistern and aneroid barometers were carried throughout the season ; the cistern-
barometers (and the aneroids for comparison) being read at all camps and prominent
peaks, passes, &c., visited. Observations for humidity were taken at the same time.
The magnetic variation was determined at each camp, when practicable.
My thanks are due to Mr. Morley, of Cimarron, for the hearty aid extended us while
there, and to the members of the party for the manner in which they performed their
duties, and by which each one served in augmeuting the pleasure of the work.
Kespectfully submitted.
B. BmxiE, Jr.,
First Lieut. Thirteenth Infantry,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Carre of Engineers,
Appendix D.
executive report op lieutenant stanhope e. blunt, ordnance corps, on the
operations of party no. 2, second division, field-season of 1874.
Frankford Arsenal,
Philadelphia, Pa,, March 15i 1875.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following executive report of the operations'of
the party No. 2, second division, during the field-season of 1874 :
The party was organized at Pueblo, Colo., during the latter part of July, and was
composed of the following persons: £. J. Sommer, topographer; F. O. Maxson, assistant
topographer; B. W. Bates, meteorologist; H. G. DuBois, odometer-recorder; one cook,
one herder, and two packers.
The country to be surveyed was bounded on the west by the road from Trinidad to
Clizabethtown, N. Mex., and to the south of that by the divide of the main range; on
the south by the latitude of Las Vegas, and on the east by 104° 7' 30" west longitude.
The party left Pueblo on the 20th of Jaly, proceeding directly to Trinidad, Colo., by
the stage-road, and after a delay there to make the ascent or Fisher's Peak, crossed
the Ratton Mountains by the Ratton Pass, and for the next fortnight were engaged
upon the country to the west of the stage-road, meandering the forks and branches of
the Red, Vermejo, and Poniel rivers, and Crow, Van Brunmer^s, and Cenososo creeks,
as far to the west as the Elizabethtown road.
On August 17, 1 arrived at Cimarron, N. Mex., where a further supply of rations was
to be sent me. They did not arrive until the 20th. The intervening time, however,
Tvas occupied in working up notes, and in meandering a small stream that had been
omitted on the march to Cimarron.
I was obliged, on August 12,, when in camp, on the Vermejo River, at the stage-road,
to send Mr. Sommer, my chief topographer, to the hospital, at Fort Union, on account
of sickness. His absence delayed me somewhat, as, with but one topographer for duty,
I was unable to keep two topographical parties in the field, as I had previously done.
Mr. Sommer rejoined us at Elizabethtown on August 25; and from "that time until
the close of the field-season, one topographer was detached upon side-parties on every
available opportunity.
After leaving Cimarron, and until September 10, the survey was conducted about the
headwaters of the Cimarron, Moreno, Cienaguilla, Ciraarroncito, Ryado, Urac, Ocate,
Coyote, and the Mora, with its branches, and as far down these streams as the stage-
road. During the time Mr. Maxson was absent from the party, on a trip of three days,
to Elk Lake, at the headwaters of Coyote Creek, the primary triangulation-station
west of Gnadalnpita was occupied, and such other secondary triangulation-stations as
were necessary.
From September 11 to September 28, the party remained in camp at Fort Union. A
base-line was measured at this point, and extended to the neighboring mountains, the
necessary triangulation-stations for this purpose being occupied. Upon the comple-
tion of this duty, and after refitting and purchasing rations, we operated along the
stage-road, through Las Vegas, Bemal Springs, and San Jos^, until the primary tri-
angulation-station, west-southwest of Pecos, that I had been directed to occupy, was
reached. We were obliged to delay here three days, waiting for clear weather. After
that, and until October 20, the survey was conducted in the mountains east of Santa
F6, and about the headwaters of the Pecos, Vaco, Tecalote, Sapello, &c.
After leaving the triangulation-station near Pecos, Mr. Maxson was detached on a
side-party, rejoining us after seven days at Sapellotown ; from that point Mr. Sommer
and Mr. Bates were detached, and after a six days' absence rejoined me at Fort .Union.
44
After further refitting at Fort Union, and pnrcbasing supplies, sufficient with those
left at Cimarron for the remainder of the field-season, we left that place on October
21, surveying down the Mora Rirer to its junction with the Canadian, and up the
Canadian to its junction with the Cimarron, and up the latter stream to Cimarron. It
was found impossible to keep close to the bank of the Canadian ; the river near its
confluence with the Mora bein^ in a cafion 600 or 800 feet deep, and the plateau above
deeply cut up by numerous side-cafions, we were obliged to head it, being impossible
to cross them with the pack-train. This cafion we found continued up the river
almost to the junction of the Cimarron.
I reached Cimarron on the 29th of October. Mr. Sommer, who had been detached npon
leaving Fort Union, with directions to move northward to the Cimarron River, keeping
midway between the stage-road and the Canadian, also reached Cimarron the same
night. Upon leaving Cimarron, after refitting, Mr. Maxson was detached and directed
to cross the Katon Mountains by the Trinchera Pass, that being the most easterly
Sass within my portion of the survey. The remainder of the party continued up the
anadian River to Chico Rico Creek, and up that to its headwaters, crossing the
mountains by the Manco Buno Pass, and thence skirted the northern base of the
mountains to Trinidad, reaching that point on the 8th of November; Mr. Maxson also
getting in on the same night. A delay of one day was made here while Fisher's Peak
was being occupied as a triangulation-station. I left Trinidad by the stage-road to
Las Animas, making one day's march along that, and then across to the north, to the
Apisipah River. It was my intention to follow that stream to its junction with the
Arkansas, but finding that it was perfectly dry, and that there was but little proba-
bility of obtaining any water along the proposed route, that fact and the condition of
my stock of provisions decided me to return to Pueblo by the shortest route ; the
telegraph-road was accordingly followed, and Pueblo reached on the 14th of November.
My party was disbanded at that place the following day.
About nine thousand square miles were covered by my party of the survey during
the field-season, embraced npon portions of atlas-sheets .62*^, 69^, 70», 70*^, Tfi'*, and 78*.
The total length of meander-line during the season was over 9,200 miles. Twelve
primary triangulation-stations and thirty-one secondary triangnlation and topograph-
ical stations were occupied, in addition to about nine hundred stations on the mean-
der-line.
Connecting twice with the permanent astronomical stations at Trinidad and Fort
Union, three times with that at Cimarron, and once with the station at Las Vegas, as
well as the connections at the opening and close of the season with the Pueblo station,
gave accurate checks at frequent intervals upon the meander-line. Sextant-observa-
tions for latitudes upon north and south stars, or upon the sun when practicable, were
also taken by myself. Observations upon Polaris for magnetic declination were fre-
quently obtained.
At all camps, readings of the meteorological instruments were taken every three
hours from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m., when the camps were for a whole day, except when camps
were in the vicinity of a permanent astronomical station, where they were taken hourly
for twenty-fbur hours. Upon the march, the aneroid barometer was read at each station
upon the meander-line, and the cistern-barometer also when the station was an im-
portant one. These observations were continued until late in the field-season, when
the cistern-barometers getting out of order, and being unable to repair them in the
field, these observations had to be discontinued.
Both Mr. Sommer and Mr. Maxson, the topographers, as well as Mr. Bates and Mr.
DuBois, performed their duties during the entire season in a manner perfectly satisfac-
tory.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Stanhope E. Blunt,
First Lieutenant of Ordnance.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers.
Appendix E.
executive report of lieutenant C. W. WHIPPLE, THIRD UNITED STATES ARTILLERY^
on the operations of partv no. 1, first division, and subparties, field-
season of 1874.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian,
WashingUniy D. C, April 24, 1875.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following brief summary of the operations of
the parties under my charge during the past field-season :
Leaving Rendezvous Camp at Pueblo, Colo., on the 1st day of August, with a small
party of five members, associated with Lieutenant Marshall's party, the road was
meandered south of the Arkansas as far as CaQon City. From there, crossing the
45
mouD taioB by the very dlfficnlt pass of Grape Creek CaQon, which is about thirty miles in
length, we found displayed in miniature all the remarkable features peculiar to the
larger and more celebrated passes in that section of the country, and in which was no
trail or any other indication that others had been there before, the party passed down by
Wet Mountain Valley through Ula and Colfax and by the Moscas Pass to the San Luis
Valley, a single day's march, but a rough one, around the base of the Ceno Blanco, to
Fort Garland, where it was joined to the main division August 10.
On the 13th, the same party, with the addition of Mr. Aiken, taxidermist, left Fort
Garland, and following up Indian Creek, made stations on two peaks near its head*
waters. Crossing the divide, we kept down a creek of this same name, and moving
fiouth around the bases of the higher mountain, which faces on the north the Spanish
Peaks, struck the Cucharas, and the road on its banks, which we followed some miles,
and then the mountains were crossed through a gap and the headwaters reached of
one branch of the Trincheras. Thence we moved down the San Luis Valley, through
the San Luis and Lower Culebras, along the Culebras River to the Rio Grande, to the
junction of the Conejos and San Antonio Rivers, and through the playas which border
the river to Guadaloupe, where again was found encamped the main division. Two
days later^ on the 24th instant, I was left by you in charge of the main division, and
marching along the Conejos encamped on that creek almost west of Prospect Peaks,
where you on that day proposed to make a station.
Until September 6 I remained in the capacity of executive officer with the main
division during its movements up the valley of the Conejos, across to the Alamosas,
and up to its headwaters, across the divide to the San Juan and down its valley to
Pagosa Springs.
On the 8th instant, with a small party, I moved south by the road to Tierra Amarilla,
left it where it crosses the Nav£go, and kept along that stream to its junction with the
San Juan ; moving south and east from there, we crossed the Tapiacetas Mountains,
struck the old Spanish trail, passed the Lagunas de los Piedras, made a station on one
of the Las Gallinas Mountains in that vicinity, and reached Tierra Amarilla (the Nutri-
tas Playas) on the 13th instant. On the next day, we followed the north fork of the
Chama to near its headwaters, made a station on Navajo Mountain, and an unsuccess-
ful attempt on the Banded Peak to the eastward, crossed both branches of the Nav^o,
and striking the wagon-road to Pagosa, near the Blanco, reached camp at that place
on the 19th instant. Sending out a small party under Mr. Spiller, to occupy the Banded
Peak, I remained at Pagosa Springs until his return. On the 1st day of October, I
started with the party, which from that time constituted party No. 1, main division,
and was composed as follows: J. C. Spiller, topographer ; William Blount, meteorologist
and odometer-recorder ; D. Y. Mears, chief packer ; Aleck Hurlston, packer ; Caesario
Frahijo, packer ; George Badger, cook.
Moving east, we followed ap the first fork of the San Juan to the northward to its
lieadwat'Crs. It was the intention to occupy the double-capped mountain known as
Pagosa Peak. A severe storm of a week's duration detained us at .its base, and covered
the mountain with several feet of snow. On the sixth day, the top was reached, wait-
ing all night in the vain hope of catching a glimpse of the surrounding country, with
animals and men pretty well worn out; we again started west across the upper waters
of Los Piedras, up the valley of the Los Pinos to its headwaters, and over the divide
to the Rio Grande. Following its waters to their head, I crossed into Baker's Park by
the trail throagh Cunningham's Gulch, and, passing through Howardville and Silver-
ton, moved up Mineral Creek and across the divide to the Lake Fork. The summit of
this divide is 12,410 feet in height, and the descent remarkably steep. Near this sum-
mit is a very deep, dark-colored lake, about a fourth of a mile in diameter, inclosed by
very precipitous mountains perfectly barren and covered with snow. Nearly 3,000
feet below it, and perhaps five miles away, is Trout Lake, about a mile long by a third
wide. Beautifully- wooded foot-hills of mountains far back, sloping gently toward its
banks, form a marvelous contrast in warmth of effect to the cold, still, desolate picture
above. The descent was most remarkable ; a mass of broken stones covered the sides
of the mountain, which was loosened by the frosts and melting snow, and in one place
animals and men slid and rolled or pitched downward in an indiscriminate mass through
a descent of perhaps a thousand feet.
From Trout Lake we moved west, and struck the valley of the Dolores, and camped
for one day near the foot of the Glacier Peak (since named Meigs Peak) of the San
Miguel range, which the topographer of the party, Mr. Spiller, occupied with partial
success. I directed the march so as to strike the Manco near its mouth by passing
between the Mesa Verde and La Late range, our animals being nearly worn out. I
left orders for most of the party to await my return in three or four days at a camp on
Gothic Creek, and started down the ca&on of the San Juan. For about fifty miles I
followed the river through a charming country, though progress was difficult on
account of the heavy underbrush and the boggy condition of the soil. Streams of con-
siderable size flow in on both sides at frequent intervals. The mountaius on the south
are heavily timbered with pine ; on the north but sparsely, and principally witb Cot-
tonwood. The rock-formation is very peculiar, and lines the northern sides of the
. 46
valley with grand palisades of sandstone and limestones, whioh have been washed
into many fantastic shapes. Game was exceedingly plentifal, and the bears so pur-
posely deliberate in their attempts to avoid us as to bear testimony to the infirequency
of these disturbances. I passed by two deserted cabins labeled " The Dolores Mtnes,"
which it appeared had been left the 1st of August, and where a much-neglected garden
showed the capacity of the soil. On the same day I passed a cluster of small lakes of
bubbling water, raised on one bank above the level of the river, and showing
symptoms of the presence of sulphur. I left the river and climbed the mesas on the
south side, near the ^reat bend of the Dolores, which had here reached such dimen-
sions that we forded it with difficulty.
Striking west, we marched through forests of immense pine, which gradually sunk
into pi&on and juniper, and finally into scrub-oak, and a thick undergrowth of Spanish
bayonet. Crossing Macomb's trail, the country became more and more open as we
descended into the immense basin before us. Pottery was everywhere scattered over
the ground, and at intervals traces of ruins appeared, the first I had seen. A curious
one I examined at the lowest point of this basin, in a gulch, where, for the last time
till I struck the Mancos, I found water in pockets. The ruins were located under an
overhanging cliff of sandstone, and consisted of a number of cells made of rough
stone masonry, formed against the side of the clifi* like a cluster of swallows' nests.
Later, at the foot of Darling's Peak, much more extensive ones were found, with well-
built walls standing 8 or 10 feet high, and the outlines of an estufa. For three days
we marched through this country before reaching the Mancos with neither water,
wood, nor grass ; even sage-brush and soap-weed occurred but in occasional patches.
The country was perfectly sterile, but wonderfully picturesque. On the east the mesa-
benches were crowned with vertical walls, from 300 to 500 feet high, the appearance
of immense battlements, flanked and guarded by towers. On the west rose Late
Mountains, and far away toward the south loomed up The Needles from beyond the
San Juan.
Moving down the Mancos, at intervals of every few miles I passed ruined towers,
many of them quite well preserved, circular in shape, with a diameter of not more
than fifteen feet. They were on each side of the river, and it seems peculiar, as if they
were intended for watch-towers that never were placed in any commanding sites,
the mesas rising in terraces behind them affording far better positions.
At the mouth of the river, on the north side of San" Juan, illy-preserved but exten-
sive ruins were found, both on the mesas and at the foot of the cliffs near the river-
banks.
Having lost one of the animals, the condition of the remainder forced us to give up
our intention of proceeding farther ; so, leaving the river, we climbed the mesa and
made a forced march to the point on Gothic Creek selected for rendezvous. Finding
no water the next morning, we moved east, meeting the rest of the party on the
march, and with them returned to the San Juan, and encamped opposite the mouth of
the Mancos.
Leaving there October 30, 1 followed the river on the south side to the head of the
Grovernor's Cafion, past the Lagunas de las Piedraa, and reached Tierra Amarilla Novem-
ber 9. Through much snow I then crossed the mountains by the trail from the
south fork of the Chama, passed through Conejos, and, following the Conejos and
Tuncheras rivers, reached Fort Garland in a heavy snow-storm on November 19.
Finding instructions there to proceed to Pueblo with the least possible delay, we
crossed the mountains by the Sangre de Cristo Pass and reached Pueblo November 24.
I wish here to bear testimony to a cheerful performance of duty by every member of
my party under circumstances of unusual exposure and privation, and to thank them
for the courtesy which they at all times displayed.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
C. W. Whipple,
Second Lieut, Third A^'tillery.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers,
47
Appendix F.
meteorology and hyp80mbtry, field-season of 1874, by lieutenant w, l. mar-
shall, corps of engineers.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the 300th Meridian,
Washington^ D. C, April 30, 1875.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report upon the barometric work of
the past season, together with a brief description of the system of observation, record,
and reduction in use upon the survey since I have been in charge of this branch of
the work.
The present efficient state of this department is lar^ly due to the efforts of Lieut.
E. L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers ; the methods prescribed by him, both for field and
office, having been adhered to, with modifications, by myself and assistants.
FIELD-OBSERVATIONS, COMPARISONS, RECORDS, AND TRANSCRIPTS.
Before taking the field, the office-standards were compared with those of the United
States Army Signal-Office, and the remainder of the instruments with these office-
standards, to determine the errors of the barometers and thermometers. From the
office, the instruments were carefully transported to the field by hand, to guard, as far
as practicable, against forced changes in their relative errors. Upon the arrival at
Pueblo, Colo., they were all again compared hourly pending the organization of the
expedition, which furnished a means of checking the errors already determined at
Washington, D. C, and of deducing the amount of change in the adjustment of such
barometers as were afiected by transportation.
As soon as the organization of the field-parties was effected, the barometric observers
were carefully instructed by yourself and by me in iheir duties, and in regard to the
care, repair, and transportation of barometers and meteorological instruments. Each
field-party was provided with two of Green's mercurial cistern-brometers, reading by
vernier to 0.002 inch ; two sets of psychrometers ; from two to five aneroid barometers,
with the necessary pocket-thermometers to be used in connection with the aneroids,
and with one box of implements and eight empty tubes for refitting broken instru-
ments.
Every person who had charge of a barometer was famished with printed instructions
as to its use, and with the necessary rnled and headed blank books and forms of record
for intelligibly recording his observations ; and it was made imperative that all obser-
vations should be recorded upon these forms, to prevent loss and confusion.
The observations taken by members of the field-parties were :
1. Cistern-barometer and psychrometer observations in camp every three hours, or
at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m., at which hours also all meteorological instruments of
the party were compared for determining the altitudes of camps and to furnish the
means of detecting changes in instrumental errors.
2. Cistern- barometer and psychrometer observations upon peaks and topographical
stations, simultaneous with observations in camp.
3. Aneroid and thermometer readings, in connection with the odometer at meander-
stations, for securing definite profiles of the roads, trails, &c., and the gradients of
passes. At important points along meander-lines, at towns or settlements, and upon
the summits of divides, &c., cistern-barometer and psychrometer were alHO read.
4. Aneroid and thermometer readings, taken by various members of the different
parties at important points which can easily be identified and located upon the map
without the aid of the topographer.
In addition to the above readings, taken for hypsometric purposes alone, general
meteorological observations, such as are prescribed by the Smithsonian instructions,
were taken and recorded, and furnish valuable information in regard to the climate
and meteorological conditions of the regions surveyed for the time of the year the
parties were in the field.
Whenever a camp was established for several days, hourly observations were taken,
from which tables of horary corrections have been formed, and used in the reduction
of the aneroid work and isolated observations. Such tables were secured, including
the astronomical station of 1873, for Hughes, Georgetown, Colorado Springs, Pueblo,
Labran, Trinidad, Fort Garland, aud Pagosa Hot Springs, in Colorado Territory ; Ci-
marron, Fort Union, Las Vegas, aud Santa F^, io New Mexico. A permanent station
was established at Pueblo, Colo., and continuous observations have been voluntarily
taken during the past winter by Mr. S. F. Parish for the use of the survey.
Exclusive of those for tbe hourly work, the blank books and forms fop the record
and reduction of these observatiens are six in number. 1 have appended hereto copies
48
•
of these forms, filled out and with the reductions performed^ selected at random from
the records of the past field-season. They are given here hecanse they may he of use
to officers of the Army engaged in the performance of similar duties, who may desire
finch blanks ; and they are valuable as the results of four years' experience in tlfie field,
daring which the constant attention of yourself and the offipers and assistants on the
survey has been directed to the perfecting and simplifying the forms and systems of
observation and record employed in the various branches of the work.
Form I, ^'Meteorological observations in the field/' is for the general meteorolog-
ical record, upon which is recorded the observations, at stated intervals, upon cistern-
barometers and upon all meteorological instruments when assembled daUy for com-
parison. Each individual of the party having meteorological instruments assigned to
him turns them in to the meteorological observer upon ois arrival in camp, for com-
parison, at prescribed hours, with the standards of the party, and the results are en-
tered, with the general meteorological record, npon this blank form as well as in some
oases, to be referred to hereafter, npon Forms III and IV. Blank spaces are loft for cor-
recting the readings of the standard barometer and reducing them to 32° Fahrenheit, in
order that the errors of the aneroids may be at once determined for use, as explained
hereafter in treating of aneroids. This form, as well as Forms III and IV, is bound in
convenient shape for the pocket, with instructions as to its use printed upon the fly-
leaf.
Form II is for the clean transcript of the general record ; for tracing out the errors
of the various instruments ; for the correction of observations for instrumental errors ;
and, in fine, for the preparation of the observations for final computation of altitudes.
This transcript is made in the field, and not only serves as a guard against loss by dup-
licating the record, but also very materially aids and hastens final results in the office,
whither this record is sent as soon as the transcript-book is filled. The necessary in-
structions as to its use are printed at the bottom of each page, so that no observer of
ordinary intelligence will make mistakes in the proper arrangement and grouping of
his observations. To guard against errors in transcribing, the executive officer in
charge of the party is required to compare the transcripts with the original records,
and upon forwarding them to the office to certify that this comparison has been made
by him. This blank form, when properly filled out, will then show a continuous record
of the comparisons of all the instruments of the' party, and give the data for all such
hypsometrical determinations as depend npon a series of cistern-barometer readings.
In the field, simply the transcript of the record is made npon this form, and all the
reductions are made upon it after it has been received at the office. It is bound in
quarto size, with stiff pasteboard backs, that the record of each party may be pre-
served separate, that the data for any of our hypsometric determinations may be read-
ily found, should any one ever wish to recompute them, and to give a firm support for
the paper in transcribing npon it in the field, where a table cannot easily be carried.
Form in is for the record of such aneroid and thermometer readings as may be taken
by individuals not connected with the topographical party proper, at prominent points
which may be identified npon the map from the description alone, without the direct
intervention of the topographer or his assistants. As can be seen from the form itself,
it is intended that each individual shall compare his aneroid with the principal barom-
eter before leaving camp, and immediately npon his return, and enter the readings of
both instruments in this book. Since these comparisons are not usually made at the
prescribed hours, they may or may not be entered on Forms I and II, and although the
eiTors of the aneroids are deduced from those forms, this comparison is imposed only as
a further safeguard against loss, that we may have the necessary data for numerous
hypsometrical determinations, should even all the books save one be lost.
Form IV is the aneroid and odometer record. At each meander-station made by the
topographer, including always the stations upon entering and leaving camps, the
odometer-recorder enters the time of day, aneroid and thermometer and odometer read-
ing, and the topographer locates the point either by angles between well-fixed points,
or from his meander-bearings and measured distances. The aneroid is read both in
feet and inches : in feet, for the convenience of the topographer in making his field-
sketches ; and in inches, for the more accurate determination of altitudes by compu-
tation. The altitude of numerons points in the neighborhood of these stations depends
upon them for their approximate determination from angles of elevation or depression.
Form V is for the transcript made in the field from the " Aneroid readings," (Form
III,) and the "Aneroid and Odometer" books, (Form IV,) and for the final computation
of the altitudes and profiles deduced therefrom. As the method of treating aneroid
observations is, as far as I am aware, altogether novel, and moreover, from the facility
and rapidity with which the reductions are performed, is likely to be of great use in
its application to preliminary surveys for routes of communication, and in securing
general profiles of lines, the reasons which have led to its adoption, and the method
itself, will be more folly described hereafter in this report in treating of aneroid bar-
ometers. As with Form II, this transcript must be carefully compared with the origi-
49
»
nal records by the cnief of party, assisted by the barometric observer, and as soon as
tbe book is filled, it is forwarded to the office, with his certificate that it is a trne copy.
Form YI is for the computation of altitudes from synchronous observations of
barometer, thermometer, and psychrometer at two stations. It is made to conform to
tbe tables in the appendix of Colonel Williamson's paper on the " Use of the barometer,
<&c.*' It needs no description, and is not inclosed herewith.
For the field, then, we have three books of teeord, (Forms I, III, and IV,) sexigessimo
IB size, and two books for transcribing and duplicating these, (Forms II and V,) of
quarto form. The meteorologist has simply to read all the instruments at the hours
prescribed and record the observations, to furnish the reading of his barometer and
attached thermometer when demanded, and afterward, at times prescribed by the
chief of party, to transcribe all records, as he finds them, upon Forms II and Y.
OFFICE-COMPUTATION OF ALTITUDES; ANEROID BAROMETERS AND PROFILES.
In the office-work, I have been ably and efficiently assisted by First Lieut. Rogers
Birnie, First United States Infantry j Hospital-Steward T. V. Brown, United States
Army ; and Mr. F. M. Lee ; and by the exertions of these gentlemen the work is nearly
np to date.
The order in which this work has been performed, and its character, is as follows :
*!. The comparisons of instruments at Washington, D. C, and Pueblo, Colo., were
reduced, and the error of each instrument at the date it left the rendezvous-camp at
the latter point determined.
2. The field-transcripts of the various parties were examined, the records of the
instruments traced, the standard barometer and its error at each comparison deter-
mined, its readings corrected and reduced to 32° Fahrenheit, and, by comparisons with
its reading and that of its attached thermometer, the errors of indices of all other
instruments determined, their readings corrected thereby and reduced, and the force of
"vapor and relative humidity from psychrometric observations computed.
3. AU hourly observations taken by the various parties were corrected for instru-
mental errors, reduced to 32° Fahrenheit, and erratic observations corrected, copied
upon the hourly forms, and reduced to level by Colonel Williamson's second method,
and horary tables formed, which, in connection with the barometric records at the main
astronomical stations, gave us twelve tables of horary corrections in or adjacent
to the area surveyed in 1874, for altitudes varying from 4,500 to 8,600 feet, within which
limits nearly all the aneroid work, in connection with which the tables were princi-
pally used, is included.
4. Observations taken at hours differing from those of the Signal-Service, and all
aneroid observations, were either corrected by interpolation or by the horary tables,
and the means of barometer reduced and relative humidity taken.
5. The observations taken by the Signal-Service of the Army at Denver, Colorado
Springs, and Santa F^, for the time our parties were in the field, were transcribed, and
these stations referred to each other by means of the six months' series, and the alti-
tudes of the two last mentioned reduced.*
6. The altitudes of all camps and stations where cistern-barometers were read for a
number of days were computed by referring them, by the mean of the series, to
synchronous observations at the nearest of the signal-stations, and, of all camps and
other points where isolated observations were taken, were deduced either from syn-
chronous observations or from daily means ; the observations having been corrected
for horary oscillation, and referred either to our semi-permanent camps or to the Signal-
Service stations mentioned. These determinations number over seven hundred.
7. The altitudes of all aneroid stations were computed on Form Y wherever a con-
tinuous series of observations and comparisons with cisterns were found. Isolated
readings, when comparisons have not been made for several days, and where subse-
quent and anteror comparisons do not show a nearly constant index-error, have been
almost always rejected as unreliable for absolute altitudes, but have in many cases
been computed on Form VI for the information of the topographers in constructing
their maps. The altitudes from this source which have been computed number between
three and four thousand, and give continuous profiles along about ten thousand miles
measured and meandered lines.
8. Upon the completion of the computation of altitudes, all cistern -barometer deter-
* The altitude of Colorado Springs is well known from actual leveling ; but upon
comparing with the Signal-Office barometer at SantaF6, 1 found reason to believe that
its error is difi'erent from that given by the Signal-Office. Fearing that the same might
be true of one of the barometers at the other stations, I preferred to use the relative
altitudes as given by the six months' barometric observations referred to each other to
the rigid level-lines. It is susceptible of easy demonstration that if the barometer at
either of the intermediate stations has a very appreciable undetermined error, this
coarse is the best for all observations referred to that station. — ( W. L. M.)
50
minations were copied into the proper reoord-book, grouped by seasons and partieS) and
the locality of each point described as nearly as practicable ; afterward the whole
were thoroughly indexed for facility of reference, and the final results furnished the
topographers for inscribing upon their maps.
9. Since April 1 the force has been engaged principally in preparing condensed tables
and summaries of the observations taken at the hourly stations established by the
survey since its organization. These are quite numerous, and the work of preparing
the results for publication is slow and tedious. I hope, however, that it will be com-
pleted by the expiration of the present year.
ANEROID BAKOMETERS.
Since the organization of the survey, aneroids have been used by the topographers and
geologists for relative altitudes, and, if properly handled, are a very useful and convenient
instrument. Prior, however, to the season of 1873, so little was known by the individ-
uals using them of their action and capabilities under the necessarily rough usage they
must encounter in the field, and so much faith was placed in their indications and in
the reports of too interested individuals as to their accuracy and constancy, that fre-
quent comparisons with the more reliable mercurial barometers, which are absolutely
essential if results of value are to be confidently expected, were neglected, and when
the mass of aneroid work came to be examined and computed, it was found useful only
as indicating the utter worthlessness of this machine for absolute altitudes when not
used in connection with the mercurial barometer or the level. Like all other mechan-
ical combinations of levers, screws, and springs, they are subject to continual shift-
ing of [parts when subjected to the jars and jolts encountered in ordinary use in the
field, and it is essential that a continual watch be kept upon their indices of error by
comparison with a more constant instrument.
Aneroids on this survey have been kndwn to keep a nearly constant index-error for
months ; but this is an exception to the general rule of change. I give below, in this
connection, a series of comparisons of several aneroids with the cistern-barometer at
32^ Fahrenheit, copied directly from the field-transcripts in the order in which the
comparisons were made.
»
TABLE OP ANEROID COMPARISONS, 1874.
Date.
July'29-30
July 30-31
Jnly 31 to Angnst 1
Angast 1-3
Angnst 9-^
August 5-6
August 6-7
August 10-17
August 17-18
August 18-24
August 24-26
August 28
August 29
August 29-30
November 3-4
■
B
8
M
B
p
o5
P4
4
4
3
3
22
3
2
32
2
17
5
2
2
2
2
'49
s
25.148
24.313
23. 962
23.180
23.114
21.413
24.211
22.657
23.021
23.701
22.245
2L. 839
21. 873
21. 907
22.288
//
+0. 762
+0. 782
+0. 908
+0.829
+0. 883
+1. 136
-0. 032
Aneroids, errors of, on cistern.
O
//
+0.279
+0. 334
+0. 499
+0. 567
+0. 594
//
+0. 031
+0. 021
+0. 016
-0. 008
-0. 041
-0. 091
-0. 064
-0.482
CO u
//
+ 1.967
+3. 137
+3. 039
+3. 173
+0. 559
+0. 535
+0. 552
9
01 B
//
+0. 862
+0.921
-t-0. 949
^'7
I- «o g
?5
//
+0. 357
+0.361
+0.363
+0. 374
+0. 369
+0.340
+0. 387
A difference not exceeding 0.03 inch may be allowed between any twp comparisons for
parallax^ incapacity of the observer to subdivide the scale closely, and to the fact that
the weight of the machine itself affects its indications, and an observer may not, even
though cautioned on this point, hold the instrument in the same position when taking
the two readings, when one may be made by daylight and the other by candle-light.
This error of 0.03 inch between two readings would be very considerably reduced when
two sets of readings^ of three or four comparisons in a set, are taken. A simple application
of the doctrine of probabilities will convince one that the changes visible in the index-
errors, of the aneroids from those comparisons where from three to thirty observations
have been made at each camp are not so much due to errors of observation as to changes
in the zero-point of the instruments themselves. In the table, the height of the barom-
eter, reduced to 32^ Fahrenheit is also given, to show, if such evidence is conclusive,
>
-09
?
1
/
^59/
/
#
#
-•08
2_
#
^
f
EirECTsiF'
PE]
4F
ER\.TbRb
^/
r
■
Ur^om
/
^
./
f
A
NK
IQI
dI
L&^OllfE'
FE]
iS
#
•07
«
J
V
1
^
—
/
—L—
—
/
/
•
0^
/
1
/
/
'
/
y
/
..4
>!^
y'
•05
TOTO
/
^
5^
r
/
^
^
r^
'^
/
/
1
1
^
^
..'-'
f
/
y
/
<
.^''
r
/
•
/
/
!^
f
?'
1
-04
Boro
/
•
^
t^
-
/
1
•
/
^
P
/
/
/
f
4^
/
'4
V
.
'
'
/
/
/
•08
D
UfO
/
/
/
2
/
/
—
—
^
/
f
42L
6221
n
jT
■
122i
2z2i
ggg
t
^
r^
-02
—
aofti
z
^*N
s.
\
\
k
—
—
—
—
-01
\
\
\
.. .
—
^
'
k
^\
^
^,'
^
'^
^-
^^-i
C$i
1
-
-^,
'^
:
i«!
"on
etc
r €
t V
2-
^
L.
51
that these changes are not dae to defective graduation, since I have selected observa-
tions where each cistern-barometer reads nearly the same at two or more of the camps
given in each series. Nor were the adjnsting-screws of the aneroids touched, as shown
oy the records of these instruments. In fact, many of the aneroids are so constructed
that these screws cannot be reached without the trouble of unscrewing and removing
a plate upon the back of the instrument, which the ordinary observer is not likely to
take without positive orders to that effect. The observers were young gentlemen of
more than average education, and the results are undoubtedly as good as may be ex-
pected from observers who have been instructed in their duties and conscientiously
perform them. My object is to show in this discussion what is actually attained in
practice with proper care, and not to select observations with a view to call attention
to undue accuracy or to the want of it. :--^
From these observations, it can be seen at a glance that it would be inadvisabielio
rely upon these instruments for any length of time for absolute altitudes without
checking their indices by comparisons with those of the mercurial barometer, since
the results would not only be affected by the ordinary sources of error due barometric
determinations, but also those due changes in the zero-points of the aneroids them-
selves. Besides this source of error, aneroids are not always perfectly graduated,
though the best English aneroids are well and carefully marked } but, from the nature
of the case, only a few points of the scale are in the first place accurately determined,
and the intermediate divisions are measured off, and afterward, if reqaired, the instru-
ments are tested under the air-pump through the entire scale. This should always
be done, and a table of scale-errors accompany each instrument. In reducing our
work, I have found it impracticable to correct for scale-errors, or even to determine
their amount. Comparisons have been made at many points varying in altitude
between 4,500 and 14,000 feet ; but these comparisons are worthless for determining
errors of scale, since it is in most cases (save where the index-error of the instrument
remains constant) impossible to separate these errors from changes in the position of
the zero-point. In individual and rare cases, it may be practicable to determine these
errors by comparison with a good cistern at various altitudes ; but in order that this
method be successful in general, it is necessary to pass through the range of altitude
in a short time, as during the ascent of a mountain, and to make the comparisons very
frequently, and in any case to transport the aneroids with the greatest care, avoiding
aJl jolts and jars, as we would with a chronometer or other delicate piece of mechanism.
This, at least, is the conclusion to which I have come after the examination of the
records of some eighteen aneroids during an entire season of four months, where a
rigid system of comparison at various altitudes was enforced.
During the past neld-season, wherever hourly observations were taken, all aneroids
which could be assembled were compared at each hour with the cisterns, which gave
series of comparisons extending over several days and through quite wide ranges of
temperature, when the instruments were undisturbed, and therefore their in^ex-errors
presumably constant. I have examined all these comparisons, and, as far as they fur-
nish data, have determined, as well as I could, the effects of temperature upon many
aneroids, in practice. The instruments were made by Pike, Ewing, and Casella, princi-
pally by the latter ; of pocket size ; graduated to 0.05 inch, but susceptible of being read
to hundredths of an inch by estimating the smaller subdivisions. I have first taken
the difference between the indications of each aneroid and the corresponding readings
of the barometer at 32^, to eliminate the movement in the barometric column itself,
and then grouped the temperatures and the corresponding differences according ti the
ascending scale of temperature, and taken the mean of each group. The result has
been an ascending scale of temperatures and a corresponding scale of aneroid differ-
ences, which I have plotted, together with the curve, showing the effect of temperature
upon the height of the mercurial column at the altitude in which these comparisons
were made. In a great number of cases I have detected no well-marked law of varia-
tion, especially among the aneroids made by Casella. Certainly, in these cases the
want of compensation for ordinary ranges of temperature affects the readings by a
quantity less than the errors of observation. Others show their want of compensation,
even in a short series of comparisons, where errors of observation are not sufficiently
eliminated to give smooth curves. Of these, some are over-compensated, or the move-
ment produced by heat is the inverse of that produced in the mercurial barometer ;
others are un^er-compensated, or the movement is in the same direction as the temper-
ature. It is probable that no aneroid is perfectly compensated ; but it is certain that
in a great number, perhaps in the majority of instruments in use by us, this desideratum
is so nearly approximated that for all intents and purposes it is practically attained
for ordinary ranges of temperature. But, before we accept an aneroid as reliable in
this respect, we should first satisfy ourselves by examination that we have not an
exceptionally poor one. I give herewith the plotted curves relating to two of the
aneroids examined, plotted upon a very large scale, greatly exaggerating the aneroid
curve, which, in the two cases given, is not of great amplitude. Of all the aneroids
examined, but one shows a greater range of variation than the two given upon this
52
plot, which are selected becanse they show both under and over compensation, and
pecanse the observations and comparisons having been made at the same temperatores,
they can be plotted together. In no case have I found the aneroids affected by an
■amount exceedin|^ one-half the reduction to 32^ Fahrenheit of a mercurial barometer, at a
mean height of 22 inches, for a range of temperature of from 35^ to 40^ Fahrenheit, and
since this, even in extreme value, is less than the smallest subdivision of the aneroid's
graduated face, and not perhaps far exceeding the ordinary errors in reading the
instrument, I have not directly corrected for it, especially since I do not feel justified in
making tables of corrections for temperature to be applied to aneroid readings from
the defective data at my command. It would take much longer series of careiul com-
parisons of each aneroid, through a wider range of temperature, to properly eliminate
errors in the individual comparisons, and give us the true movement of the instrument,
which is only indicated approximately by the tables I have formed and represented on
the plate ; but it seems to me that they indicate enough to make it clear that no
very material errors in the results, computed as they have been, can be due to this
cause.
The aneroids to be nsed in future upon this survey have been made to order by
Oasella, of London, are 3 inches in diameter, with attached thermometers, and a mov-
able scale of feet. The graduation upon the scale of feet is made by one of the usual
barometric formulee, where there is no special term for humidity, leaving out the cor-
rection for the variation in the force of gravity upon the mercurial column, the zero or
reference plane being assumed where the mercury stands at 30 inches and the mean
temperature at 50^ Fahrenheit.
When, therefore, these conditions are fulfilled, the indications of the aneroid in feet
in latitudes where this datum-plane coincides with sea-level will give directly the
approximate altitude of the station above the sea, provided the aneroid-errors be cor-
rected for. To enable the observer to correct for index-error, and to avoid the neces-
sity for his adding or subtracting a constant quantity to the judications of his instru-
ment, is the object of the movable scale.
The aneroid, before the day's work begins, is compared with the mercurial barom-
eter at 32^ Fahrenheit, and its index-error determined. The zero of the scale of feet is
then set by turning the movable ring upon which the scale is engraved to the right or
left of 30'^0 by a quantity^, expressed in inches of the scale, equal to the index-error of
the instrument ; the effect is to keep the zero of the feet-scale at the constant datum-
plane where the cistern-barometer at 32° Fahrenheit would stand at 30'^0. Altitudes,
then, read off the face of the aneroid, are affected by the erroneous assumed position of
the sea-level; by all periodic and non-periodic fluctuations in the barometric height ;
by the difference in the temperature-correction between that due 50° Fahrenheit and
the actual mean temperature of the two stations ; and by the undetermined instru-
mental errors. Profiles, therefore, given by the direct use of the aneroid scale of feet,
are but rou^h approximations, the principal source of error in which, in short intervals
of time, is the temperature-correction above or below that due S0° Fahrenheit, which
often amounts to many feet in the computed difference of altitudes between two
stations very near each other horizontally. I give below the profile of a single day's
march, as derived directly from the face-readings of the aneroid, and from computa-
tion, which shows pretty fairly the differences which we may expect in the gradients
derived from the two methods.
Cftmp or station.
Altitude from
aneroid face.
Altitude com-
puted.
1
P
Distance betw'n
stations.
Grade per mile,
from feet-scale.
Grade per mile,
computed.
Difference per
mill".
-Camp 10
8720
8875
9025
9160
9200
9355
9530
8960
9245
8675
8790
9020
9470
8520
8961. 2
9118.9
9273. 4
9403. 2
9436.
9602.1
9771. 2
9180.2
9454.7
8821. 6
8949. 9
9207.0
9666. 1
8655.8
Feet.
+241. 2
243.9
248.4
243.2
230.0
246.1
241.2
220.2
209.7
146.6
159.9
187.0
196.1
135.8
Miles.
0.000
0.203
2.230
.730
.753
2.393
.839
1.633
3.431
3.195
.663
.816
1.220
2.00
1
761.0
67.2
185.0
53.1
64.8
208.3
349.0
83.1
147.3
174.2
280.5
368.8
475.0
769.0
69.3
177.7
43.6
69.4
201.3
361.9
80.0
198.2
194:4
313.5
376.3
505.1
-f- 8.0
-f 2.1
— 7.3
3
3
4
— 9.5
5
+ 4.6
— 7.0
6
7
+12.9
8
— 3.1
9
+50.9
10
+20.2
11
12
+33.0
+ 9.5
-C^mp 11 ^ . . .X X . .
+30.1
53
For all ordinary purposes of map-oonstmction, except where contours are wished
^th as close an approximation to accuracy as the means at our disposal will adroit^
the differences of altitude, as derived &om the aneroid feet-scale, are sufficient upon the
scale of our maps for the proper representation by conventional signs of the general
relief of the country ; but since continuous profiles were desired fiom which should
\ye eliminated, as far as our knowledge and means would allow, the effects of periodic
and non-periodic fluctuations in barometric height, it was necessary to carefully com-
pute these observations by referring them to simultaneous observations at some fixed
station whose altitude was known. In making these reductions, the first difficulty
encountered arose from the fact that observations at the signal-stations were made
at but fBW hours during the day, and, as a rule, at points of from 1,000 to 7,000 feet
lower altitude than the mass of our aneroid observations, and although theoretically
we could, by correcting for horary oscillation where this element was known, re-
duce our aneroid work to the mean of the day and refer these means to the observed
means at the lower station, we were unable to determine the proper temperature to
1)6 used in the reductions, and where the difference of altitude was so considerable the
corrections from this term of the barometric formula were very large, and instrumen-
tal errors also materially affected the resulting absolute heights wheu such an incon-
stant and variable instrument as the aneroid was referred to another of entirely dif-
ferent character, and the profiles were found so discordant that it required considerable
ingenuity to correct them and make them agree with the camps whose altitudes were
derived from series of cistern-barometer and thermometer observations, referred to
synchronous observations at a lower station. To lessen the labor of computation, to
reduce the aneroid to its proper position as simply an adjunct of the mercurial barom-
eter and the efiect of instrumental errors and worth of compensation to a minimum,
the method of computation now in use was proposed by Lieutenant Hoxie, and per-
fected and used to Advantage by myself and assistants for aU of our last season's
aneroid work. The method is as follows :
The altitudes of all camps are determined from a longer or shorter series of cistern-
barometer, thermometer, and psychrometer observations, referred to synchronous ob-
servations at a lower station. The errors of the aneroid referred to the cistern at 32^.
Fahrenheit are determined at each camp, and the mean error at two consecutive camps
taken to correct all aneroid observations made between them, except where compari-
sons show that a sudden and great change in the error of the aneroid has occurred
somewhere between the two camps, in which case the observations are rejected in
totOj unless from our knowledge of the natural grades of the route we are enabled to
locate the place in the profile where the change occurs, and to correct the observations
before and after accordingly.
The aneroid, watch, and thermometer are read upon leaving camp in the morning,
and at a number of intermediate stations en route, and the profile closed by taking one
or more careful readings upon arrival at the next camp. The observations are then,
after correction for instrumental error, reduced to the mean of the day by the correction
for horary oscillation, and each station referred to the preceding one, the mean of the
observed temperatures at the two stations being taken for the mean temperature of
the stratum between them. Thus, since the aneroid was referred constantly to its own
indications, instrumental errors enter the results with only a differential value. Begin-
ning at camp, the successive differences of altitude are then added, each to the altitude
of the station preceding, and the profile carried over to the next camp by successive
steps. The difference in the altitude of this camp as brought over from the preceding
camp by the aneroid differences and that determined from the series of cistern-barometer
observations is the error to be distributed throughout the profile to make the two coin-
cide It is evident that, in thus computing this profile, we assume that there has been
no non-periodic or abnormal fluctuation in the height of the barometer during the
interval of time the profile was being measured, whereas in fact the air is seldom or
never in a position of equilibrium, and the barometer is continually varying in height.
Should the barometer beri«in<7, the difference of level between the two camps determined
from this profile will be too great if we pass from a higher to a lower camp, and too small
if we go from a loicer to a higher, and vice versa if there be a, falling barometer. In the
first case, where the barometer is rising, the altitude of the second camp as determined
from the profile will be too loiv by the amount in feet at that altitude of the abnormal
oscillaiion, and vice versa when the barometer is falling, provided that the observations
and computations are perfect.
In distributing the errors, I have supposed that the abnormal or non-periodic oscilla-
tion is approximately a right line during the few hours the party may be engaged in
running the profile-line, and that the error from this source in the altitude of each sta-
tion is directly proportional to the time, or let —
JB;=the difference, in feet. In the altitude of camp 2, carried by aneroid from camp
1 and that computed from synchronous observations of cistern-barometers ;
T=. entire interval of time, in minutes, between instant of leaving camp 1 and
arriving in camp 2 ;
54
2= interval, in minnteS) between leaving camp 1 and arriving at any profile-sta-
tion ;
C = correction, in feet, to be applied to the altitude of that station ;
Then—
0=1 E
T
In unimportant profiles, it is sufficiently accurate for our purposes to divide the errors
equally between the various stations.
Respectfully submitted.
W. L. Marshaix,
First Lieut Engineers, in charge of Meteorological Branch.
First Lieut. G. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers,
55
t
1
•
•a
•IH
hi
Rain or
snow.
•seqooi 1 : : ; :
•pepaa 1 : : : :
'vB^og; 1 : : : :
•
.a
'dojoj
UOiOOO
• • ■ •
oooo
•uoi!^aoji(i
• • •
CGOQ GO
1
sp.op J9dda
JO U.!JS>9Jia
ooo .
1^
•9ra«ii
<e »: p u
f-H CO CO CO
P .^ .rN -iH
OOOO
•!|ononiY 1 ^"^woo
9
1
s
s
1
6
}25
1
• • ■ f
• ■ ■ •
• ■ • •
■ • • ■
1 t ■ •
III!
•
to
t-
r-i
m
1
^
^
oooo
oi I© o5 o5
wo ^« CO
s
oooo
r^eo(d«c^
•joq^ '%iY 1 : : : :
-p«9 J— 'O^
• < • I
III!
a ■
•J9q!> 7»V
® ® 0) s
p d a a
oooo
'Saip'B9J
— d on:
2Sg8
<mJ • * •
•J9q; -WV
• O O (D
• d d d
'iii
*9aip'B9J
—855 oit
■ O ^J* "H
• <c ;o o
:«< • •
is
11
•SiiipB9a:
o ?o o o
Oi a< o O)
Si
•J9q!^ 'iJiJY
oooo
i
1
i
1
qo
1
OQ
j9!(9aiojvg;
O) co«o o
«oo oc*
00 00 o o
Si
noi4onp9S
O 00 CO CO
r-IOOO
• • • •
MM
(eoo*)
•joxia
oooo
OOOO
oooo
■ ■ • •
•Suip«9a
Oi Oi 0> Oi
ss ■ ■ •
(•J9 X'oX +)
'•J9q^ '%%Y
1-4 iH to 1-1
1
■ • * •
P4P<P«0Q
00 CD O to
1
» P.ftP,p4
o
of
O
o
PL)
OQ
O
P
o
>^
o
CO
o
{^
<
o
p
5
es
^
o
d
3
1— 1
<
• • •
• • •
I I •
■ • •
« • ■
OOOC
•
....
1-^ rHiH »H
OQQOQQ
. ■ * ■ ■
• ■ 1
1 I 1
I I •
I i •
...
•.fi
.-♦*
22*
P goo
•S.f-1
oo
0«^OO
t • »
1 • f
lit
■ • •
• • •
• • •
■ 1 •
• . • ■
oooo
»OC0'^
■w •^ CO
oooo
• ■ • •
• • 1
• • I
• ■ • .
• • • "
■ I I
ooo®
d d d d
oooo
^)^i^^
oooo
-M (?*--»
l-r-t- t-
co' • • •
Oi
oooo
d p d d
oooo
;^;25^JZ5
oooo
"^ "^ "^ (5i
O OO ^
Si
to --r- o
tC^CO QO
V> OiOi CO
• . * .
CO
a
oooo
PSoco
©■vr-c*
00 00 00 00
• . • •
Si
^OQO-M
or-ooi
iHOOO
• • • •
MM
oooo
OOOO
oooo
• • • •
++++
OOOQO
f^ or-
OiOi SiCO
si
T-lrH«0»H
{:tf&^
aaaa
■ • • •
P.P.p4e3
CO CO a> CO
CO 55 CO
*5-»i*i4J
P1P4P1O
OC
OQOQOa^
»
Aneroid 528 with aide-
party.
Att'd ther. barom. 1767
broken.
Uae air-temperatnre for
rednoing.
\ -
|— 1 1
000
_• • • •
0»Hr-t »H
iz; OQ
1
•
1
■
t
■ •
Is 3
il° 1
d^ 3
OOQ ?5
tH»HO •h
50.0
46.0
39.5
36.0
81.0
63.5
49.5
43.0
23.920
.920
.940
24.020
24. 158
.122
.148
.109
24.144
.154
.138
.117
rHCOrH iH
OOCOO "*
3 p.m.
6 p. m.
9 p.m.
6 a. m.
tH
8
.
56
Form II. — Transcript from Form I. — ^Meteor
Farty No, 2, diviHan No. 2. — Recorded in
CAMP No. 33.-ON THE
Hour.
Standard cistern-barometer No. 1989,
(error, + 0.005.)
Cistern-barometer No. 1767.
Aneroid No. 528.
Date.
Att'd ther.
corr'd, (error,
+ 1.1.)
tdb
n
Correct for
error and
red. to 32«^.
1
1^
s
11
r
<
•
u
txi
1»
n
•
o
1
»
3
4
5
6
r
8
9
77.0
63.5
46.0
46.0
58.1
10
H
12
14
IS
16
Sept 29
Sept 29
Sept 29
Sept 30
3 p.m.
6 p.m.
9 p.m.
6 a.m.
77.1
66.1
46.6
46.1
23.968
.932
.940
.958
-.099
—.076
—.034
-.033
23.869
.856
.906
.925
+.038
+ .026
—.001
—.034
23.907
.882
.905
.891
23.696
+ 0.1
+ 2.6
+ 0.6
+ 0.1
23.956
.932
.952
.952
+. 012
—.000
—.012
+.006
2'
> • • ■
■ a ■ •
• • • •
None 23. 600
None . 640
None . 610
+.256
+.266
+.315
Mean
59.0
23.950
23.889
23.948
+. 002
None 23. 617
+.279
CAMP No. 34.— ARKOTO
Sept 30
Sept 30
Sept 30
Oct 1
3 p. m.
6 p.m.
9 p.m.
6 a.m.
77.1
64.1
55.6
38.1
23.979
.945
.950
.876
—.099
-.071
-.053
-.016
23.880
.874
.807
.862
+.038
+.026
—.001
-.034
23.918
.900
.896
.828
77.0
63.0
55.0
38.0
58.2
+ 0.1
+ 1.1
+ 0.6
+ 0.1
23.966
.941
.937
.880
+.013
+.004
+.013
-.002
■ • • •
None
None
None
None
23.540
.540
.540
.490
+.340
+ -334
+.357
+.372
Mean
.58.7 23.938
23. 878
23.886
23.931
+.007
None
23.528
+..350
CAMP No. 35.— BERN AI*
*Oct. 1
*Oct. 1
*Oct. 1
*Oct 2
3 p. m.
6 p.m.
9 p. m.
6 a.m.
81.1
64.6
50.1
44.1
24.144
.154
.138
.117
—.108
—.172
-.041
-.029
24. 036
.082
.097
.088
+.038
+.026
-.001
-.034
Mean
60.0
24. 138
24. 076
24.074,
.108
.096'
.054|
24. 0831
24.158
.122
—.014
+.032
. 148i— . 010
.109|+.008
24. 134 +.004
None
None
None
None
None
(t)
24.210
24. 210
(t)
.122
—.122
CAMP No. 36.— ON THE
Oct. 2
3 p.m.
6 p. m.
9 p.m.
6 a.m.
78.6
67.6
56.6
53.6
23.664
.628
.621
.658
—.100
—.077
-.054
—.048
23.564
.551
.567
.610
+.038
+. 026
—.001
-.034
23.602
.577
.566
.576
23.645
.611
.629
.645
+.019
+.017
-.008
+.013
(t)
(t)
Oct. 2
Oct. 2
Oct. 3
Maati
64.1 23.643
23. 573
23.580
23.633
+.010
* Aneroid 528 on side-party. Attached thermometer of barometer 1767 out of order.
NOTB.— Fill out, in the field, columns Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28.
lines between them. On the first of these lines record in red mk the means of the preceding set of
of remarks [which is omitted in the above table for want of space] concerning the preceding place of
the set of observations at that locality. When two cistern-barometers are read together, enter the
the standard barometer. The error of the other barometer is to be obtained by comparison with the
therriMyiineteT " corrected for error. The aneroid errors are to be determined by comparison with th&
and minus when greater.
57
OLOGiCAi, oasEitviTioss is the field, 1874.
Book Xo. 66. — Tkeo. V. Bromi, Computer.
SAPELLO EITER, NEW MEXICO.
Clouds.
BalnorsnoB' Wind.
1
1
i
i
lllfj
it! 18
i
1
1
1
31
iW
So.~. j So.-^
1
1
1
1 la
fl
a
14
IS le 14 tS 16
•a
3,
..
as s6
ar
^
39
30
3.
aTl' +.159' -..-
1 'cnm..
4 , C'ir.-st.
sw
' '
uo
16.1
4S.D
^r
38.0 i.nj. ii-i'.iai
1
38.1
i ! 1
' 1
BE LOS PECOS, ITEW UEXICO.
. 1
I
Cir.<t
g
j
sw
sw
E
1.0
..
n.oUo
«. 45.1
38.0M.I
^0
18.
ia.0
4.0
1
No„e
... 1....
,»
390
1
ABROTO, NEW MEXICO.
None
li
.9«in-.i«a
. S40,+. 1ST
i4.0-J0iT.06e
1 [ Stratus
1
lio
m.o
S3. 3
J9.S
ao
36.0
'?■!
1 J ..,
None
J3.950J+.1W
42,9
1.3
'
FECOS RIVER, NEW MEXICO.
Noi»^3?5+.na....';. ....... 4
Sli :StlS..::":;::::: "
S[;;?;;;;E;;;;|sii:;;;b-^
io-«w.iii;.-.i :...
'■■■■' • ' ""'■■■■• ■' "'
HereafUr airteiaperatore iiaed In ledaclng to 3i° F. t With eide-part}'.
Separate ttae observationB at each place from those at the next fallowioR piaco be leaving two or more
obiiervatioDg. On the lines neit foUawIni! i-ecord whatever may have been crowded out of Ihe column
observalion. Describe each locality in full, nsioE, if Deceaaary, ttae entire ;ine i in mediately preceding
reading of that one whioh is the more reliable, or which Is more habitually in the party, in —' ' —
reading of the standard, eorreclod for Instrnmental err" -' -' -"^ -" "
■■StanSiTd barometer at 32° f." The "ermr" isjilm whi
LL— 5
i
J
i
i
III
1
i
i
i
1
i
s
-199J JO ftBZ
; Is
■l»»jii[P!0J9nT
ssssRgSS : ;
i;i
■JjqWBjtt
ii
U
illl Mi
IlllJi-
Mia I i
Mil
■aiujBJsdoiai
Ailiiii \ j
i i i=^
Tiaii
^ ■Bie+ TlopT ^
■SoSeSaf
■osojelBio
5 ;
: la
1
j
a 'ii s ■ ■ ■ i :
: \ |s
i
22222522 ; ;
! ! 11
■jhoh
...u.
",S.™
r
s
•>«'■■- = '■'^ = 2
"1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
f
1
1
1
1
||
■ssqsni
: i M 1 N
■s
1*8J Dl P!0J9IIT
■iiiiiiiiiii!i|
li
i
5
ppapgsjisa \
:l
H
SSS6SSg!8555B :
P
isjisiiililii ;
1
i
1- 1
■P|M
i 01 dmsa
ii
oT:
fi
J
!i
^dP^^S^^ii^i^ i
1
1
5 ' " " i
i!
IS
■'
^
^ '
i
■ i.
i
2-
lias
£1=
1
1^
1
111 fp
pi ill
1
,js„.HmuMm\\
i|
jononn,|,ij»ra | -= , , , m77 i . ? i" i ■
i^
.■
•™-'=iiiiiiiiiiiiN
ii r
I
„.;ss 1 siiiisiiiiiii i i
ii i:
^
»j 1 -itiiii-Mliii \ \
Is" i ;
-jip -ddiiwij 1 -.5+77+7^1 + 1+++ ! ;
\t M
til
4 iiiiiiiiiin
i i = mmmi^iii ■ i
is : i
'i i
-p«u)>s)»jjo3 -J ^ :
-n 1 .§i§il§iiiliiS :
■o«» m.i! -,• ,•,■,- I- ,[r+;^+++ :
:s 1
.™»,S I J.iitliSilSil! i :
ii ;
•pjMsmjoJw
"i 1 n M n M
+i
=3-1 8iiii::;;i
IPl-'MH MM
n ii
=llt
IJlj-*| 11 1 11
Hii
i
p
yi-il MM M
1
1
Is ,!8S«34M^S«ga ; ;
•-,," .!8§Bai!BISSs8 : i
i8 li
■IMH
1=1
i
s
2=££SSSS
III
61
Appendix G 1.
report on the geology of that part of northwestern new mexico examined
during the field-season of 1874, by e. d. cope, paleontologist and geolo-
GIST.
Philadelphia, June 11, 1875.
Sir : The present report includes the resalts of the investigation of the stratigraphic
geology of the part of New Mexico to which you assigned me for the field-season of
1874. The gronnd covered embraces the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from
Paeblo to the Sangre de Cristo Pass, both sides of the Kio Grande Valley from that
point to Algodones, and the Sierra Madre range and the country for fifty miles to the
westward of it from the latitude of Tierra Amarilla to that of the road from Santa F^
to Fort Wingate.
Little of novelty has been added from the two first-named regions, as they have been
previously traversed by competent geologists ; but the last-named area has remained
up to the present time almost unknown. The analj^sis of the structure of the Sierra
Madre range is believed to indicate that its elevation took place near the close of the
period known as Cretaceous No. 4, and that the elevating force was more powerful at
its southern extremity in New Mexico than along the middle portion of its line.
Another important discovery is the lacustrine character of the Triassic beds, which form
a part of the axis of the range, indicating the existence of extensive areas of dry land
at that period, of which no portion is remaining in the region examined by me, but
which may be supposed to be represented by the Paleozoic beds farther south and
west. A third important point is the determination that the plateau drained by the
eastern tributaries of the San Juan Kiver is composed of the sediment of an extensive
lake of Eocene age, which was probably at one time of great extent, but whose deposits
have been greatly reduced in extent through erosion. The boundaries of this lake to
the west and south were determined.
It is believed that additional light has been thrown on the question of the age of the
Galisteo sandstone, and that its paleontology has decided definitely that of the Santa
F^ marls. The first fossils discovered in the " Trias " of the Rocky Mountains have
enabled me to reach more definite conclusions as to its position in the scale of periods.
I remain, with regard,
E. D. Cope,
Geologist and Paleontologist,
Lieut. George M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers,
CONTENTS.
Pftge.
Introduction 61
Chap. I — The geology of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains 62
Chap. II— The valley of the Rio Grande to Santa F^ 64
Chap. Ill— The vertebrate fossils of the Santa F^ marls 68
Chap. IV — ^The valley of the-Rio Grande from Santa Y€ to the Zandia Mountains . 76
Chap. V — The Sierra Madre and its western slope 78
Chap. VI — The Eocene plateau '. 68
Finis 97
INTRODUCTORY.
The route pursued by the party to whom the duty of determining the geognostic
character of the country was assigned is the following :
Leaving Pueblo, it took the mam road southward for about thirty miles, to Howard's,
on the Huerfano Creek. From this point its course was southwest, via Badito, and
across the mountain-range at the Sangre de Crisfo Pass to Fort Garland, in the valley
of the Rio Grande. We then turned toward the south and followed the road on the east
side of the Rio Grande one hundred and twenty-five miles, to Santa F^. Side-excur-
sions were made to the east a short distance south of the Picoris Mountains, and the
west to El Rito, across the country, between the Rio Grande and the Rio Chama ; also,
to the Jemez Mountains. The geological examinations were extended to the Zandia
Mountains, forty miles south of Santa F6.
The exploration to the west of the Rio Grande left that river at the mouth of the Rio
Chama, and followed its course as far as the mouth of the Canon Canjelon, a distance of
about thirty miles. ^ The direction then pursued was north and northwest for thirty
miles, reaching the Chama River again at Los Ojos. From this point the party followed
62
the strike of the formations of the country to the south, on the west side of the Galli-
nas Mountains, reaching the Rio Paerco at a point fifty miles southwest from Los Ojos.
Considerable time was occupied in this expeditioti, side-trips being continually made
east and west of the line, the latter as far as the Alto del Uta, forty miles west of the
Gallinaa Mountains.
The same route was traversed in returning as far as the Eio Chama and the town of
Tierra Amarilla. From this point, the expedition took the direct course across the San
Juan Mountains to Conejos, and across the Kio Grande Valley to Fort Garland. The
route from this point to Pueblo was the same as that followed on the outward trip.
As is now well known, the ranges composing the Rocky Mountains form a series of
4cheXon8f which have a generally north and south course, and descend to the plain at
their southern extremities. The result is that when this arrangement prevaild the trend
of the entire mass of ranges is not identical with that of the constituent ranges, but is
southwest and northeast. Thus the Front range, which bounds the plains continuously
for two hundred and fifty miles, disappears in the Shyenne Mountains, near to Pike's
Peak. The second range, or Wet Mountains, disappears at the entrance to the Sangre de
Cristo Pass, after having culminated in the Greenhorn Mountain. The third, or San-
gre de Cristo range, extends one hundred miles south of the pass, and sinks into the
plains not far southeast of Santa F^. The fourth range bounds the valley of the Rio
Grande on the west, and has received various names in its different extensions. It is
the San Juan, Navajo, Gallinas, and Nacimiento Mountains of the present survey.
These are sometimes known under the collective term Sierra Madre, and they exhibit a
reduction in- elevation as compared with their north am continuation in Colorado; a
reduction which continues to the southward until, in Central New Mexico, they no
longer constitute a continuous range.
It is seen therefore that the expedition passed round the southern extremity of the
Wet Mountain ichelony and crossed the two axes of the Sangre de Cristo and Sierra
Madre. Observation therefore extended to the structure of the western border of the
Mississippi drainage, to the entire width of the. drainage-area of the Rio Grande, and
to the eastern portions of the area mostly drained by the Great Colorado. The subject
will therefore be considered under three heads, viz : the eastern slope of the Rocky
ranges ; the Rio Grande Valley ; and the western slope of the Sierra Madre.
CHAPTER I.
THE EASTERN SLOPE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
The Rocky Mountains axes are well known to be composed of a feldspar-porphyry,
where not exceptionally igneous and intrusive. These axes were forced through super-
incumbent sedimentary strata, the remnants of which now rest upon their flanks.
Those of the sedimentary strata which extended across the region now occupied by
the mountain -ranges were necessarily lifted to an almost or quite vertical position, in
which they now remain. Other beds, deposited after the commencement of the process
of the elevation and before its conclusion, were necessarily raised so as to lie more
obliquely against the sides of the axes or of the older sedimentary beds ; while strata
deposited after the close of the process of elevation extend to and rest upon the
slopes of the ranges nearly as they were originally deposited, in a horizontal position.
At Manitou, near Colorado Springs, the porphyritic granite is immediately covered by
sandstones and limestones of Silurian age, of 70 feet in thickness, mostly of a reddish
color. This formation is succeeded in ascending order by 279 feet of gray, purplish,
and yellow limestone supposed to be of Carboniferous age. Above this is a series of
red or variegated sandstones, often containing conglomerate beds, and often very mas-
sive, of 1,200 to 1,500 feet in thickness. No fossils have yet been found in this horizon,
so that its age has been conjecturally called Triassic. This is followed by about 31 feet
of calcareous shales, with thin beds of sandstones, in which fossils of Jurassic age
occur in other localities. Above these Jurassic beds is a stratum of white gypsum of
57 feet in depth. It is below the Cretaceous No. 1, and is sometimes included in the
Jurassic. (See Dr. Peale, Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories, 1873, p.
198.) From this point upward the members of the Cretaceous may be traded. After
an interval of 60 feet of shales and soft sandstones, the gypsum is followed by a bed
of white or pale massive sandstone of 200 or a few more feet in thickness. This
is Cretaceous No. 1, or the Dakota group, a very important base-line in estimating
the position of other strata in New Mexico. Its hardness and consequent resistance to
erosive forces have left to it a prominent position as the axis of the first range of foot-
hills along the mountains for very great distances. It is followed, in the ascending
series by soft and dark-colored shales, usually rich in invertebrate fossils, which are
known as the Benton group, or No. 2. The Niobrara group (No. 3) consists usually
cf impure limestone either of a siliceous or argillaceous character. It forms the crest
of the second and lower line of foot-hills, and is often highly fossiliferous ; common
irpecies being Ostrea congesta and Inoceramus prohhmaiicus. The following beds are again
63
of a soft and shaly character, frequently of a dark color, and resembling those of No. 2 }
these are the Fort Pierre group No. 4. The brown and yellow beds of No. f (Fox Hills
group) lie upon these. They are arenaceous and of various degrees of hardness, and
frequently heavily bedded.
Occupying a horizontal position on Cretaceous No. 5, there is found in Central Col-
orado a series of yellow and brown arenaceous mud-beds of estuary and fresh- water
origin, which contain beds of lignite and abundant remains of the land-plants and
animals of the surroundiug continent. These are the Fort Union group of Hayden, or
Cretaceous No. 6 of the writer. The succeeding formations are lacustrine and Tertiary ;
the earliest, or Eocene, appearing on the western side of the mountains, while on the
eastern side this formation is omitted, the Miocene lying immediately on the Creta-
ceous.
The hills bounding the valley of the Arkansas at Pueblo consist of shales of Cre-
taceous No. 4. When long exposed they become white and hard, but when first
exposed are usually of a dark color. At Pueblo I observed scales of physoclystous
fishes ( t Beryx) with Inoceramu8 and plant-remaips. Similar remains have been
drawn up from well-ehafts sunk several miles south of Pueblo, and appear in the sides
of ravines near the Saint Charles Creek. The bluifs of the Saint Charles are 150 feet in
height, and are composed of the same material, which on exposure is light-colored, and
splits up into large flakes, which exhibit conchoidal fractures, and a hard consistence.
Farther southward, bluffy ledges extend at right angles to the mountain-axis, facing
the south. On the south side of the Greenhorn they are overlaid by a soft buff sand-
stone which forms the high ground, dipping SO'^ southeast. This is perhaps to bo referred
to Cretaceous No. 5, The beds of No. 4 constitute the surface of the country for a
distance of from six to fifteen miles from the mountains as far south as the Grena-
Tcs Creek. One mile south of this point, the soft rusty and gray sandstone of No. 5
caps the bluffs to a height of 150 feet ; No. 4 disappearing beneath it with a southerly
dip. Twelve miles north of Howard's, some bluffs to the west of the road face the
east ; the upper 40 feet is of yellowish shade, the lower of a bluish color, 40 feet to
the base. At the line of junction of these colors, the rock is filled with Oatrea congeeta
and fragments of Haploscapha, At Howard's, on the Huerfano, the mesas are com-'
posed 01 No. 4, lying nearly horizontal in shedy argillaceous layers of a muddy color.
The mesas are 50 feet high ; wells sunk 50 feet from their foot-level exposed the same
rock of a darker color to blackish, containing AmmoniteSj Baculitedt and Inoceramua, A
boring of 30 feet from the bottom of the wel} brought up the same material.
The tract of country between Pueblo and the Huerfano is elevated, and has an arid
appearance, owing to the scarcity of water. The valleys of the streams flowing from
the w^estward are exceptions to this statement, and toward the foot of the mountains
beautiful meadows and farms can be seen from the line of the road.
Turning- toward the mountains at Howard's, we proceed up the valley of the Huer-
fano, with nearly horizontal beds of the bufi' sandstones of No. 5 exhibited on the
south side of the creek, to near Badito, near the point of extinction of the Wet
Mountains. Here the beds are observed to rise to the mountain-axis, and are displayed
in the following order, beginning with the lowest : The red beds display their brilliant
color high up, and are overlaid by the bed of snow-white gypsum, usually referred to
the Jurassic. Above this we have the sandstone of Cretaceous No. 1, constituting an
important topographical feature of the mountain-slope. The valley below is doubtless
excavated from No. 2^ while outside of it a low hog-back of siliceous. brown limestone of
Cretaceous No. 3 runs parallel to the range near the village. The light and dark shales
of No. 4 form the ledges outside of and above No. 3, constituting the faces of the bluffs
on the north side of the Huerfano Valley. All of these beds lie at an angle of 45° east
at the line of strike ; but the soft sandstone, which caps No. 4, and which I have called
No. 5, has been little disturbed. From the hog-back exposure of No. 3, I obtained
twelve species of fossils, as follows : Ostrea congesta ; Oatrea near 7arra, Mort. ; a shell
■with a ribbed disk; Inoceramua; a Pecten; Ptychodua Whippleyi, Marcou ; Ptychodus papil-
lo8u8f Cope ; Galeocerdo Edgertoniij Agas. ', Olodua^ two species ; Lamna Texana, Roem. ;
Lamna, No. 2 ; Oxyrhina, sp.
The sandstone bed of Cretaceous No. 1 forms the slope of the southern extremity of
the Wet Mountains. It dips east, south, and west as the road passes over the
ridge and enters the valley, separating that range from the Sangre de Cristo Mount-
ains, which is known as the Huerfano Park. On the west side ot the Wet Mountains
the sedimentary rocks repeat with reversed dip the arrangement seen on the
eastern flank. The red beds and the gypsum are conspicuous landmarks high above
the valley, while the sandstones of No. 1 are seen to be immediately overlaid oy light-
colored shales, which greatly resemble those of No. 4, but which are as much like those
of No. 2. These beds and those below ihem through the red Trias, are exposed along
the road at one point of its passage of this anticlinal. The plain of the Huerfano Park
is occupied by mesas of a soft yellowish rock of Cretaceous age, but of which of the sub-
divisions of the latter I did not ascertain.
The eastern slope of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, as well as the foot-hills traversed
64
iu reachiog its base, is composed of the sandstone of Cretaeeoas No. 1, which first exhib-
its soatheru dips, bat on the flanks of the mountain eastern dips. At various points
below and daring the ascent, trap-dikes rise above the surrounding level, sometimes
to considerable elevations, having a southwest and northeast strike. Higher up igne-
ous intrusions appear on a larger scale, and the ground is covered with fragments of
a fine-grained siliceous mineral, apparently rhyolite. Several large mountains on the
left and right of the road appear to be composed of this igneous product. On approach-
ing the pass, the road traverses the red sandstone. The highest point includes two
adjacent hills ; the eastern measuring by the aneroid 9,460 feet, the western 9,435 feet
in elevation. The former of these is composed of the red sandstone ; the other, in its
eastern half, of the same formation, which is here thin-bedded, but iu its western half,
of a light-colored intrusive dolerite, including crystals of a black mineral.
CHAPTER II.
THE VALLEY OF THE RIO GRANDE TO SANTA f6.
On the west side of the Sangre de Cristo Pass, the sandstone beds dip west 30^ to
60°. Three miles west the sandstone is vertical, and a little beyond is a bed of Car-
boniferous limestone, aJso nearJy vertical. From a locality in this region, General
August Kautz, then in command at Fort Garland, procured a series of Carboniferous in-
vertebrate fossils, which he kindly presented to the survey, and which have not been
identified.
From the same region Major Hartz procured from a sandstone rock the impression
of a large Goniatite which was added to the paleontological collection. Through his at-
tention, along the upper waters of Sangre de Cristo Creek, near the locality oi the Car-
boniferous sandstone, a bed of black shale is followed by a greenish sandstone, both
dipping 15^ east. Near this point the hill is covered with fragments of rhyolite, with
cancentric reddish stains, like that which has been described &m Eastern Nevada. A
mile westward the dip of the sandstone is reversed, and for a few miles beyond it exhibits
contrary dips. The road gradually descends, and eight or ten miles west of the pass
we come upon the real axis of the range, the red feldspar-porphyry.
I found settlers rooting out carefully a white-flowered Astragalus-Vike plant, with
radical leaves of a light green^ with a silky pubescence, on the ground of its being
poisonouH to cattle and horses. On my arrival at Fort Garland, I found these state-
ments confirmed by Dr. Moffatt, post-snrgeon. This gentleman informed me that the
plant was fatal to stock, narcotizing them when eaten, the effects in some instances
coming on slowly, and remaining sometimes as long as two years. As dangerous prop-
erties are rare in leguminous plants, I thought that these observations were worthy of
record.
The felspathic rock is here easily decomposed, so that, instead of forming the crests
of the mountains at the Sangre de Cristo Pass, it occupies the valleys of the western
slope of the range. The elevated parts of the pass are composed of sedimentary rocks,
while the mountain-peaks of the region are of rhyolite and other intrusive material.
The granitic beds are stratified, dipping northeast. They are either heavily-bedded
feldspathic porphyry, or more finely-bedded hornbleudic gneiss, with much horn-
blende in fine grains.
The following figure represents some of these beds, which have an intermediate
mineral character, and are located near the eastern border of the formation. The
d^Ms of this formation forms hills, which furnish placer-gold diggings, which are now
worked with some success.
The western jpart of the granite belt is excavated into a basin, which forms a brancli
of the gjreat basin of the Rio Grande, or San Luis Valley, and which was once filled with
a deposit of Tertiary age. To within eight miles of Fort Garland, I found north of
the road a series of benches composed of the sediments of this lake, viz : beds of
clayey sandstone alternating with heavier beds of moderately fine to very coarse con-
glomerate. The conglomerate contains rounded pebbles of chlorite, quartz, red
sandstone, basalt, &G.f and its strata lie horizontally against the oblique beds of the
granite toward the pass. Dr. Hayden has described this formation from more
northern parts of the San Luis valley, and I discovered the corresponding members
of it on my return trip on the western side of the valley, occupying the lateral valleys
of the San Juan range. In the latter locality, it presents the same features as ia
the Sangre de Cristo Valley, being composed of alternating beds of clayey sandstone
and coarse conglomerate, and reaching a thickness of 800 and 1,000 feet. On the upper
waters of the San Antonio Creek it forms bad-land tracts, with the characteristic
scenery. There can be, then, no reasonable doubt that, as proposed by Dr. Hayden, the
upper as well as the lower part of the valley of the Rio Grande was once entirely
filled with the deposit of a Tertiary lake, which I have elsewhere identified with the
horizon of the Loup Fork epoch.
65
Eiiht inilea east of Fort Garland several masses of ba^lt forni rough billa, with a
«antE\TaBt and northeast trend, and the road rises to a higher level, while the creek cuts
its way thiODgh a small cation. The characteristic features of the Rio Grande Valley
now oonie into view in flat-topped mesas, with steep sides, capped with ahedof hasalt.
Their sides are covered with masses broken from the face of Uie Btratum of basalt, allow-
ing of no vegetation or a few yuccas and sage-brush. The floor of the valley from this
point to the Eio Grande, a distance of twenty miles, and for a greater distance to the
west Hide of it is level and barren, being covered over with sage (jirlflmiBia) and brush-
like CotnpoiitiK. Near Fort Garland its soil is everywhere jningle^ ^'^^^ gravel of the
decomposed pink porphyry. The flat-topped black liasaltic mesae are distribatedouboth
sides of the Rio Grande, and foroi prominent olyeots for thirty miles below Fort Gar-
land. The Rio Trinchera, passing the fort, enters the Rio Grande on a level plain, but
not many miles below its niODth the rirer enters a caQon cut into the bed of basalt,
which constitutes the floorof the plain, and only emerges at intervals dnriog a conrse of
one hundred miles to Ihesouth, Two ronudbasaltio masses arediBtingnishedamoug the
" " . . ■ (nd the Uto Mountains.
Fio. ].— Strata of feldthepatbic porpbiry uid goelea on S»ngre de CiiaUt
The prevalence of the basaltic rock gives the valley of the Gio Grande a forbidding
character both tt> the agriculturist and the geologist. The concealment in a deep
canon of the great river, which, under other ciroumetances, would have been to it what
the Nile is to Egypt, has relegated a great part of its surface to comparative sterility.
This is relieved by the many creeks of pure water which issue from the monntains and
<aiTy fertility in their courses acroaa the east side of the valley. Such are the Costilla,
the Colorado, the San Criatoval, and the Honda.
Near the Colorado Creek, atthefootof themountain, lobaervedanioterestiugesample
of the decomposition of basalt. This rock is usually In this region porpbyritic, includ-
ing small masses of a light- colored feldspar, which is often weathered out ou exposure,
leaving a veaicular etructnreof the surface. At the canon, where the Colorado Creek issnes
'fi'om the monutain, it traverses a vertical mass of protruded basalt of 600 feet iu eleva-
tion. In the least altered portions, near the summit, the base of the mineral is a hlnlsh
lead-color, coutrasting strongly with the small masses of white feldspar. At a lower
«levBtion , the base is rusty-brown or yellow, the white bodies far less distinct. In the
lowest part of the bli]^ say for SOO feet,the rock has a homogeneous appearance, and
is pure white, like kaolin. From these white rocks, near the base, issues a chalybeate
«pring, sour with excess of snlphuric acid. At its point of exit is a deposit of alum.
At the mouth oftheRito Honda, the Ki to Grande flows through aca&onof gOO feet in
.depth. No Tertiary beds are visible until we reach the valley of Taos. This flue tract
of land, drained by the Taos Creek and its tributaries, occupies an amphitheater in the
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, which seuds a strong spur off to the Rio Grande ou the
aoutb side of the valley. Numerous villages constitute the general settlement of Taos,
not the least interesting of which is the Indian town, or pueblo, of agglomerated houses
of that name. The mesas bounding this valley on the north are composed of a coarse
gravel of worn pebbles and cobble-stones derived from the mountains. They are
cemented together slightly by a calcareous substance to a depth of 2 to 4 feet, and the
deposit has more the appearance of being a late drift than a part of the Pliocene lake-
4leposit previously described. The transported material shows plaiuly that the we^itern
flanks of the mountains are chiefly composed of gneiss, qnartzose granite, and quartz-
66
ite J but little of the Eocky MoaDtain felsdpar-porpbyry appeariug. This annearance was
confirmed by an examination of the spur bounding the valley on the sc utb.
Mr. Sanchez showed me a tooth of the Mastodon ohioticuSj which was tound in the
clay of the valley along the Kancho Creek.
The axis of the Plcnris Mountains, the western spur of the maiu range already men-
tioned) is gneiss rock, portions of which are filled with garnets and crystals of horn-
blende and tourmaline, and which incloses at some localities masses resembling a hard
soapstone. The sedimentary rocks rest upon its northern face at various dips, often
35° and 45°. I made a section by following the valley of the Rancho Creek, which
cuts the strata at right angles for about eight miles. On entering the ravine, the first
formation is a siliceous limestone, dipping northwest 35° ; beyond, i. e., below this,
appears a bright-red conglomerate, which greatly resembles the Triassic beds of other
localities. It changes in long weathering to a dirty greenish color on exposed points.
It is continued into a sandstone, which has a dip of 45° northeast, and a thickness of
more than a thousand feet. They contain innumerable vegetable remains, mostly leaves
of a reed-like form. This deposit is underlaid by the limestone of the Carboniferous
period, which is at the top thin-bedded and alternating with dark-colored shales. I
.found here great numbers of characteristic fossils, weathered out and beautifully pre-
served ; including Echinoderms, Crinoids, small species of Orthoceras^ GoniatiteSt SpiriferSy
and other Brachiopoda, with Gastropods resembling TrochuSf Turritella^ and Nerita.
About ten miles southeast of the point where the Rancho Creek issues from the mountains,
in a rugged ravine, is an outcrop of coal, which has been exposed by Mr. Sanchez. I
visited the locality, and found a bed of coal of an inferior quality of 15 to 18 inches in
thickness, dipping north 30°. The rather shaly strata above it are filled with Carbo-
niferous fossils. Another bed of coal near the mouth of the canon of the Rancho is
of still less value ; thickness, 15 inches; dip, 45° north. The rocks of the Trias and Car-
boniferous form an open anticlinal ridge before finally rising to the axis of the Picuria
Mountains.
The ravines of the south side of the Picuris Mountains are filled with the arenaceous
beds of the Santa F^ marls, as already described by Dr. Hayden. The erosive forces
have cut deep valleys and gorges from their mass, leaving tremendous castellated and
bastioned escarpments of a thousand feet elevation. Interesting views of these beds
may be had by following the valley of the Embuda Creek, and the cafiadas which extend
from it to the southward and eastward. After careful examination, I could only find a
single fossil, namely, a penultimate phalange of a lateral digit of probably a three-
toea horse.
Crossing the Rio Grande by a ford not far from the mouth of the Embuda Creek, I
climbed the rugged face of the lava mass that forms the sides of the ca&on of the river,
and which underlies the region on its eastern side, and found myself at the base of the
'^Pliocene'' sands, which there form bad-land hills of much elevation. Some of them
are worn into castellated forms of much beauty ; one in particular reminding me of the
Eocene Church Buttes of Wyoming. From their summits an extensive view was had
of the triangular area inclosed on two sides by the Rio Grande and the Rio Chama,
with, the two drainage-areas of the Ojo Caliente and £1 Rito Creeks. On traversing
this region, it was found to be entirely composed of the "Pliocene'' sands, and to be
very and, with cedars scattered irregularly over the surface. The springs of Ojo Cali-
ente number three, the most important issuing from a vertical ledge of gneiss, which i&
there traversed by a wide quartz-vein. The temperature of the warm springs is from
116° to 120° ; they contain abundance of a confervoid alga. In the creek below I saw
a cyprinoid fish {Gila pandora^ Cope) taken with the hook. Near to this point I first
observed the blue partridge, {Callipepla aquamata, Vig.,) which is readily distinguished
as it runs by the white under side of its erect top-knot.
In descending the Rio Chama, the arenaceous bluffs are continually in view on the-
north side, and occasionally display layers of basalt alternating with the sandstones.
In this situation, the basalt is at times concretionary. The bed which bounds the Rio-
Grande on the west terminates at the junction of the Chama in a high point. On th&
southwest side of the Chama, a similar stratum gives the mesa form to the hills nearly
to the month. South of these the Jemez Mountains rise in impressive proportions, and^
extending southward, bound the Rio Grande Valley on the west.
The wide valley between the Jemez and the Sangre de Cristo ranges is almost
entirely filled with ''the Santa F^ marls. Their sandy character is not favorable
to agriculture, being scarcely preferable to the basalt, so that cultivation is con-
fined to the narrow valleys of the tributaries of the Rio Gfande. The intervening
country is either absolutely naked or covered with cedars. Occasionally, as near
San Ildefonso and near San Felipe, a fragment of the lava remains, protecting the^
underlying Pliocene beds, forming a fiat-topped butte, generally termed a Huerfano.
The beds of the Santa F^ marls are alternately softer and harder sandstones and con-
glomerates, varying from white to greenish-gray and to light rufous. They dip gener-
ally 10° to 15° toward the east, and away from the basaltic mass of the Jemez range.
They contain the remains of extinct Vertehrata, mostly Mammaliaf which have enabled.
67
me to correlate them with the Loup Fork Tertiary of Colorado and Dakota.* The
species discovered by our party namber twenty-nine, of which twenty-four are Mam-
maUa, three birds, and two reptiles. An enumeration of them is given in the chapter
^which follows the present one.
Twenty-five miles west of the Rio Grande, at San lldefonso, the eastern masses of the
Jemez Mountains rise. The greater part of this interval is occupied by a plateau
which is traversed by more or less parallel ravines, which issue in the trough of the
Rio Grande. The mesas which separate the ravines terminate abruptly like the wharves
of a city-front. Their material consists of sandstone, conglomerate, and arenaceous
inarl, of whitish, gray, and drab colors, having a gentle dip to the northwest. Many of
their upper beds contain numerous pieces of pumice, which readily disintegrate, and
the resulting siliceous dust under the influence of wind excavates the surrounding
sandstone into caverns and pigeon-holes of many sizes and shapes. Nearer the mount-
ains the northwest dip of the beds is distinct, and they accordingly present escarp-
ments to the southeast and gentle pine-covered slopes to the northwest. The ravines
have a northeast and southwest direction, and extend to the base of the mountain.
The escarpments are composed of orange-colored and reddish rock of uniform consti-
tution, which breaks into prism-like masses as it falls, forming talnses below. It is
entirely distinct in character from that of the bluffs nearer the river, which form part
of the Santa F^ Tertiary marls, as proven by the occurrence of the bones of Mastodon
and Aceratherium Jeme^anum, Cope, near Santa Clara.
The orange beds are doubtless older, and were afterward seen on the Chama River ^
but I was unable to determine their age, or their precise relation to the overlying sands
and marls. They are covered near the mountains by a mass of basalt, which forms the
floor of a higher mesa, from which rise the basaltic cones of the Jemez Mountains.
Some of its peaks were doubtless sources of discharge of lava at a former period. I did
not observe that the orange beds were tiltedj or rested other than nearly horizontally
against them.
In the ascent of the Rio Chama, we pass over the Santa F^ marls exclusively until
reaching the town of Abiquiu. Here are bluffs of 700 feet in elevation, of a soft sand-
stone, havingthe same character and dip (10^ to 15° northwest) as those above described
as at the eastern base of the Jemez Mountains. In a bay on the western side of one
of these bluffs is a patch of picturesque bad-lands of the Santa F^ marls. Five miles
above Abiquiu, the brilliantly-colored yellow and red beds which form such an impor-
tant feature in the geology
of Western New Mexico, ap-
pear in high bluffs on the
north side of the river. They
are several hundred feet in
thickness, but near the Rio
Chama descend so as to per-
mit of a view of their rela-
tions to the superincumbent
beds. The brightly-colored
beds are cut by a ravine to
a depth of about 150 feet.
The upper portion is yellow,
and they dip 25° southwest.
They are overlaid by a shale
of 15 feet in thickness, whose
laminsB are frequently con-
torted. The lower part of
the bed is finely laminated,
and the upper portion con-
solidated into a very hard
rock. Above it is a bed of
20 feet of a very coarse con-
glomerate, whose cement is
arenaceous. (See Fig. 2.)
These details are entered into for the purpose of exhibiting the unconformability
between the late Tertiary beds of the Rio Grande Valley and the formations consti-
tuting its western shores. The beds just described are believed to correspond with
those called Jurassic in tfie section taken at Colorado Springs, and quoted in my intro-
ductory remarks. Red beds, supposed to correspond with the Trias of the same section,
were observed by me to form the northern boundary of the basin a few miles north of
the town of El Rito, east of the Rio Chama.. These beds crop out in high bluffs, and
doubtless formed the precipitous western shore of the fresh lake which during the
* See Report on the Vertebrate Fossils of New Mexico, Annual Report Chief of
Engineers, 1874, p. 603.
jy
Fig. 2.— Oatcrop of " Jarassic" strata near Abiqaia.
68
lioup Fork epoch filled the valley of the Rio Grande from its upper waters to au
unknown distance toward Mexico.
These red and variegated beds cover the strati graphical axis of the Sierra Madre at
this point, although not the water-shed between the waters of the Rio Grande and Rio
Colorado. The geology west of this point will be considered in the chapter devoted to
the Sierra Madre and the area west of it.
CHAPTER III.
THE VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY OF THE SANTA F± MARLS.
The earliest information which we possess respecting the existence of vertebrate
remains in the lacnstrine deposits of the Rio Grande Valley is due to the interest dis-
played by Hon. Wm. F. M. Amy, then governor of New Mexico. He obtained from
the region northwest of Santa F6 the fragments of a lower jaw of a Mastodon produotusj
Cope, and sent them to the Smithsonian Institution. This specimen formed the sub-
ject of a description by Dr. Leidy, who referred the species to his Mastodon ohscurus,*
The next observations of vertebrate fossils were made by the members of your expe-
dition of 1873. Francis Klett obtained a number of specimens from near San Ildefonso.
Following the directions of this gentleman, I made the examination during the season
of 1874 which resulted in the discovery, of twenty-nine species of Vertebrata, of which
all but four are determinable. Some of these have been already described in my report
to you, published in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874, page 603.
The following list embraces the names of all the species and descriptions of such as
have been heretofore unknown :
CARNIVORA.
Canis ursinus, Cope, Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1875, p. — .
This large dog is the largest carnivorous animal observed in the fauna, equaling in
dimensions the Ursus amei*%oanus. It approaches the Amphicyous in the great develop-
ment of its tubercular molar teeth, and is allied to the A. Haydenii, Leidy, from the Loup
Fork beds of Nebraska.
It is distinguished for the large size of the canine teeth and the small size of its pro-
molar teeth. The premolars are separated from each other and from the canine by snort
subequal diastemata ; but the fourth prepiolar and the true molars form an uninter-
rupted series. The first tubercular molar is larger than the last premolar, and the
second tubercular is but little smaller than the same tooth, and has its single flat root
so grooved as to foreshadow the two-rooted condition seen in the A. Haydenii, The
mandibular ramus is deepened posteriorly, and is remarkable in the great anterior
prolongation of the masseteric fossa, which reaches as far as below the middle of the
sectorial molar tooth. The dimensions are as follows: Length of molar series from
alveolus of canine, 0™.121 ; length from same to sectorial molar, O'^.OGl ; length of
sectorial, 0'".031 ; width of crown of sectorial, 0™.012 ; depth of ramus at posterior border
of sectorial, 0™.055 ; depth of ramus at anterior border of sectorial, 0^.049 : depth of ramus
at first or simple premolar, °^.038 ; long diameterof caninetooth, 0'".023. From A. haydenii
the species differs in the position of the tubercular molars, being on the continuous
alveolar border, as in typical dogs, in the one-rooted second tubercular tooth, and in
the anterior extension of the masseteric fossa.
Canis scevus^ Leidy, Extinct Mamm. Dakota and Nebraska, p. 28.
A mandibular ramii of this species, which is, as Leidy observes, much like the Canis
lupus,
Canis vafer, Leidy, loo. cit., p. 29.
Mustela namUanaj Cope. — Martes namhianuSf Cope, Report on Vertebrate Fossils of New
Mexico, Annual Report Chief of Engineers, 1874, p. 603.
ARTIODACTYLA.
Dicroeerus gemmifer, Cope. Meryeodus gemmifer, Cope, Annual Report of United States
Geologcal Survey Territories, 1873, p. 531. •
The genus Dicroeerus was proposed by Edouard Lartet in 18.39 for ruminants which
combine the character of the deer and the antelopes. In 1851 the genus was further
defined by him, and it was observed that in some of the specimens the horns are con-
tinaous with the frontal bones, as in the antelopes, &c., while in others there is a union
* Report of the Geological Survey of the Territories, vol. i, (4to,) p. 2.35.
69
of the beam with a basal protabemnce of the frontal boue by a bnrr. These observa-
tioDS have been made on the American species by myself, and published in the report on
the Vertebrate Fossils obtained in New Mexico, (see Annual Report Chief of Engineers,
1874, p. 604.) The specimens obtained by the expedition prove that three, perhaps
foar, species of this genns occur in the Santa F^ marls, one of which hiMl been
previously found by myself in the Loup Fork beds of Colorado and another in the
corresponding formations in Nebraska by Dr. Hayden. To the latter the name of
Merycodis necatus wa^ applied by Dr. Leidy in 1854 and Cervtut Warrenii in 1858. The
former was represented by mandibles with dentition ; the latter by horns. The dis-
covery of crania with horns and teeth enables me to unite these supposed species. A
third species, discovered by Dr. Hayden in Nebraska, was named by Dr. Leidy Cosaryx
farcatM in 1869. In commenting on this species, Professor Gervais remarks {Jfmmal
de Zoologie) that the genus Cosoryx is not distinct from Dicrocema, a statement confirmed
by the comparison with the figures of the D, dichotoimiSy Gerv., from the French Mio-
cene. I described an allied epecies, Z>. ramosus^ from the Santa F6 marls. Finally, a
species considerably larger than any of the preceding was described by me under the
name of Cosoryx teres.
The D, gemmifer is distinguished from the other species of the Santa F^ marls by its
materially smaller size.
Dicrocerus necatus j Leidy. — Merycodon necatus j Leidy, Proceedings Academy Philadel-
phia, 1854, 90; Extinct Mammalia Dakota and Nebraska, 162. — Cervtis Warreniiy
Leidy, Proceedings Philadelphia Academy, 1858, 23; Extinct Mammalia Dakota and
Nebraska, 172.
Abundant in the Santa F6 marls.
Dicrocerus ramosus, Cope. — Cosoryx ramosus, Cope, Eeport on Vertebrate Fossils, New
Mexico, Annual Report Chief of Engineers, 1874, p. 604.
Abundant.
Dicroceerus teres j Cope — Cosoryx teres, Cope, Report, 1. c, 605.
Fliauchenia Humphresiana, Cope, gen. et sp. nov.
Char. gen. — Represented in the collection of the expedition by a left mandibular
ramus, which includes alveoli of all the teeth, and greater or less portions of all the
molars, except the last, and the first premolar. In the specimen, the dental formula is
I. ? 3 ; C. 1 ; Pm. 3 ; M. 4 ; or one premolar less than in FrooameluSf and two more than
in Auehenia. On this ground, the present animal is regarded as representing a new genus
of Camelid€B intermediate between the genera named. A portion of the left maxillary
bone of a larger species is thought to belong to the same genus, although it presents
the nnmbec of premolars found in Procamdus, viz, four. The first and second are, how-
ever, very close together, so as to leave about the same r^ative interval between the
first and third, as is seen in the P. Humphresiana, should the second premolar be omitted.
The latter tooth is wanting from the lower jaw of the P. Humphresiana, The difference in
dental formula between the superior and inferior dental series admitted provisionally
in Pliatiehenia finds justification in the formula of the llamas (Aiichenia) where the pre-
molars are f .
Char, specif, — The animal now described is of about the size of the Prooamelus occi-
denialis, or somewhat larger than any of the existing llamas. The mandible is stout
and deep, contracting rapidly forward. The canine and first premolar are especially
stout, and separated by a very short diastema ; that separating the first and third premo-
lars is also short, being less than that which separates the first and second in Procame-
lus ocddentcdis. Could it be supposed that the second premolar is abnormally absent
from the P, Humphresiana, the diastema would be reduced to a very small compass.
Without this supposition, the diastemata, both before and behind the first premolar, are
shorter than in any of the Procamdi, as P. robustus, P, angustidens, P. heterodontus, and P.
gracilis. The mental foramen issues below the anterior border of the first or canini-
form premolar, and the anterior border of the latter marks the posterior margin of the
symphyseal suture. The third premolar is nearly as long as, but narrower than, the
fourth, and the true molars increase rapidly in size posteriorly.
Measurements.
M.
Length of dental series from front of canine to front of last molar 125
Length from canine to first premolar « 010'
Long diameter of first premolar 010
Diastema to third premolar 023
Length of third premolar Oil
Length of first true molar 019
Width of crown of first true molar Oil
Length of crown of second tme molar >. • 025<
70
■ 'This species is dedicated to Brigadier-General A, A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers,
IT. S. Army, in recognition of the enlightened interest in all departments of scientific
investigation exhibited in his long and able administration.
Pliauchenia vulcanorimij Cope, sp. nov.
Represented by the left maxillary bone of a camel of abont the size of the existing
dromedary, and considerably larger than the species last described. The dental for-
mula is molars 4-3. The first premolar is only removed from the second by a diastema
equal to the long diameter of the latter. The latter has no inner oingnlum, while in the
third it is so strong as to constitute an internal crescent. The third- is much larger,
and exhibits the usual single external and single internal crescents. The first molar
is stout, long-rooted, and furnished with a strong ridge on the outer side, bounding
the posterior crescent-bearing colnmn in front. There is a weak ridge on the middle
of the anterior column, and only a rudiment on the last premolar. There are no
■cingula on either the inner or outer bases of the crown. The enamel is nearly smooth.
A palato-maxillary foramen issues opposite the anterior border of the base of the third
premolar.
Measurementa,
M.
Length from posterior border of first premolar to posterior border of first molar. .090
Length of first true molar * 030
Width of base of crown of first true molar 024
Length of fourth premolar 019
Width of base of crown of fourth premolar 018
Width of palate at first true molar 040
The typical specimen was found near Pajuaque, a village of the Pueblo Indians. Va-
rious bones of camels of the size of the P. vulcanorum were also found, some of which
doubtless belong to it.
Procamelua graciliSf Leidy, Extinct Mammalia. Dakota and Nebraska, p. 155.
Specimens which present the measurements of this little known species are pro-
visionally referred to it.
Prooamelus oocidentalis, Leidy, loc. cit., p. — .
The cranium of this species is not unlike that of the llama, but is, as might be antici-
pated from the dental characters, more elongate. I am also able to demonstrate on
this species, as I already have on the P,heterodontti8y* Cope, the presence of the second
incisor teeth. As the specimen described is not quite adult, the first pair do not ap-
pear, but the alveolar border is excavated at their normal position. An extensive
fossa is situated above the posterior premolar series of teeth, and greatly contracts the
middle of the facial part of the skull. The anterior part of the maxularj^ bone is concave,
and overhung by the superjacent regions, causing a second fossa, which contracts the
palatal face. These fosssa are represented by rudiments in the Auch^nia lama. In
addition, the cavities known as " larmiers" in the Cervidce are well developed in this
species, being many times as large as in the llama, and quite equal to those possessed
by some deer. The supraorbital foramen communicates with the superciliary border
by an open fissure; the lachrymal bone is large. The cranium resembles that of the
llama in its moderate sagittal crest, elongate paramastoid process and otic bula, and
the downward production of the pterygoid bones. The incisive foramina are narrow
and distinct.
The ulna and radius are thoroughly CQ-ossified. The carpus displays the characters
of the Camelidce in the absence of trapezium and distinctness of trapezoides, and the
subequality of the magnum and unciform facets of the lunse. There are but two
metacarpals, which, in the specimen described, are only co-ossified in their proximal
half. As the last molar tooth is only two-thirds protruded, the present animal is not
fully adult ; in an older specimen, the cannon-bone is doubtless completed.
In general proportions, the Procamelua occidentalia much resembled the llama.
Merychyua mediuSf Leidy, Extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska, p. 119.
One side of the facial region with superior dentition, with other remains, represents
this Oreodont.
PERISSODACTYLA.
Hippotherium calamariumj Cope, sp. nov.
This three-toed horse is indicated by the oval and palatine parts of the skull with
the superior dental series of both sides, together with one mandibular ramus, with all
its teeth, of an individual from near San Ildefonso, and also probably by molar teeth
of two individuals from the Loup Fork beds of Colorado. The species is allied to the
* Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, 1873, p. 530.
71
77. panienset Cope, and differs from the B". occidentale, H. specioaum, aod H. gratum of
Leidy ia the relative form and size of the internal anterior dentinal colnmn. In the
two species first named, this colnmn is subcylindric and eqnal to, or smaller than, the
posterior internal columnar fold ; in the three species last named, the anterior column
is flattened or oval in section, and often larger than the posterior columnar fold, and
submedian in position.
In the typical or. New Mexican specimen, the anterior column is large, and its center
is anterior to the middle transverse line of the crown. In the present state of attrition,
which has left two-thirds of the crowns of the median molars, this column presents an
angular projection toward the inner anterior crescent, betraying an approach to the
union seen in Protohippus, which is in the fifth molar of the right side of the present
horse actually accomplished through the medium of a narrow isthmus. The dentinal
baud connecting the inner crescents throws out two, rarely one, folds toward this col-
umn. The borders of the lakes are much plicate ; the posterior border of the anterior
lake having from four to six inflections. The posterior border of the posterior lake
exhibits one deep inflection, which is generally bifurcate.
The first premolar is quite small, and is two-rooted ; the second is a wide tooth, dif-
ferent in form from the elongate corresponding tooth of the jGT. occidentale ; its anterior
lobe being but little prominent. The palate is wide and well arched. The mandibu-
lar teeth are elongate but not narrow ;.and the interior lobes are well developed, espec-
ially the median ones. No basal cingula on teeth of either jaw. The last molar is
smaller than the three preceding it, and the anterior lobe of the first is quite narrow.
The molars of one of the specimens from Colorado are closely similar in all respects
except that the anterior lobe of the second premolar is a little more produced. I also
refer here the tooth described as '* M. 2 " under S. paniense in Keport of the United
States Geological Snrvey of the Territories, m73, p. 52^-o23. As compared with the
molars of that species, those of H. calamarium differ in the much greater complexity
of the enamel folds ; those of the H. paniense being the simplest in the genus, even more
6b than in H. affine. The anterior inner colnmn of S. paniense lacks the characteristic
inner angle seen in the present horse.
Measurements.
Length of seven superior molars 134
Length of three true molars 062
Length of second premolar ^ 026
Width of crown of second premolar 020
Greatest length of second premolar 022
Greatest width of second premolar 024
Greatest length of penultimate molars 022
Greatest width of penultimate molars 022
Width of palate (chord) between middles of third premolars 042
Length of crown of antepenultimate lower molar 021
Width of crown of antepenultimate lower molar 012
The typical specimen belongs to an adult animal, and was taken from the matrix by
myself, without admixture of others.
Hippotherium speciosunif Leidy, Extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska, p. 282.
Series of superior molars nearly identical in character with those originally described
as typical of this species by Dr. Leidy, and figured on Plate XVIII, Figs. 16, 18, 19, of
the work above quoted, and agreeing with specimens from Colorado. Some of the
specimens described by Dr. Leidy as of doubtful reference under the head of this spe-
cies obviously do not belong to it.
ProtohippuSj spec, indct.
A single much-worn molar, of the size of that of P. sejunctus, apparently represents
this genus.
The specimens obtained indicate another species of horse, but they are not sufficiently
characteristic for determination.
Aphelops meridianiiSf Leidy. — Rhinoceros meridianuSy Leidy, Extinct Mammalia of Dakota
and Nebraska, p. 229.
Remains of rhinoceros are not rare in the deposits of the ancient lake of the Rio
Grande valley, and among the most complete fossils obtained is th6 greater part of the
cranium of a species allied to the Aphelops megalodus of the corresponding beds of Col^
orado. The specimen includes the dentition of both jaws, which exhibits the follow-
ing formula: I. f; CO; Pm. ^; M. ^. The absence of the first premolar distinguishes
the form from the Miocene Acedatherium as well as from the existing genus Rhitwceros ;
while the presence of inferior incisors separate it at once from the living Bhinaster. I
have named this genus Aphelops ; like Aceratherium^ it is hornless. To it are referred,
72
besides th3 epecies mentioned, the Rhinoceros craaeuSf Leidy, and the A, Jemezanus, first
described below. These are, however, only referred to it provisionally, as the number
of the premolar teeth is not yet known in either. The known species have only been
foand in the beds of the Loup Fork epoch.
The A, meridianua was established by a superior molar tooth from Texas.' The cor-
responding molar in the New Mexican species does not differ from it. The general
characteristics of this almost unknown species may then be learned from our speci-
mens. In general features it much resembles the.^l. megaloduSf but there are numer-
ous differences. There is a considerable protuberance of the anterior border of the
posterior transverse crest, nearer the outer border of the crown than the protuberance
of the posterior border of the anterior transverse crest. These give the transverse
valley a sigmoid form, which is not seen in A, megalodus. There is no posterior pro-
tuberance of the anterior transverse crest of the last superior molar. There is a strong
anterior basal cingulum on the true molars, and a very strong elevated cingulum con-
necting the inner ends of the transverse crest». No external cingnla.
The mandible differs from that of A, megalodus in the contracted form of the sym-
physis, and the small size of the outer tusk<like incisors, which are scarcely half as
large as those of the former ; but it is possible that this character is sexusJ. As com-
pared with five mandibles of A. megalodus, the last molar originates closer to the base
of the coronoid process ; in the latter there is a considerable interval in front of the
ascending process. The form of the dentary bone is that of A, tnegaloduSy and not
thick and massive as in A* crasaus.
Aphelops Jemezanus, Cope, sp. nov.
That a second species of rhinoceros even larger than the other species of Aphelops
formerly existed in the region of New Mexico is demonstrated by a right mandibular
ramus obtained by Dr. H. C. Yarrow from near the town of Santa Clara, on the west
side of the Rio Grande. The specimen in its present condition includes the condyle,
angle, and ramus as far as the last premolar, and supports the three true molars. The
latter are worn, indicating the full age of the animal. They still retain the enamel
surface of the sinus between the posterior and median transverse crests, and the lower
end of the sharp inner margin of the anterior transverse crest.
While the ramus exhibits the compressed form seen in ^. megalodus and A, meridianus,
it differs from these and the A, crassus in many striking respects. Thus the inferior
margin near the angle does not exhibit the protuberance and following contraction of
the inner side seen in the first two species. In another feature it differs from all the
other species, i. e., in the form of the ascending ramus. This rises very gradually from
the basis of the last molar, leaving a subhorizontal edentulous space behind the latter
as long as the second true molar ) its anterior face, instead of being flat and bounded
by strong lateral angular ridges, as is the case in A, crassus and the two other species,
is rather narrowly convex. Instead of the usual ridge of the outer side, the anterior
border of the area of insertion of the masseter muscle is marked by a prominent curved
protuberant margin, which is wanting in the three other species ; the surface in them
being plane. Behind the condyle is seen the tuberosity characteristic of the Bhituh
ceridas. The internal pterygoid fossa is well marked. Rugosities for insertion of the
lower border of the masseter muscle are strong. The relations of the dentition of this
species are also peculiar. The last molar is nearly half as large again as that of speci-
mens of A, megalodus and A. meridianus of similar dimensions of ramus, and the teeth
diminish in length anteriorly more rapidly than in width. Thus while the first true
molar is as long as in the two species named, the width is between one-half and one-
third greater. There are no external nor internal basal cingula.
Measurements,
M.
Length of ramus from fourth premolar (behind) to middle of masseteric fossa 240
Length of series of true molars 148
Length of first true molar^.. 044
Width of first true molar 033
Length of third true molar .058
Width of third true molar 035
Diameter of ramus at first molar 080
Depth of ramus at third molar 09^
PROBOSCIDEA.
Mastodon productus, Cope, Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1874, p. 221.
Fragments of the skeletons of this species are quite abundant in the Santa F^ marls,
and, as it is the most striking species of the ancient fauna, was the first to become
known. The dentition of both jaws was obtained. It belongs to the typical masto-
dons, and is nearly related to the M» angustidens and M, Umgirosiris of Southern Europei
73
and, like tbem, bas a band of enamel extending along tbe anperior tnsks, and a mucb
produced eynipbysis of the mandible, from which two smaller tusks project.
The posterior-inferior molar supports live transverse series of tuoercles, of which
tbe posterior is less developed than the others. Each series is composed of two cusps
of a conic form, which are separated deeply from each other, and are not united at the
base so as to become confluent on attrition. The cones of the outer side support one
or two accessory tubercles on a line with their inner or median face, so that the trans-
verse section of a worn tooth with the two accessory cnsps is that of a trefoil with the
lobes inward.
Tbe penultimate molar in the same jaw supports three transverse series. The sym-
physitis elongate, depressed, and subspatnlate ; its proximal half is excavated ; the dis-
tal half flattened. Two tusks project from the extremity ; they are short, obtuse, and
flattened on the inner side. Total length of a specimen which is entire from the end
of the symphyseal tusks to just behind the last molar, 29 inches; length to first molar,
(penultimate,) 19 inches; length of first molar, 4.25 inches; of Inst molar, 6.5 iuches;
width of same^ 3 inches; width across the rami at end of last molar, 18 inches; width
between anterior borders of first molar, 2.5 inches; width of symphyseal spout, least,
4.5 inches ; at base, tusks, 4.75 inches ; length of free portion of symphyseal tusks, 4
inches; diameter of symphyseal tusks, 1.75 inches.
The North American mastodons are referable to two groups, characterized by the
structure of their molar teeth. In the first, the cross-crests are divided by a fissure
only, the other by the transverse series of two or more deeply separated tubercles. To
the first belong M. ohioticuSf Cuv., and 3/. proavuSf Cope ; to the secend, M. Chapmaniiy
Hays, (fvoin which M. ohscunts could -not be at present distinguished ;) M^ Shepardii,
Leidy : M. andiuMf D'Orb., (the last two referred by Leidy to M.obscurus;) M.mirificus,
Leidy, (closely allied to M. Humboldtii ;) and M. productuSy Cope.
No question as to the distinctness of the M, productus oould arise, although our
knowledge of the if. Chapmaniiy to which it has been referred, is very slight. As
described by Drs. Hays and Leidy, the lateral tubercles of the molars in that species are
closely appressed or not separated ; being sometimes continuous across the crown of the
tooth. This description applies to one of the specimens, (a cast) selected by Dr. Leidy
as his type, and to a second specimen referred by him to the M\ andium. The second
type-specimen of Dr. Leidy, a fragment of a posterior molar, is undistinguishable from
corresponding parts of M. andiuni. The M, Shepardii^ as described by Leidy, is evi-
dently quite distinct from both the preceding and from the M, productuSy m the
absence of accessory tubercles of the lateral principal cusps of the molars.
The specimens are chiefly from the east side of the Rio. Grande; but a few were
obtained near Santa Clara on the western side.
RODENTIA.
Panolax savetwfideii Cope, Report on Vertebrate Fossils of New Mexico, Annual Report
Chief of Engineers, 1874, p. 605.
Eumys loxodoriy Cope, loc. cit., p. 605.
This rat is represented by a mandibular ramus containing all of the teeth. These are
identical in essential structure with those of the Eumys elegans, and the species is
therefore provisionally referred to that genus. I originally described it as a Heaperomys,
a genus to which it is also closely related so far as the preserved portions indicate.
SteneofiberpanmBj Cope, Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1874, 22.
The molar teeth exhibit a regular gradation in width from the large anterior to the
small posterior. In the mandibular series the second and third are broader than long ;
the first and fourth longer than broad, and with an angle on the outer anterior side of
the crown. There is an inflection or groove of the enamel on both inner and outer sides
of the crown, and one enamel-area before and one behind them on all excepting the last
molar, where there are two in front. First nearly twice as large as last molar. Lower
incisor with smooth enamel, and angulate on the extero-anterior border. Ramus stout.
Length of molar series, 0°^.016 ; length of first molar, 0"^.005 ; width of first molar,
0™.004 ; width of last molar, 0™.0035 ; transverse diameter of incisor, 0".004 ; depth of
ramus, 2™.012.
The regular diminution of the size of the teeth from front to rear is characteristic of
this species according to Dr. Leidy ; their reduction in size in the S. Nebrascensis is
more abrupt. The latter species is said to be of Miocene age.
AVES.
Vultur umhrosuSf Cope. — Cathartes umbroauSj Cope, Report on Vertebrate Fossils of New
Mexico, Annual Report Chief of Engineeri, L874, p. 606.
The elongate beak and weak toes of this genus resemble those of th3 vnlturine
types, and the absence of any indication of na;$al septum at tlie fractured base of the
LL— f5
74
beak, gave ground for the reference uf this species to the family of American valtiires.
On excavating the matrix from the right nostril, I find that the nasal septum is pres-
ent, and extends throughout the length of the nares, indicating at once its reference to
the Falconidce, The elongate gonys, inferior production of the nares, and stout tarso-
metatarsus refer the form to the neighborhood of the Old World vultures, now properly
regarded, after Huxley, as a division of the Falconidee. This determination, although,
rather unexpected, is consistent with the presence of the Old World genera of deer,
rhinoceros, &c., in the same fauna. It gives the first intimation of the presence of
true vultures on the American continent.
? . A second species of rapacious bird is represented by bones of the fore
limb, &c. Its size is about half that of the preceding species.
I . The principal phalange of a third species of bird of the group of the
was also obtained.
TESTUDINATA.
Lestudo undatOt sp. nov.
Two species of tortoises occur in association with the fauna described in the preced-
ing pages, but their remains are mostly found in a fragmentary condition. Hence,
although I procured nearly all portions of the skeleton, in no case do they belong to a
single individual. None of the fragments belong to species of any other genus, unless
it be Slylemys, I pbssess the caudal vertebrae and a metapodial bone of one of the
species recognized, and the latter indicates in the clearest manner that it is a Testudo.
It is wider than long, and totally different from the elongate metapodials of Stylemya.
As already pointed out,* these have the form characteristic of the Emydidos^ to which
family the genus is to be probably referred. The caudal vertebras are few and short,
and have the procoelian character. They are without chevron-bones.
The greater part of a plastron was obtained, which I describe here, as it cannot be
definitely referred to its proper species. It is quite thin medially, as in various Testu-
das, and is not much thickened within the fore border, as is the case in many species
of that genus and of Hadnanus, The bridge is thin and the axillary borders are
thickened, but not prominent inward. The end of a mesosternal bone is rather pro-
duced, and has not the lateral expansion seen in some Testudines and Stylemys Nehraa-
censia and J. I^obrarensis.i A costal bone of uncertain specific reference is abruptly
expanded at the proximal end, indicating the narrowing of the adjacent one. Its
proximal end is transversely truncate, and on the inferior side is a slightly-elevated
and compressed capitulum, whose long axis is in that of the costal bone. The costo-
vertebral scutal suture at the intervertebral scutal suture is but little inflected ; the
intervertebral is straight. ^
A vertebral bone picked up alone is wider than long ; its form is subquadrate, with
truncated angles and concave sides. The superioi: surface is smooth ; on the middle
line of the inferior is a longitudinal thin lamina, well produced downward, for suspen-
sion of the vertebra, resembling the arrangement I have shown to exist in Stylemys. This
bone belonged to a tortoise of large size. It measures, length, 0™.075; width, 0™.090;
thickness, 0'".013. In all the marginal bones preserved they are seen to be united with
the costals by a squamosal suture, and in no instance by gomphosis.
The specimen which furnishes the characters of the Testudo undata Includes portions
or wholes of eight marginal bones and one costal. The former display a strong recur-
vature outward, and their internal thickening is near their sutural union with the cos-
tals. The borders are acute and do not display any emargination at either the dermal
or osseous sutures. The posterior part of the margin of the posterior marginals is
very convex or flared upward, descending at or behind the osseous 'suture. Thus the
fore edge has an undulating form. The caudal marginal bone is recurved, not prom-
inentj and with a regular entire free margin. Its lateral sutures expand forward, so
that its margin is narrower than its anterior portion. It is not divided by dermal
suture, consistently with the generic character. The surfaces of the bones are nearly
smooth. The* scutal sutures are wide, and have distinctly defined borders. The mar-
ginal near the bridge is remarkably massive ; the bridgeward suture being twice as
thick as that joining the free marginal.
The size of the Testudo undata is as great as that of any of the species of land-tortoises
of our Tertiary formations.
Measurements.
M.
Length of free margin of three consecutive posterior marginal bones 310
Length of last marginal bone 122
Width of last marginal bone 135
Thickness at middle 017
Thickness of bridgeward suture of a lateral marginal 040
Thickness of opposite suture of same 015
* Extinct Batrachia and Keptilia of North America, 1870, p. 123.
t Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, (4to,) 1, 225, tab.
111, fig. 4.
75
Fragments of other specimens, probably of this speoies, present still larger propor-
tions.
As compared with the two described species of Stylefniys, this species differs in the
strong flaring and recarvatnre of its marginal bones, and in the more wedge-shaped
caudal marginal bone, as well as its mnch larger size.
TeaUvdo Klettianay sp. nov.
Indicated especially by a candal marginal bone of a tortoise of larger size than the
one regarded as typical of the T. undata. It is, of course, probable that some of the
fragments above described without especial reference belong to it. Tbo candal bone
differs from that of T. undata in being nearly plane, and thus wanting the recurvature
or superior concavity of the corresponding bone of that species. Its form is also quite
different. Its lateral sntnres are nearly parallel instead of divergent anteriorly, and
slightly concave ; if a little expanded proximally, it contracts again to the suture for
the pygal bone. This suture is a short squamosal on the outside of the caudal. The
thickness of the bone is almost uniform to near the proximal suture ; there an abrupt
rabbet commences the plane of the thinner pygal.
Measurements^
M.
Width, proximal , .105
Width*, distal.... 110
Length 110
Thickness 019
The free margin is slightly convex.
Dedicated to Mr. Francis Klett, of the United States geographical survey, to whose
interest in fialeontology we are largely indebted for the opportunity of studying the
vertebrate fauna of the Loup Fork beds of New Mexico.
GE^^ERAL BEMARKS.
The line of descent of the horses has been already largely traced by several paleon-
tologists. Another series may now be regarded as partially completed, vix, that of the
camels. I have already indicated the antecedent relation in which the Miocene genus
Foebrotherium stands to the existing camels in the structure of the limbs and teeth,
as well as the intermediate position occupied by Procamelus in the existence of the
incisor teeth. It now remains to point out the relations determined by the structure
of the feet in Procamelus, and the dentition in Pliauchenia, as described in the preced-
ing pages. Commencing with the earliest genus, Poebrotlierium, we have the molar
teeth 4-3, as in the primitive Mammalia generally. There are but two elongate meta-
carpals, which are not united into a common bone ; the lateral ones being rudimental,
while the carpals are of the number characteristic of the Mammalia of aU the orders
with numerous toes ; namely, seven. In Procamelus of the suceeeding formation, the
molar formula continues to be 4-3, but the posterior teeth are more prismatic in form
than in the Miocene genus. The incisor teeth are present, thus displaying the primi-
tive character of the class generally ; though, as these teeth are early shed, an approx-
imation to the edentulous condition existing in this part of the month of ruminants
is apparent. In the feet, the approximation to the existing Camelidae is greater than
in the dentition. Thus the lateral rudimental metacarpals of Poebrotherium have dis-
appeared, and with them the trapezoides of the carpus. The magnum remains dis-
tinct, while the middle metacarpals are united at full age into a cannon bone. In
the contemporary genus Pliauchenia a further modification of dentition is observed
4—3 '^ *?
As above stated, the molars of Procamelus number — - ; in Camelus thev number -— .
4-3' '' 2-3 »
in Pliauchenia vre have the intermediate condition — ^•. The end of the series is seen
in Auchenia, where the formula is - — .
1-3
It has been observed as a remarkable fact that North America should present us
with the most complete history of the succession of genera which resulted in the horse,
and yet should have received this animal by importation from Europe. Nevertheless,
the more prominent genera of this series have been obtained in the European for-
mations, especially Juchitherium and Hippotherium. But as regards the Camelidce, the
genera above desciibed are exclusively North American ; no well-determined form of
this group having been found in any formation of the Palsearctic region up to the
present time. Until such are discovered, there will be much ground for supposing that
the camels of the Old World were derived from American ancestors ; while tbe presence
of the llamas in the existing South American fauna indicates the absence there of the
conditions which caused their extermination from North America.
76
The Mammalia of the Santa F^ marls above described fall into the followiuj; orders:
Species.
Carnivora 4
Artiodactyla {>
Perissodactyla r>
Proboscidia 1
Eodentia 3
Aves 3
Testadinata 2
Undetermined. - - 2
29
CHAPTER IV.
THE VALLEY OF THE RIO GRANDE FROM SANTA F^ TO THE ZANDIA MOUNTAINS.
The country composed of fbe Santa F^ marls consists of bad-land tracts alternating
with sage-brush plains. Near Santa Fe, the surface is worn into rounded bills. The
level tracts are intersected by deep arroyos, (drainaj2:e-ravines ;) and the bad-land
tracts present the usual features of precipitous bluSs and buttes penetrated by
cafions, or of low hills and naked terraces.
A short distance south of San Ildefonso, the Rio Grande again enters a cafion, which
is caused by t-he presence of a horizontal bed of basalt covering the underlying Ter-
tiary beds and protecting them from erosion. This cafion terminates the open valley
which commences on the east side of the river some distance above the mouth of the
Rio Chamra, and which has become the seat of a considerable population, in spite
of the unfavorable character of its soil. Here are situated the Mexican towns of
Playa Alcalde, Chalma, Santa Cruz, and Santa F6, and the Pueblo Indian towns of San
Juan, Santa Clara, Pojuaque, Coyamanque, nambe, San Ildefonso, and.Tesuque.
Through the attention of General Gregg, commanding the District of New Mexico, I
was furnished with means of transportatian southward as far as the Zandia Mountains.
The country south of Santa F6 is level, the road passing over the basaltic plateau
above described, which prevents exposure of the Tertiary beds. The surface is cov-
ered with sage, {Artemesiay) with other plants, a little grass, and two or three species
of cacti, one of which is a subcylindric Opuntiay with broad white sx)ines forming flat
rosettes.
Descending into the valley of Galisteo Creek, which enters the Rio Grande thirty
miles below San Ildefonso, the road passes over the upturned edges of the beds of the
Cretaceous formation. They present escarpments toward the Rio Grande, dipping
east and a little north 20^. The upper beds are of a yellow mud-color, and contain
much cone-in-cone and some badly-preserved shells. The mud-beds include some
strata of black carbonaceous shales, and the whole probably belongs to the Cretace-
ous No. 4. Below these, nearer to the creek, a series of harder slaty strata, including
many Inoceramij appear, and these in turn are underlaid by about 300 feet or more of
soft buff sandstones, which include occasional strata of carbonaceous slates. These
form precipitous hills or bluffs along the course of the creek, and belong probably to
No. 3. The thickness of the beds of Nos. 3 and 4, where crossed by the road, is about 500
feet. Below the buff sandstones, and apparently conformable with them, is a series
of red sandstones of about 300 feet in thickness. I could find no fossils in them, and
am uncertain as to their exact age. They form the Galisteo sandstone of Hayden, who
regards them as peculiar to this region. These beds are further described below.
Opposite the mouth of the Galisteo, the bad lands of the Tertiary again appear,
but are composed entirely of coarse gravel. The narrow valley of the Tuerto Creek,
which enters the Rio Gh^ande ten miles south, is bounded by similar hills of gravel,
sometimes very coarse, resembling cobble-stones, and the same formation appears in
hills between the town of Algodones and the Zandia Mountains. At San Felipe, the
basalt bed disappears again from the eastern side of the Rio Grande, but caps the
high bluffs on the western side. Beyond these, to the southwest of Algodones, red
bad-land tracts are visible, which probably form a continuation of the Santa Fe marls.
A section carried across from the Rio Grande, at Algodones, to the Zandia Mount-
ains, through the village and creek of Placita, gave the following results : The road
winds among, and ascends for several miles, the mesas of coarse Tertiary gravel and
cobble-stones until it reaches a wide plateau, from which the mountains rise on the
east. This tract is traversed by Placita Creek and its tributary arroyos, which furnish
interesting sections. From these it appears that the greater part of the plateau con-
sists of the yellow muddy shales and sandstones of Cretaceous Nos. 4 and 3. They
form the bottoms, and in some cases the walls of the arroyos, and rise in low mono-
clinal hills at various points on the plateau. The beds dip northwest SO^ to 40"^. In
the intervals between the hills there is a deposit of indurated clay of 40 feet in thickness
of post-Pliocene age. I obtained teeth and other bones of Elephas primigenius, sub-
species oolNmbt, from tbia 1ie<t,&nd fuund bones of these
of the aiToyo. Shells of Ftanorbii, iq
Pkyaa, &.e., iadicated the lacoatrJDe p ^
character of the deposit, which may be ^ '^
known as the Zanilia clay. The Creta-
ceous No. 3, here, as on the Golisteo
Creek, Is underlaid by the red sand-
stones of the Galisteo gronp, which here
4lip 20° or more away from the moant-
uina, close to the latter, Dorth of the
-canon, from which the Placita Creek
issues. These beds constitute an im-
portant element in the landscape, as
several lines of bare, rounded hills
whose red strata are curved and tw s ed
BO as to resemble at a distance w
anticliuals. Immediately behind them
the Carboniferous limestone riaea f om
beneath them. This formation, as haa
been already described by Frof sso
Newberry, and previously by Prof. Ma
coil, constitutes the northeastern nd
eastern face of the Zanilia Mounts ns
having evidently been tilted into ts
preseot position by the protrusion of a
vastbodyof granite. Thegranitef rms
the precipitous aouthwestem and wes
ern escarpment of the mountain, d s
playing ffom tbia aide its cap of Cb
bouiferona linieatono. This face s
eroded into many gorges, leaving nn
inerons irregular and picturesque p ak
between them. The Carbon ifiironB bed
4tip at an angle of 20° to the uortheas
I obtained from them, on the aides of
the oanon of the Placita, numerons f s
sila, including fVnesl^fiajCrinoidB.Brarb
iopode, Aeephata, &,o., which ind ate
the horizon to he that of the Coal-Hen
urei. The total tbickneaa of tbese b ds
is considerable; 1,000 feet being vi be -^i
in the o^od, which doea not pi'uet a e
them. ■=
The age of the Oalistco aandatone s
a point not satisfactorily decided. Sa S
far as their position on the flanhao h ^
Zandia Mountains indicates, they ma n
belong anywhere from Cretaceona N i
to the Coal-Meaanree. That they a e
not of Tertiary age, as has been up-
posed by some, is clear. Dr. Uayi n
observations lead to the conclnsion ha "
they are not older than the Cretaceona | g-
aince he states that they overlie the a =
of Placer Mountain, which llself is su
perior in position to nndonbtcd C a-
ceoas beds. If these positions be o
rect, this gronp constitutes a spec a
member of the Cretaceous format ons
The age of the volcanic outflow wh h
has covered such extensive areas in he
valley of the Rio Grande is more mod n
than that whose remains are seen n
Central Colorado. Portions of th
trachyte are there ioclosed in beds of
Miocene age, althonfb the outflow o
trachyte has covered the same beds a
a later period. In the region obse ed
by me, I noticed indications of th ee
successive periods of eruption. The
Loup Fork marls of the San Anton o
78
Creek, sear Conejos, contain pebbles of quartzite, sandstone, irachytef and basaltf indi-
cating tlie existence of tlie latter as rocks during the deposit of the marls. At other
points I observed a horizon of basalt, intercalated with the arenaceous marly beds,
while the third horizon is the usual one, capping the marls, and giving the mesa char-
acter to the region where it occurs.
CHAPTER V.
THE SIERRA MADRE AXD ITS WESTERN SLOPE.
The close of the second chapter described the first appearance of the variegated red
and yellow beds, as the exploration was carried from the valley of the Kio Grande to
the dividing axis of the Sierra Madre.* As these strata rise, forming large hills on the
north side of the Rio Chama, the road, rising less rapidly, passes over lower horizons,
finally reaching a bed of hard, light, and rather coarse sandstone. Afc this point the
route turns to the northward, leaving the river, and climbs a low, long hill, whose sur-
face is this sandstone, without soil. A few miles beyond the summit is reached, and
is found to present a sage-brush plane, many miles in extent, which is bordered by hills
of remarkable beauty. To the south the cafio nof the Chama with the Abiquiu Peak
and other mountains beyond it bound the plane; while to the east and north, the bril-
liantly-colored strata above described form a perpendicular wall of about 500 feet ele-
vation. The upper third or more of this precipice is of a lemon yellow, the remaining
and lower portion of a subvermilion red, forming a beautiful combination. The rock is
fissured by ravines, and intervening portions rise as hu^e buttresses of varied propor-
tions, sometimes especially prominent near the summits, forming often regular bas-
tions. Near the base certain bluish strata form naked mounds and hills of bad-land
character ; but I failed to discover any fossils on them. The southern face of this wall
presents a tremendous fissure, the ^^ pnerta'' of the Caflon Cangilon. Our route laid
through this defile for many miles, and we thus obtained an excellent section of the
higher level of the region.
The yellow beds or the present description were described at the close of chapter
III, as being overlaid with a shale, and this again by an arenaceous conglomerate.
These formations increase in thickness northward, and near the mouth of the callon
Cangilon a bed of fractured gypsum appears above the shale; the former soon becom-
ing 25 feet in thickness, the latter only 3 feet. Along the sides of the southern part of
the caiion the gypsum forms a snow-white bed of 50 feet in thickness, overlying. the
walls of yellow and red, and its borders are cut into fissures by the atmospheric ero-
sion. From these points the stain produced by the dissolved gypsum forms stripes or
fan-shaped shades of a beautiful mauve tint, which gives these rocky walls the appear-
ance of a changeable silk, the mauve representing the shadows, and the red and yellow
the lights. Altogether the picturesque forms, brilliant hues, and regular cleavage of
the precipices which for miles bound this caQon form a scene of unusual beauty. The
beds soon present a northwest dip. The gypsum descends from its elevated position,
and a mud-brown sandstone appears on the summit of the walls. Six or seven miles
beyond the mouth of the caflon, the gypsum bed is at the level of its bottom, forming
low rounded hills at the base of the sandstone clifis, (see Fig. 4,) which rise to a height
of 700 feet. From this point the bottom of the canon slowly rises between the sand-
stone walls, which, continuing their northwest dip, add perhaps 150 feet of thickness
before the road reaches their summit-level. The road issues from the canon on to an
elevated country, which is covered with more grass than the regions previously trav-
ersed, and large patches of sage-brush. A short distance from this point a line of low
hills runs parallel to the direction of travel, with a northwest and southeast strike.
They support groves of pifiones, and examination showed that they form the outcrop
of the bed of Cretaceous No. 2, and doubtless rest immediately on the sandstone below.
They consist of lead-colored shales, which whiten on exposure, and contain Inoceramua
and Ostrea in abundance.
Having determined this horizon, I recur to those previously described, with the
view of identifying them with the standard of comparison selected in chapter I, viz :
the section at Colorado Springs. The resemblance is at once seen to amount to an
identity. The sandstone of the northern half of the canon Canjelon is the Cretaceous
No. 1 ; thickness 800 feet ; below it the gypsum is that usually referred to the Jurassic,
50 feet, and doubtless inseparable from the brilliantly-colored beds below, (400 feet,)
which undoubtedly belong to the Jurassic beds. The hard sandstone underlying these
is the upper member of the beds that correspond to the Trias of the same section. Their
* The term "Sierra Madre" has been applied differently upon published maps of the Southwestern
Territories. Its use is likely to be sujierseaed as soon as the j;eneral topography of the several ranges
and mountain groups shall have been determined.
79
thickness on the Chama was not determined. The feature of this sectii)n is the in-
creased thickness of the beds of the Jarassic and Cretaceous No. 1.
f II . .:l \ \ 'Ju
' I I
'nj'.yjrPTi
Jff
Fig. 4. — South wall of tbe cauon Canjelon : c 1, Cretaceoas No. 1 ; jj, ;;3*psam capping; tlio " Jurassic/'
Contiuninp^ the route, we reach a second line of low hills of yellowish soft sandstone
with Ostrea, probably Cretaceous No. 3, and then descend into the shallow valley of
Nutria Creek. From this point the level of the country rises to Tierra Amarilla,
which was determined by the topographers to stand 7,480 feet above the sea. To the
south and east of this town, high hills of yellowish sandstone present escarpments to
the north, which are apparently Cretaceous No. 3, and contain numerous Inocerami,
The Rio Chama flows two miles west of the town, in a south by west course, through a
bed cut in the dark lead-colored shales of Cretaceous No. 2. Eight miles northeast an
enormous vertical mass of rock rises abruptly 1,274 feet above the stream below its
base, and is continued to the north and west in a less precipitous mountain-flank.
This mass of rock is a landmark over a great extent of country ; it is cleft to the base
by the canon of the Brazos Creek, one of the heads of the Chama. I took occasion on
my return to traverse this upthrust, taking the trail which leads from Tierra Amarilla
across tbe mountain-axis, of which it is the western border, to Conejos, on the edge of
the Rio Grande Valley.
The road follows the course of the Brazos River, and for some distance the Cretaceous
beds are in sight and nearly horizontal. Near the precipice above mentioned, these
are lifted into high hills at an angle of 70° and 80°. On the north side of the
river, sandstones of No. 1 rise with a similar dip, forming the foot-hills of the mount-
ain, which rises perpendicularly to 1,500 feet. This mass is largely composed of a
dense breccia of quartzite fragments, closely cemented into a uniform rock of a general
pink color, and not variegated. Its characteristics and position refer it with probability
to the Trias ; but I could not detect any indication of the Jurassic beds between it and
Cretaceous No. 1. After reaching the summit, we traversed the upturned edges of the
formation, which have a strike varying from northwest and southeast to north and
south. The elevated region now traversed by the trail is perhaps thirty miles in
-width, and is worn into rounded hills. The highest point indicated by the barometer
is 10,400 feet. On the upper waters of the San Antonio Creek, high hills come into view,
v^bich have flat tops composed of a bed of trachyte, and their sides are often covered
-with pink and purple fraj]:ments of this rock. Within twenty miles of Conejos, the
intervals between these hills are occupied by a heavy deposit of the Santa F6 marls,
^hich, with masses of intrusive basalt rising in irregular masses, reminded us that
we had once more reached the forbidding scenery of the Rio Grande Valley.
The bluffB that border the Chama near Tierra Amarilla are, as before observed, com-
posed of the shales of No. 2, and they contain abundance of oysters and Inoceramu
Near the upper part of the series, there are several thin beds of a light-brown color,
containing numerous broken flsh-bones and Ostrea congesta, &c. ; the appearance
resembling closely flsh-bearing shales found by Professor Mudge near Stockton, Kans.
From Tierra Amarilla, the route of my party lay southwestward. After crossing the
river and the bluff's which bound its immediate valley five miles beyond it, the sand-
stone of Cretaceous No. 1 rises from beneath the Cretaceous No. 2 with a southeast dip.
In some places, it rises abruptly like the wall of a fault, forming vertical bluffs of greater
or less elevation, facing the east. This axis of elevation is at this point narrow, and
the sandstone is soon found to dip to the southwest, west, and northwest. The route
continued for forty miles along the western base of this line of elevation, which
increases in importance as we proceed southward. A first, the Cretaceous No. 1 sand-
80
•s.
stone forms extensive barren slopes of 15° to 20°, constituting tbe northwest flank of
the gradually-rising Gallinas Mountains ; but farther south where the mountain reaches
its greatest elevation, it is steex>er and more broken.
The structure of the region west of the Sierra Madre from this point as far as my
investigation extended (hfty miles) is a beautiful repetition of that observed and
described on the east slope of the Rocky Mountains so far as the Mesozoic strata are
concerned. The mountain-axis itself exhibits great variations in its surface-formation
and elevation ; but the position of the beds on its flanks is remarkably uniform. These
form a series of hog-backs, formed by Cretaceous Nos. 1 and 3, and occasionally by harder
beds of Nos. 2 and 4, which are separated by parallel valleys which are often grassed and
timbered and rarely occupied by sage-brush. The most important of these is that
lying between Nos.'l and 3. The upper portion of the Chama flows through a similar
valley on the eastern side of the Gallinas axis, and is turned aside by that line of eleva-
tion, and then cuts through the beds of No. 1 and the overlying formations, and Anally
through the axis of elevation farther eastward, reaching the Trias before entering the
Santa F6 maris. On the western side of the axis of the Gallinas, the valley of Creta-
ceous No. 2 exhibits two points of elevation. The most northern is near the Rio Chama ;
the southern and highest, at the head of the Rio Puerco. From the latter the drainage
is carried through the Gallinas Creek northward, which flows along the valley until it
is turned aside by the rise toward the divide already mentioned, when it flows to the
east through a canon of the Gallinas Mountain and joins the Chama below.
The appearance of the No. 2 valley is as follows : On the left (east) the barren slopes
of brown sandstone rise, marked with regular cleavage-lines, from which scattered
pinones gain subsistence. On the east, perpendicular bluffs extend in a regular line,
parallel with the mountain-axis. They reach 700 feet and more in height ; but the strata
are undulating in long waves, reaching the valley-level at intervals of several miles,
where the depression opens a view of the country to the west. The face of the bluffs
is the outcrop of the bluish shaly beds of No. 2, which are full of Ostrea and Inoceramus.
The summit of the blufls is the light-yellow sandstone of No. 3. This sandstone varies
much in thickness, increasing toward the south, where it constitutes the entire bluff.
The valley widens to the south for a distance, and a line of low hills of tbe shales of
No. 2 rises from its surface. Another line of hills, less constant and less elevated than
that of No. 3, is formed by the yellow beds of No. 4, and first appears near the mouth
of the Gallinas Cafion, and continues to approach No. 3, until, to the south, the two
combined form a single hog-back.
The axis of the Gallinas range appears to be undulating ; at least, a series of undula-
tions of the strata on its flanks are due to axes of elevation at right angles to the
principal one. The side of the Gallinas Mountain at the north appears to be composed
mainly of Cretaceous No. 1 ; but at the cafion of the Gallinas the colored beds of the
Jurassic appear in its summits. South of this point these beds, capped with the white
gypsum, extend entirely across the anticlinal; the sandstones of Cretaceous No. 1
appearing on the eastern as well as the western flank. Further south these are abrupt ly
removed, leaving a plateau of the hard '^ Triassic" sandstone at a somewhat lower level,
this bed resting in turn on the deep-red marls of the same age. Farther south the
Triassic sandstone forms the summit of the highest line of the range ; the Jurassic and
Cretaceous No. 1 reposing on its sides. Still farther south the Nacimiento Mountain
rises to a greater height, and is composed of the red feldspar-porphyry of the Rocky
Mountain axis. It forms the culmination of the Sierra Madre, and extends southward
as far as my examination was carried.
The first and most northern section (Plate III) was carried across the flank of the
mountain twelve miles south of the entrance of the canon of the Gallinas Creek. The
oldest beds of this section form a plateau surrounded by greater elevations, from which
it is separated on the south and east sides at least by deep ravines. The walls of these
are composed of a deep-red marl of the Trias, capped by the usual heavy bed of gray
sandstone. The north side of this plateau is bounded by an abrupt precipice of Juras-
sic strata, the red below, yellow in the middle, and the bed of snowy gypsum on top ;
the relations of the Triassic and Jurassic here being precisely as described above at
the entrance of the canon Canjelon. The sandstones of Cretaceous No. 1 are observed
on both east and west flanks of this open anticlinal; on the eastern side without the
intervention of the gypsum bed. The yellow bed is also deeply scored, and in some
places isolated, showing that a stronger eroding action had been at work on this side
than on the west prior to the deposit of the Cretaceous No. 1. Immediately to the
west of the platoau, a more elevated wave is also covered with the Jurassic beds : the
entire summit of the mountain for many miles being composed of the gypsum. This
soft material is worn into innumerable gullies. It is separated from the pla-
teau by a gorge, which is the seat of a fault. The Triassic plateau has evidently
been thrust upward so as to continue the level of the yellow beds of the Juras-
sic at this point, the fault thus amounting to not more than three hundred feet.
But the Jurassic beds dip southward, forming the descending slope of a longitudi-
nal wave of their axis of elevation. As the Triassic is level at the point of descent
<
At the junction of tbe two, tbe ev ^enee uf Taalt eg s to be Been Ibo e t cal
■ Creek ; }. Jnnuwic
escarpmenta of tho middle bed of Triaeaic aaudstooe. wbicb is here ou edge with tbe
deep-red maria on both eaat and west sidoa of it. The gypsani does not descend to
the valley-level, however; the end of the anticlinal hftvinR been cnt tranaveraely
by a line of drainage, marked in aummer by ft deep arroyo, (Fij;. 5.) Immediately to
the weatjthe aandatone of Cretaceona No. 1 forma the nBualline of hog-baoks, hnt
at this point it does not lie immediately on tho Jurasaic, the softer lower beds hav-
ing been cnt out by the passage of the Gallinaa Creek. This stream cnts through the
hog-back escaping from the valley of No. 2, and retnmato it af;ain, after pursuing a
abort course between No. 1 and the gypsum. Southward five miles, the Triassio beds
with the Baudatanecap have been lifted to a greater el evatioo, of at least 1,000 feet above
the level of the Qallinaa. Thia baa naturally been accompanied with a greater lateral
extension. In Plate III, the foregronnd cnnaieta of ita red beda and intercalated sand-
stones which extend to the valley of tbe Oallinaa; the Jurassic beda being undiacoverable
onitaflanks, andeven Cretaceons No. 1 beiug lost for a abort diatance. This projection or
angle is opposite to an isolated mass uf this formation, which, in the absence of another
name, I called Red Peak. The area of the Trias is concentric with its base, the bound-
ary retiring eastward on the south aide. Here the Jaraaaic beda re-appear, the gyp-
sum atanding vertical, and forming a tine of narrow, steep billa ; tho lower beda are not
visible, but lorm the bottom of a valley which separates the Jurassic billa from the
mountain. The relation of the two formationa is here clearly aeen, (Fig. 6.) The ele-
vation of the red peak and adjacent mountain-axis baa fractured the Triaaaic beda, ao
that the upper aaudatone, which is horizontal on theirsnmmits, alaoliea at a ateep angle
(45=) on theirsouthweatem flanka. An interesting example of curved atrike la here
exhibited. The tilted aandstone at the left of Fig. 7 strikes nortbwest and aontheast ;
the same ledge in the middle foreground north and south. These beda lie immediately
on the blood-red Triaaaic maria, as in tbe mountains and elsewhere.
Two miles south the Juraaaic and Cretaceous No. 1 beds disappear through tho
erosion of a drain age- valley, but sooth of the latter the Jurassio rises steeply, with a
dip northwest '£>°, to an elevation of 700 feet above the valley. Tbe opper anrface is
compoaed exclusively of the gypaum, and the easteru is precipitous, eibibicing the
uBuat three strata of white, yellow, and red in deacendiiie order. But below these
appear the deep-red marls of tbe Trias, which ooenpy tbe Talley separating tbe Jurassic
hill from the Trias mountain, and form a body of Triassic bad lauds. Tbe surface of
this tract is eroded int^ c^one, ravines, and arroyoe, with irregular masses of a
deep-red color bet ween them. Perha|i8 three-q^uarters of a mile separates tbe vertical
sides of the valley; tbeTriasBio beds forming tbe eastern wall, with the marlbelow and a
very heavy bad of hard sandstone on top, rising to 900 feet by barometer. In the
bad-land tract I obtained satisfactory evidence of the lacustrine character of the
formation, a point of much importance, inasmuch as the character of these beds has
remained very obscure up to the present time. The evidence consists of numerous
specimens of species of Unio from a number of distinct localities, and fragments of
bones and teeth of two or three species of Saurians, one of which at least is of terres-
trial habits, according to our present knowledge. I have submitted the Onios to
my friend Mr. F. B. Heek, irho informs me that they belong to three species, wbicb
be describes as follows :
■ ^ ^1 if
"U.MO Cristosensis, Meek. ^ _ .
"Shell DDder inedioni size, transvereely ° ^V S S ^ JS
ovate, thick, and strong, modertttely coii '^ %. V'VV --~. iM
Tei ; anterior outline rounded; posterior L Air^t >" ) W
more narrowly rounded, and more prom |_ % *^\ ^ ' '^
nent bale w than above the middle; baaal p f^- ^'
margin semi-ovate; flank nsually with a g,
sligLt flattening or very faint concavity ■
extending from the umbonal region down ^
nard ; twakg depressed, and placed abont g*
balf-wa; between the middle aod the front 'i '^
surface with more or less distinct marks of h
growtb, bnt without costte, tnbercles, or ^
other ornamentation ; hinge rather strong
anterior teeth more or leaa furrowed, that g"
of the left valve deeply bifld, and that of r;
the right aometimes a little emarginated ^
lateraJ teeth apparently of moderate length g
mnscular scars deeply impressed, particn g
larly the anterior, which are very close to W
the anterior margin, and nsnally have one S
or two or more little irregnlar denticula
tions jnat above, directly under the anterior ^
division of the cardinal tooth. ac.,
"Ab near as can be determined from the S'^
frtlgmentary specimens, the dimensions of %•
one of the largest would be abont as fol S-a
lows; ^Length, 1.65 inches; height, 1.10 ^g
inches; convexity, 0,70 inch. |^
"The only spenimens of this species found | ^
arevoryiniperfect ; and, from tliat fact and |
their general similarity to Tertiary forms „
of which many much better specimens have ^ g
been brought in from the i'ar West, I pa d J^s-
bnt little attention to them when they v--- -
sent to tne by Professor Cope without any 43
indications of their age. I wrote to hint c^
that the form here described resembled r |.fi.
Handeni, from the Bcidger group (Tertiary) = S'
ofWfomiug; but, as a caution against too „^
liaatily adopting this suggestion as a set %S
tied conclusion, I added, 'you cau readilv ^2,
understand, however, how very diflicult t g "
vronld be, in this genns, to identify allied S,g
living species from the examination of mere " ^
battered and broken odd valves, picked np ^
along the shores of our western rivers.' ^
"soon after writing as above I received ■' -s
a letter from Professor Cope, informing me |
that these specimens came from Tnasa c a ^^^
beds. This, of course, caused me to exam | ^
iao them more closely ; and, on doing so I o. ^^
find that the form most nearly like C Hag '§ W
deni in size, form, and proportions, as well g 7^
as in surface-mark iugs, still differs in ha\ ,
ing a slight flattening (already mentioned) J^
down the flanks under the beaks. I think ^ W
its posterior dorsal outline is also a little g ^^
more declining, or, in other words, not 2. \^~^
qaite so straight and horizontal as in F h \^
Maydeni. I know very little of the hi
of U. Haydeni, but its anterior teeth si
to be diS'erent, so far as can be seen, from
those of 4he form under consideration .„ W
which also has its valves more thickenel 'Z f
interDally in front of the middle, and aume |2
times provided with a low internal ridj,e "
corres|>ouding to the external alight flatten =
ing of tbo valves.
ir^"
84
" Tlie similarity of this species to TJ. Haydeni is another evidence of the fact (to which
I have often called attention) that fresh- water shells, as' a rnle, are far less reliahle guides
than marine types in identifying formations, since they often closely resemble each
other from widely different horizons.
"Along with the foregoing there are fragments of several other species, too imperfect
to he well characterized. One of these has more prominent and carved beaks, with
small, radiated costsB. I have not usually attempted to name species from such Imper-
fect specimens ; hut as Professor Cope desires to have some names by which these inter-
esting types may be designated, I would propose for this form with the more gibbous
beaks and small radiating costse the name Z7. GaJlinensis,
" Still another species is also represented in the collection by fragments. This evi-
dently differs from the last by having much more depressed, more oblique, and less gib-
boas beaks, and stronger radiating costsB, only seen on the posterior dort^al region, at
least in the specimen examined. This might be called U, terrw-ruln'CB.
" There is also another more compressed form, with depressed beaks and flattened or
concave flanks, resembling the first-described species ( U, CristonenaUj) but showing fine
radiating costse, in one example on the beaks only, and in another apparently over
most of the valve.
'* Supposing that these shells really come from the horizon of the Trias, they are the
oldest Unioe yet found, so far as I am informed, in this country."
The remains of Veriehrata obtained from the latter formation are those of fishes and
reptiles. The former are rhomboganoid scales of small species, which are numerous in
the coprolite^ of the reptiles ; the latter represent the three orders of Crooodiliaj D'lno-
sauriaf and apparently of Sauropterygia, The dinosaurian order is represented by a part
of the crown of a tooth of a species of large size of the general character of Lcelaps,
Both faces are convex, the one more so than the other, and the long axis of the crown is
curved toward the less convex side. Both cutting-edges are sharply and closely crenate-
denticulate, as in Loslaps, Aiiblysodon, &c. ; otherwise, the enamel is perfectly smooth.
There was not enough of this animal discovered to enable me to identify it. The sus-
pected sauropterygian species is represented by a single vertebra, with the centrum
slightly depressed, circa lar section, and about as lon^ as wide. The neurapophysis
appears to have been united by suture, although this point is not so clear as is desirable,
and the bases of the diapophysis are very stout, extending the entire length of the upper
half of the lateral surface of the centrum. Of the articular faces, one is much more
concave than the other. Length of centrum, 0™.05; width, 0™.057; depth, 0™.055.
The crocodilian remains consist of a portion of a Jaw-bone, with alveoli for four teeth,
of a broken vertebra, and a number of dermal scuta and fragments of other bones ; at
another locality not far distant, numerous remains of saurian bones, embracing dermal
and cranial pieces, coprolites, a fragmentary tooth, &c., which may have some affinity to
these. The species iudicated by the former may be named and described as follows :
Typothorax coccinarum, Cope, genus et species nova.
Character genericus, — The fragment of jaw belonging to this genus is probably max-
illary in position, for the following reasons : The interior face of the bone is sutural.
and for the most part solid. This would refer it to the position of the syraphyseal por-
tion of the dentary bone of a ga vial-like form, but for other considerations. Supposing
the piece to be dentary, and the suture therefore vertical, the incongruity follows that
the alveolar face becomes very steep, so much so as to prevent the interlocking of the
teeth, which become lateral in position. If, however, the jaw-fragment be reversed in
position, and the alveolar face placed in a horizontal position, the suture of the inner
side forms a sharp angle with the vertical plane, as it should on the supposition of its
being the maxillary bone ; the wedge-shaped section necessary to fill the space between
it and the median plane, being that of the prolonged posterior spine of the premaxil-
lary bone. The solidity of this portion of the muzzle is inconsistent with the gavial
genera of the Jura and later times, but not with the structure of the Triassic Belodons.
The posterior part of the inner face is, however, strongly excavated, and the sutural
margin exhibits an outward deflection, which is either the boundary of the nostril or
the suture for the apex of the prefrontal or nasal bone. In either case, the nareal cavity
and the nostril are posterior in position, in conformity with the structure of the *' meco-
dont " Crocodilia, The alveoli are large and arranged in a curved line ; one of them some-
what exterior in position and isolated by short diastemata, like a canine. Surface of
the bone pitted. The dermal scuta found close to the jaw-fragment have flat upper
surface marked with shallow pits, rather closely placed, having resemblance to an obso-
lete Trionyx sculpture. Near one of the margins of the bone, the pits run out in shal-
low grooves. A portion of a vertebral centrum found with the jaw exhibits one articu-
lar face ; this is shallow concave, of the type of the amphicoelian division of Crocodilia.
The body of the centrum is much compressed.
The other remains include a portion of a dermal bone like those described, and the
crown of a tooth, among other fragments. This crown, which has lost most of its en-
85
%
amel, is triangular in section, and somewhat carved in its long axis. A convex face is
directed forward and outward, (on the supposition tbat the tooth is superior,) and a<
nearly plane face posteriorly. The inner face is worn flat by the attrition of an oppos-
ing tooth. The pulp-cavity is minute or wanting.
Char, specif. — ^The pitting of the maxillary bone is not linear, and is sometimes-
round ; it is rather remote. The outside of the bone is steep, indicating that the muz-
zle is not depressed. Its face is swollen opposite the supposed canine tooth. The alve-
oliB are round and longitudinally oval. The alveolar face is decurved near the end of
the muzzle. The superficial layer of the cranial and dermal bones is dense and fine-
grained. The second series of specimens, whose reference is by no means certain, but
which contains a dermal bone like that of the type, includes fragments apparently of
the upper surface of the cranium. This is marked with irregular tuberosities and ex-
cavations resembling thai seen in the Bdodonta of the Carolinian and Wiirtembergian
Trias. A section of a narrow, dermal bone displays an elevated, obtuse, median keel,
the only one which displays this form in the collection, the usual form being either
flat or slightly concave. Accompanying the same are numerous coprolites, which are-
apparently too small for an animal of the dimensions of the type-specimen. They are
slender, and display rectal folds, which do not display a continuous spiral. They
are found, wherever fractured, to be filled with the rhomboganoid scales of some small
fish.
Measurements.
M.
Length of fragment of maxillary : 095
Depth (oblique) at nostril (?) 050
Depth (vertical) at nostril (f) 045
Width (median) at nostril (?) ' 025
Width at front alveolus 035
Diameter of canine alveolus ' 015
Diameter of another alveolus Oil
Diameter of centrum of ( ? caudal ) vertebrae \ * ^^tfcal™^ ^
Thickness of dermal shield 008
Measurement across four fosssB 020
Diameter of crown of tooth No. 2 018
Length of coprolite of No. 2 045
Diameter of coprolite of No. 2 '. Oil
The flat and regularly-pitted dermal shields distinguish this genus from Belodon.
The species was of large size ; the cranial fragments equalling corresponding portions
of the Gangetic Gaviai.
The evidence derived from the Typothorax cocdnarum is favorable to the identifica-
tion of this horizon with that of the Trias, although it cannot, of course, be regarded
as conclusive until more perfect specimens are obtained.
Besides the overlying sandstone bed, the red marls are traversed below it by a con-
glomerate, which is in some places of a bluish tint. At some points, it weathers to
gravel, and near this horizon the vertebrate remains occur. At other points, it forms a
very bard Potomac marble, containing pebbles of various colors. Near the same level
I obtained specimens of impure copper-ore, which simulate petrified wood in form.
The sandstones, especially those lying obliquely on the mountain-side, (Fig. 7,) I found
to contain obscure vegetable remains, some of which are replaced by oxide of iron.
They reminded me of similar remains observed in the same horizon near Taos.
On passing a mile to the south of the locality which has been described, the oppo-
site masses of the Jurassic and Triassic rocks are seen to descend at an angle of 20°
and 25^ to the south, marking the terminus of another longitudinal wave of the axis,
of which the one immediately to the north has been described in connection with Fig.
5. The valley caused by this descent is the drainage-axis of the Upper Gallinas Creek,
which issues from the mountains at this point. This locality is instructive as furnish-
ing the third example of the fault existing between the Triassic and Jurassic rocks,
already illustrated in Figs. 6 and 16. * The Triassic sandstone is also faulted at several
points at right angles to the principal fault, as seen in the north and south escarpment,
(Fig. 9.) The fragments of the fractured sandstone-bed strew the west slope of the
Triassic mountain, and disappear in the red marls.
From this depression the mountain rises gradually first in a lower ridge and then to
the long and regular crest of the Nacimiento Mountain, (Fig. 10.) The axis of this
new elevation forms an open angle with that of the range of the Gallinas proper,
running northeast and southwest, the consequence of which is a change of strike of
all the elevated beds on its flanks. The Cretaceous hog-backs make a very regular
angle in their direction ; its apex being the point of change of axis at the cove
I have described above in detail. At the same time, the hog-backs approach
nearer to the niounttiins, and the variegated and gypsum beds of the Jurassic are not
A\
i;
/' "> ?
k
87
aeea. The southnard roote passes ovnr the divide nbicli separates the drainage of the
Gaf inas from that of the Puerco. Sontb of this divide tbe Cretaceoas beds, ioclud-
\ag tbeii bifcbest members, Nos. 3 and 4, disappear on the sides of the Nnoimieuto
Moontain. The mountain itself is the feldspathic porphyry of the true Rocky KanKe
axis, vrhich, rising throuKb the Mesozoic beds which cap tlie northern part of the
Sierra Madre forms ite most elevated portion. At the village of Nacimiento, the
red Triassic beds are visible on the mountain-aide, and its upper sandstone dips
eoutb as well as west bom an elevated position. The range extends sonth from this
point as far as my observation reached. The valley is occnpied in localities near the
rxonntains with the red feldspathic gravel usnal along the Kocky Bangea. Some nf
the Mexicans spoke of copper-mines, with ancient stone buildings, in the ravines of
the Naciiniento.
I conclude this chapter by a little further allusion to the Cretaceoas liog-back, of
which the most important is that formed by No. 3. At one of the depressions in this
line (Fig. 11,) the erosion has displayed a considerable bed of lignite. It appears in
four beds, which are represented in the following section ;
SandstouoKo. 3 UO
Limonite H^
Carbonaceous shale 10
Lignite 10
Sandstone 00
Lignite .. 3
Sandstone 00
Lignite 3
Sandstone 00
Lignite ■■ 3
Total en •
This lignite bed extends throughout the region west of the Rocky Monntains wher-
ever Xo. 3 occurs, and is the bed which has bean mistaken for the trae lignite, or No.
6, by some geologbta. It appeam in this borizou wberever access is obtaiued. but is
generally impure anil of little or no value. Ten miles soatb of tbia point the followiug
section exhibits it, (Vig. 13.) The beds differ in Ibickuess at differeut localities ; their
nod lignite of Ct
loflklD)! suiith
combined mass, with rather thin layers of slate, at one point reaching GO feet. At tht>
locality of Fig. 13, it ia overlaid by a lieavy bed of yellow sandstone, from nbich I
obtained teeth of sharks of the species OxgrhinaT and Galeoeerdo piiatodmiia*, Agass.
These yellow beda are traversed for a mile to two miles weat of the hog- back of Creta-
ceous No. 3, forming lines of low hilla, from which I obtaiued numerous fossil Mollusca.
These include £acHJile8, Ammonitea of two species, including A, placenta, Inoceramii*, and
a number of well-preaervedDtnii/aria and Gaalro2).da. On this account, 1 suppose these
beds to represent Cretaceous No. 4.
A portion of tbeir lowest member lies on the hard portion of No. 3 at some points,
as already stated, forming the upper part of the hog-back ; at least, I obtaiued the
Baculitts, an Ammonite, and the usual form of Inoceramna from such a locality. The two
horizons ai'e separated by the lignite, and, when this ia eroded, a double line of hog-
backs as in Plate IV. Tbia sketch was taken from the sonthern extremity of the hog'
back of No. 3, of which the northern extremity is represented in the left-hand ledge of
Fig. 13. Tbe direction of view is to the southward. A hog-back of No. 4 is seen ou the
right, and the doable bog-back, chiefly of No. 3, is in front of tbe observer. To the left
horizon appear tbe southwestern slopes of the Nacimien to Mountain. Tbe right horizon
is occDpied by tbe horizoatal beda of the Eocene, and an arroyo which drains their
slope pursues its way into the Gallinas Creek, which comes into view from tbe left
hand. Immediately in front of its valley is a lower hill of Cretaceons No. 3, on whose
summit stands a large stone building, one of the many which strew the crests of all
these hoj!-backa. An account of these is given in my report on archeology. Further
observations on the Cretaceous l)eds are deferred autil the Eocene deposits are con-
sidered.
CHAPTER VI.
West of the hog-back of Cretaceooa No. 3, at an interval of perhaps two miles, at a
point jaat north of the GalliDas Mountain, a sandstone bluff presents a bold escarpment
to the northeast. This is the angle of a mass of rock whose eastern face extends south-
ward parallel to the mountain-axis, and whose strata dip first lb° then 10'' south, and
soon disappear beneath a similar mass. This series also presents an eacarpment to the
northeast, and its beds aUo dip 10° south, nearly opposite the cafion of the Gallinas.
This facade rises to from 600 to iWO feet elevation, and is cleft to the base by a deep
gorKC, the Cafionclta de laa Vegas. I traversed this fissure, passing entirely through
to the elevated country to the westward. Six miles from its mouth is a large pool, red
by a spring kuown as the Mare's Spring. The cation is narrow, and the walls almost
perpendicular. They ore composed of die " puerta," or entrance, of a moderately hard,
reddish-brown sandstone. The caRon is twenty miles in length, its bottom has a gen-
tle rise ; and as tlie sandstone baa a gentle dip toward the west as well as south, its
upper beda reach the level of the bottom at abontthemiddleof the length of the cafmn.
Above them softer beds appear, alternating with strata of sandstone ; the beda are first
gray, bnt others aoon appear which are striped with red. The red-striped marls increase
in relative thickness toward tbe west, and the sandstone strata diminish until at the
head of the caiion the high lands fall off in masses of bills of bright- colored marls
eroded into rounded and pictDreBciaely- formed hills. These extend in a long line to the
89
north and the sooth, facing westward. To the west, a wide, elevated plain spread bo-
fore us, varied with a few hills, and stretching a^ay with a gentle slope to Canon Largo
and the country of the San Juan River, The discovery of the variegated marls was
one of no little interest to the writer, inasmuch as I had made special efforts to find
Eocene beds in this region, and tley were now crowned with success. The position of
these marls, with their clos6 physical resemblance to the Wahsatch beds of Bear River,
Wyoming, together with the evidence furnished by a lower molar of Baihmodon^ dis-
covered by my guide, indicated that I had discovered the sediments of the great body
of fresh water which daring successive stages of the Eocene period occupied the drain-
age-basin of the Great Western Colorado. The thickness of the strata exhibited in the
walls of the Canoncita de las Vegas I estimated at 1,200 feet.
On leaving the month of this canon, and proceeding southward, the southern dip of
the red sandstones brings their summit to the ground-level in about ten miles distance,
(see Fig. 14.) The red and gray marls with alternating beds of white and yellowish
sandstone appear on their summits, and at a point twenty miles south of the cafiou
form a mass of bad-land blufl's of from 600 to 1,000 feet elevation. This escarpment
retreats and then turns to the east, forming an extensive horseshoe, the circumscribed
area being occupied with hills and picturesque masses of sediment, with all the pecu-
liar forms and desolation of bad-land scenery. I remained in camp for about a month
near this circle, and obtained many fossil remains of Veriebrata,* Ten miles south of
this point another horseshoe of bad lands covers an extensive area, and proved to be
as rich in fossil remains as the first. Here I made my second camp, remaining in it for
three weeks. The southern boundary of the northern tract extends to within six miles
of the Cretaceous hog-backs, while the corresponding part of the second approaches
nearer, forming a line of bluffs of considerable height running north and south parallel
with, and half a mile from, the hog-backs. Beyond the Puerco divide, hills of this
formation rise on both sides of the trail, and near the Ojo de San Jos6, the Eocene beds
repose on the foot of the Nacimiento Mountain several miles to the east.
Below the sandstones which form the portals of the Canoncita de las Vegas, another
stratum of marls shows itself in hills of 100 feet and higher, in the sage-brush plain that
separates them from the Cretaceous hog-backs. They are soft and of mixed black and
dark-green colors near the locality in question, and capped by light and yellowish sand-
stones. These are the lowest beds of the Eocene, and I traced them for forty miles to the
south along the belt of country intervening between Cretaceous No. 4 and the reddish
sandstone. At the locality just mentioned they conform to the sandstones above, having
a dip of 10° southwest, while they do not conform to the hog-back of Cretaceous No. 3,
the nearest available outcrop, which dips at 25° west. Farther south this marl is rep-
resented by low hills of generally lighter color. Near Nacimiento it has an increased
importance, as it rises both to the east and south. The valley of the Upper Puerco is
excavated in it for some distance, and its blackish, greenish, and gray hills are seen on
bothsidesof the river. At a point on the river about six miles below the village of
Nacimiento, the lower sandstone of the Eocene forms a perpendicular bluff, which ter-
minates in an escarpment of 500 feet elevation facing the south. The red-striped mail^,
Laving acquired a gentle northern dip, disappear from view some miles to the north,
and the termination of the underlying sandstones warned us that we were approach-
ing the southern border of the basin.
The border of the sandstone turned to the west at this point, the line of bluffs con-
tinuing as far as vision extended.x Below and south of it the varied green and gray
marls formed the material of the country, forming bad-land tracts of considerable ex-
tent and utter barrenness. They formed conical hills and flat meadows, intersected by
deep arroyos, whose perpisndicular walls constituted a great impediment to our prog-
ress. During the days of my examination of the region, heavy showers of rain fell,
filling the arroyos with rushing torrents, and displaying a peculiar character of this
marl when wet. It became slippery, resembling soap in consistence, so that the hills
were climbed with difficulty, and on the levels the horses' feet sank at every step.
The material is so easily transported that the drainage-channels are cut to a great
depth, and the Puerco River becomes the receptacle of great quantities of slimy-looking
mud. Its unctuous appearance resembles strongly soft-soap, hence the name Puerco^
muddy. These soft marls cover a belt of some miles in width, and continue at the
foot of another line of sandstone bluffs, which bound the immediate valley of the
Puerco to a point eighteen miles below Nacimiento. Here the sandstone again turns
to the westward, presenting a southern escarpment of 500 to 1,000 feet elevation. This
forms the southern boundary of the Eocene basin. I could not be sure whether this
sandstone is identical with that of the escarpment twelve miles north, but suspected it
to be such. Immediately south of it, low hills of Cretaceous No. 4 extend across the
Puerco and continne south of the Eocene bluffs at a distance of a mile or two with a
• See Report on Fossil Vertebrata of New Mexicoj An. Rept. Chief of Engrs., 1874 ,
and Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico, 1875, 8vo,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the One hundredth Meridian, Lieut.
G. M. Wheeler.
LL— 7
western strikr. Tliey were as elsewhere of a soft yellowibh sand and clay, including
Bbale beds, and ooDtained nbuudauce of iHoavajiiaa, like Ifioee found on tbe GalliuoH.
Ten miles to tbesoutliward, tbe nnderljing Cretaceous beds are capped by a horizon-
tal table of baealt, thus furmiug a lueea, tbrough which the Puereo naHaed in a cafion.
I supposed thiH to be tbe foi-eruiiner of Ibe great basaltic plateau, wliicb, accordiug to
Lienteoant Wheeler, conslitntes tbe country aonth of tbe Rio Cbaco for a. great distance,
one of little promise to tbe agricnltarist. Tbese tracts are known aa the Mesa Facbada
and Mesa de los Lobos. The seasoo t>eiDg well advanced, (October '£i,) I tbougbt best
to CDinnience tbe retnm march, which we accordingly did.
The soapy marls, or, aa they may be called, the Puercn marts, have their principal
dcvelopnieut at this locality. I examioed them tbroughont tbe forty miles of outcrop
nbicb 1 observed for fossil rcuiaina, bnt succeeded in finding nothing bat petrified
wood. This is abundant in the region of the Galliuas, and includes siltcified fragments
of dicotj'Iedonons and palm ti'ees. On tbe Pnerco, portions of trunks and limbs are
strewn on the bills and ravines; in aome localities tbe matsof fragmeote indicating tbe
place where some large tree had broken np. At one point east of tbe river J found the
stump of a dicotyledonous tree wliicli measured 5 feet in diameter.
As already remarked, the Pnerco marls belong to tbe Eocene series in their sttjct
con form ability to the superincumbent rocks of that age. They do not appear to repre-
sent tlie Fort Union or Lignite beds of Northern Colorado and the North, as they difi'er
ia almost every respect. They contain no lignite nor coal, although their occasional
* ' ' ' ' I to a small amount of carbonaceous matter. They have no
t Union beds iu mineral character or fossils. I conclude, as a
on, that tbe latter formation has no existence In this part of
ence of such quantities of petrified nood gives weight to the
„ .. . lerco marls are a lacnstline formalion. In exploring the bills
of this formation along the Puereo, I found the horns of an elk, (Cerrus canadenitis.)
This locality must be near the southera limit of its range. I learned that it is not
nncommon on the high plateau near Tierra Amarilla on tbe northeast.
I made a second section of the upper or Green Giver beds to tbe west, starting from
opposite the middle of tbe northern bad-land cove. About the middle of the marfserieit
there is nsually present a bed of nearly white sandstone, frequently quite hard, iu
which tbe fossils have generally a, worn or rolled appearance. Here occurred tbe
greater number of tbe sharks' teelli. but not all. Above this horizon the most abun-
dant fossils are the gars and crocodiles, while the greater nuaiber of tbe mammals
black color may bo dnt
. resemblance U> the Foi
result of tbe investigat:
New Mexico, Tbe prei
probability that tbe "
the wetitf'in escarpment of these marls, tbe si
93
slight angle to the south and west. Escarpments composed of the upper beds of marl
and sandstones extend mostly in east and west lines.
The most important of these is, first, an outcrop of sandstone, ten miles west of the
"bluffs. Here I found characteristic fossils. The trail follows a caiiada, or narrow
shallow valley, for perhaps fortj^ miles. Branches pass to the right and left between
the hills, affording beautiful park-like views. The drainage of this Eocene plateaa
from the summits of its eastern escarpment is to the west, reaching the San Juan
Kiver by Caiion Largo and Canon Amarillo. Along the canada, the marls re-ap-
pear; their red and gray colors contrasting with alternating beds of sandstone. These
sink, and are followed by a soft, yellow sandstone, which forms the fsice of the Gabilan
Hill, eighteen miles west of the bad lands. Other bad lands appear beyond; the sand-
stone resting on them. For many miles, the alternating marls and sandstones form
steep hills on each side, of 100 to 300 feet elevation, until about thirty miles west of the
Gallinas bad lands they terminate in bold headlands, the escarpment of the formation
sweeping right and left to the north and to the south. From high, bold hills they drop
off in lower terraces, and the general level of the country slopes more rapidly to the
"west. From this point a fine view toward the canons of the San Juan is had over a
descending plain studded with irregular hills. Alow table-land, perhaps forty miles
distant, is deeply notched at two points, which my guide, who is familiar with the
region, termed the Puertas, or Gates of the Canons Largo and Amarillo, with the Mesa
de Chaco to the left. The point on which we camped is termed on the maps the Alto
del Utah, and is placed at 6,648 feet elevation, although there are more elevated hills
nearer to the bS,d-land facade of the Gallinas. The entire region is devoid of springs,
bnt covered with grass and good timber. The entire region is a favorite resort for the
shepherds, with large fiocks from the valley of the Rio Grande, in winter ; otherwise,
it is without resident inhabitants. Myself and guide depended on pools of water of •
a rain which had fallen a week or more previously, and found it palatable, although
muddy. In several of them I found young individuals of Spea stagnoJis, Cope, with
their tadpoles, which had evidently had but a short time for incubation, metamor-
phosis, &c. As usual in this group, the tadpoles attain a large size before changing.
I found also on a number of the bad-land hills, as far as the Alto del Utah, pottery of the
ancient people who appear to have once inhabited this country in large numbers. An
account of these is reserved for* a special chapter.
The following list includes the species of fossil vertebrates discovered in the horizon
of the Green River Eocene above described :
QUADRUMANA.
Pelycodus, Cope.
Felycodus JaiToviiy Cope, Eocene Vertebrata, Geogl. Ex. and Surv. W. of 10th M., 1875,
p. 14.
Pelycodus frugivorus, Cope, 1. c, 14.
Pelycodus angulatus, Cope, 1. c, 14.
Pantolestes, Cope.
Pantolestes Chacensis, Cope, 1. c, 15.
Sarcolemon, Cope.
Sarcolemur mentalis^ Cope, 1. c, p. 17.
Sarcolemur crassus. Cope, 1. c, p. 17.
Hyopsodus, Leidy.
Jlyopsodus miticulus, Cope, Report on Vertebrata of New Mexico, An. Rept. Chief of
Engrs., p. 596.
Hyopsodus f pauluSf Leidy.
Apiieliscus, Cope.
Apheliscus iwsidfiosM^, Cope, Report on Vertebrata of New Mexico, An. Rept. Chief of
Engrs., 1874, p. 602.
INCERTiE, SEDIS.
Opisthotomus, Cope.
Opisthotomus astutus^ Cope, Eocene Vertebrata, Geogl. Ex. and Surv.W. of 100th M., 1875,
p. 16.
Opisthotomus flagrans, Cope, 1. c, p. 16.
94
Oligotomus, Cope ; Oroiheriam^ Marsh, not of Aymard.
Oligoiomus vintanusy Marsh.
Phenacodus, Cope.
Phenacodua pi^imcevuft, Co^e^ Report on Vertebrata of New Mexico, An. Kept. Chief of
Engrs., 1874, p. 598.
Phenacodus omnivorua. Cope, 1. c., p. 598.
Phenacodus sulcatuSy Cope, 1. c., p, 599.
CARNIVORA.
Ambloctonus, Cope.
Anibloctonus sinosus, Cope, Vertebrata Eocene, Geogl. Ex. and Snrv. West of 100th M.,
1875, p. 8.
OxY^NA, Cope.
Oxycena morsitanSy Cope, Report on Vertebrata of New Mexico, An. Rept. Chief of Engrs.,
1874, p. 600.
Oxycena lupin'ay Cope, 1. c, p. 599.
Oxyaena fm'cipatay Cope, 1. c, p. 600.
. Prototomus, Cope.
Protolomus viverrinuSy Cope, 1. c, p. 601.
Prototomtts secundanuSy Cope, Vertebrata of the Eocene, Geogl. Ex. and Snrv. W. of
100th M., 1875, p. 9.
Prototomus multicuspiSy Cope, 1. c, p. 10.
Prototomus strenaus. Cope, 1. c, p. 10.
PACHYiENA, Cope.
Pachycena ossifttiga ^CopOy Report on Vertebrata of New Mexico, An. Rept. Chief of Engrs.,
1874, p 601.
DiDYMiCTis, Cope.
Didymictis protenus, Cope, 1. c, p. 602.
DiACODON, Cope.
Diacodon aliicuspis, Cope, Vtrtebrata of Eocene, Geogl. Ex. and Surv. W. of 100th M.,
1875, p. 12.
Diacodon celatuSj Cope, 1. c, p. 12.
PERISSODACTYLA.
Orohippus, Marsh.
Orohippus cuspidatus, Cope, Vertebrata of Eocene, Geogl. Ex. and Snrv. W. of 100 M.,
1H7.^>, p. 22.
Orohippus agiliSy Marsh.
Orohippus procyonimus, Cope.
Orohippus angu8tiden8,Gopey 1. c, p. 22.
Orohippus major y Marsh.
Orohippus rasacciensiSy Cope.
Orohippus tapirinuSy Cope, 1. c, p. 20.
Hyrachyus, Leidy.
Hyrachyus singulariSy Cope, 1. c, p. 19.
Meniscotherium, Cope.
Meniscotherium Chamensey Cope, Report on Voitcbrata of New Mexico, An. Rept. Chief
of Eiigrs., 1«74, p. 596.
95
I TOXODONTIA.
ESTHONYX, Cope.
Esilionyx hisulcatus, Cope, Report on Vertebrata of New Mex'co, An. Kept. Chief of
Engrs., 1874, p. 594.
Esthonyx Burmeiatei'ii, Cope, 1. c, p. 595.
ECTOGANUS, Cope.
Ecloganus glirifonniSj Cope, 1. c., p. 592.
Calamodon, Cope.
Calamodon simplex^ Cope, 1, c, p. 593.
Calamodon arcamcenus, Cope, 1. c., p. 593.
Calamodon Novomehicanus, Cope, 1. c., p. 594.
AMBLYPODA.
Bathmgdon, Cope.
BcCthmodon moleetuSj Cope, 1. c., p. 597.
Bathmodon lomas, Cope, 1. c., p. 597.
Bathmodon simusy Cope, 1. c. p. 596.
Bathmodon eUphantopus, Cope, 1. c., p. 597.
Bathmodon radianSy Cope, Vertebrata of' Eocene, Geogl. Ex. and 8nrv. W. of 100th M.,
1875, p. 29.
Bathmodon latidens, Cope, 1. c., p. 29.
Bathmodon, cuspidatus J Cope, 1. c, p. 30.
RODENTIA.
Paramys, Leidy.
Paramys delicatissimuSj Leidy.
Paramys delicatiory Leidy.
CROCODILIA.
DiPLOCYNODUS, Pom el.
Diplocy}iodu8 apenops^ Cope, Vertebrata of Eocene. Geogl. Ex. and Surv. W. of 100th M,,
1875, p. 31.
Crocodilus, Linn.
Crocodilus grypuSj Cope, 1. c, p. 32.
Crocodilus veeleriiy Cope, 1. c, p. 33.
Crocodilus f elliotiij Leidy.
Crocodilus f liodon, Marsh.
Crocodilus Chamensis, Cope, Report on Vertebrata of New Mexico, An. Rept. Chief of
Engrs., 1874, p. 603.
Crocodilus heterodouj Cope.
LACERTILIA.
Glyptosaurus, Marsh. * •
TESTUDINATA.
Trionyx, Geoflfr.
Trionyx UintaensiSj Leidy.
Trionyx radulus, Cope, Vertebrata of Eocene, Geogl. Ex. and Sarv. W. of 100th M.,
1875, p. 35.
Trionyx cariosus^ Cope, 1. c, p. 35.
Trionyx leptomitus, Cope, 1. c, p. 35.
Glyptosaurus, sp. indet.
i
J
96
Plastombnus, Cope.
1 g Ple»lomenus corrugalut. Cope, I. c, p. 35.
_ " PlaslomeHHS fravlaa. Cope, I. c, p. 35.
g g Plailornemit ealenatm, Ccipe, 1. c, p. 35.
^- g Plastomenui eommutiiii. Cope, I. c, p. 35.
..^ PItuiomenua iaehrv^aUe, Cope, Beport on Vortebrata of Kew
g -J Mexico, Am. K^port Cbiof of £:igra., 1874, p. M3.
-I a PFiulomenus Thomaaii, Cope.
g I B-ENA, Leidy.
a 3 Riena areaasa, Leiily.
^ = Dehmatkmvs, Gray.
.1 i Dcrmalerngs costUatus. Cope, Vertebrata of Eocene, Geogl. Ex.
H - nnd Stirv. W. of lOOtb M., 187:i, p. 36.
.p, Esirs, BroKg.
:= S Emya laiilabiatua. Cope.
^ S Emgs Slerenaoniaaiui, Cope.
* a Haiibianus, Cope,
■^t- HadriaBiia Coi-sohH, Lcidy.
|» PISCKS.
|» Clastes, Cope.
1 i Claalen, sp. inilet.
_^l La-mna, Cuv.
<eu Zamna TVjrana, lioomer.
-^ri Lamna, sp. iu<1ct.
|« OXYKTilNA, Ag.
"giS Oxyrhina, sp. indet.
e GAi-EOCEnDO, M. H.
^ J GaJeocei'Ho prisiodonlua, Ag.
2 £ Galtoeefdo f adencue, Ag.
|of CiUClIABOBON, Ag.
s^ CarcharodoH, ep. iodot.
^Sn In review, I give Uie fiillowiDg sectioD of tbe Eocene roclis
^ a of tbe region vest of tbo Sierra Madre :
I I F~l.
b2 Hed and gray maris, Green River group ., 1,500
i=£ Sniidstinie, Greeo River gn.up , 1,000
uH Green aud black marla, Pueieo group 50O
-■a Total 3,000
&'S The fullnwiDg is ao approximate eatiniate of tbe MesoEoic
■S , beds in the same region. An tlley were not neeiirftti-ly
I ^. nieannred, the nnrobers will Lave to undergo revision. Tbei'r
—•k relative thickness is nearly as given.
its T.«.
Sj^ Uncertain, concealed in the sage-plain 500
•"ii-i Cretaceous No. 4 1,500
xJ"' Cretaceous No. 3 400
S -M Cretaceous No. 2 1,500
= e| Cretaceous No. 1 500
g|o Jurassic 000
, S^S "Trias" (bottom not Been) 1,000
3^ Total 6,000
SS .. The Mesozoic beds of tills section (excepting some of the
! higher members of the Cretaceous) have bten esamiDcd
as to the west and south by Messrs
97
Marcou and Newberry, whose valuable reports accompany those of Lieutenants Whip-
ple and Ives, on the routes surveyed by them through Arizona and New Mexico. The
horizon here termed after Hayden ''Triassic " has been referred previously to this forma-
tion by Professor Marcou also, who had the opportunity of examining it in Texas and
the Indian Territory. So far as the latter region is concerned, I can confirm the identifi-
cation, having examined bones from the red beds of that country which appear to be
those of Belodonts. Dr. Newberry terms it in Arizona the " salt group," or *' sali-
ferous sandstones," referring to it as probably including both Triassic and Permian
strata. The formations here called Jurassic are partially included by Professor Mar-
cou in his Tria«sic series, and are termed by Dr. Newberry the " variegated marls,"
who is inclined to refer them to the Jurassic.
Appendix G 2.
geological and mineralogical report on portions of colorado and new
mexico, by dr. o. loew, mineralogist and chemist.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the
One Hundredth Meridian,
Washington J D, C, April 22, 1875.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the agricultural resources
and geological structure of those portions of Southern Colorado and Northern New
Mexico that were traversed by party No. 2, division 2, to which I was attached in the
season of 1874.
Special attention was given to the examination of the chemical composition of rocks,
soils, and minerals, a subject too often neglected.
Collections were made of all the rocks and minerals mentioned in this report, and
the preparation of a separate list is not deemed necessary.
Very respectfulh', your obedient servant,
O. LOEW,
Mineralogical Assistant,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers.
contents.
The Valley of the Arkansas River — The Sierra Mojada and Sangre de Cristo Mount-
ains — The Gray Back Placers — Cerro Blanco San Juan range — Composition of basalt
from Abiquiu — The mountain region of Abiquiu — Analysis of a zeolite — The Nacimi-
ento Desert — Analysis of a sandstone — Analysis of the garnets of Fort Defiance —
Analysis of chrysolite from Fort Defiance — From Mount Taylor to the Placer Mount-
ains — Analysis of turquoise from Los Cerillos — The mountains between Santa F6
and Las Vegas — Analysis of hydraulic limestone from Las Vegas — Analysis of a green
feldspar from Bear Creek— Climatological notes — Temperature of rivers and creeks.
the valley of the ARKANSAS RIVER AT PUEBLO, COLORADO.
The cretaceous strata, everywhere conspicuous along the base of the main Rocky
Mountain range, and forming the principal body of the adjoining plains, are well ex-
posed in the channel which the Arkansas River has formed. The limestones, with
their characteristic shells, among which is Inoceramiis in great numbers and large size,
the sandstones, the clays, the slates, and the coals, in short, all varieties of sedimentary
deposits, are met with, as well as their manifold transitions, as calcareous sandstone,
atenaceous limestone, argillaceous lime, and sandstones, &c. The limestone frequently
contains particles and lumps of iron pyrites, incrusted with rust, an occurrence I have
noticed also with the cretaceous limestones at Las Vegas, N. Mex. The sandstones
occur in a number of localities — for instance, five miles abdve Pueblo — are fine-grained,
of great uniformity, and in demand, a great deal being shipped to Chicago for build-
ing purposes.
There is no coal in the immediate vicinity of Pueblo, as far as I could ascer^iain, but
farther up are a number of beds ; for instance, at Carlisle, a farm twenty miles above
Pueblo, tbere is exposed a seam of bituminous coal 6 inches thick, overlaid by strata
of sandstones and shales to a height of more than 40 feet. Thick beds of coal are found
farther up the river near Canon City; also mineral oil. An analysis of the coal has
A mile below Piieblo a heil of al)Out TtO feet in thtck-
allemate layers of gypsum liDd clay , eadi nearly a
fifth to a tliird of an iiieli ld iLickDesM. Now, if we
consider tbe periodH duriiig which the clay or mad
was deposited as the rainy seasons, in which the
streams carried much muddy water fromtbemoUDt-
aius into tbe neifi;bboring shallow sea, aud tbe fol-
lowing deposition of gypsum as the reeulC of the
watere heiug clear and oiore concentrated, as would
be Che case m a dry seasoii, or in summer, we then
have for each alternate layer, one year, and for the
deposition of the bed of 50 feet, a period of twelve
hundred years. The positiou of the strata along
tbe valley bas not been disturbed b; violent action
like volcanio eruption, &,e., and therefore occupy a
bori/outal positiou. Here and there, however, sin-
gular bends are ol>8erved in tbe strata, tbe lime-
H time layers being slightly curved. Another irreg-
iilarity is, that I observed, four miles above Pueblo,
the dtiposits appearing as though formed under pe-
culiar influences, as currents or motions of some
kiud. These irregularities, however, cover
small area, tbe neighboriug strata being qui
This fis»nre represents ft section of the Arkansas
Valley, five miles above Pueblo, Colo., which sbows
irregular stratification. A, sandstone ; D, sandstone
intecst rati (ted with slate; C, slate; B, limestone.
Distance a b = '200 yards ; height C H ^ 30 feet.
Hi-re and there white efiloresci^ucea are noticed in
the valley of the Arkansas. These, on examination,
were found to consist of sulphate and chloride of
sodium. A number of mineral springs occur in thia
section — one at Carlisle, and mora than half a dozeu
at Canon City — descriptions of which, with analy-
ses, were given iu a former report. The water of all
wells snuk iu tbe valley is gypsifero us— usually
called in this section "alkaline water." Whether
or not the usoof this water will prove beneticial to
health is yeb to be seen. Here aud there tbe slo)>es
of tbe Arkansas Valley are densely covered with
drift and bowlders of no small size.
but a,
) reg-
Tbe Sierra Mojada (also called Cuerno verdo
range aud Greenhorn Mountains, at least as far
as its soutberu portion is concerned) is nearly
parallel for lift^ miles with the Saugre de Cristo
Mountains, and thus is formed a long valley be-
tween tbe two chains, which is drained by a num-
ber uf creeks. Tbe most northern portion of this
depression is known by tbe name of "Wet Monnt-
ain Valley," while deecendiue in a southerly direc-
tion we have tbe valley of tue Muddy and that of
the Huerfano, {Huerfano Park.) The Sftugre Ue
Cristo MoDutaiuB are joined on tbe west side by
a wide, plain-like valley, tbe Sau Luis, while tbe
Sierra Mojada forms the western boundary of Che
great plains of Soutbeustem Colorado. Where the
plains approach the mountain range a great uunt'
ber of traehytio dikes protrude t.iroiigb the sodi-
inentory strata. Where the mouiitaius die out in
tbe plains, the strata of tlie cretaceous epncb occupy
the field almost exclu.-lvely, while betneen the
fuot-hills of the mouDCaius uutbuniferous rocks ure
exposed. The chief mass ot ttie mountains, how-
ever, is composed of aKotc rocks. These masses of
granites aud gneisBes aie lull of vcilcuuie dikes.
Near the juuction of tbe Saint Charles and Green-
99
•
horn Creeks, on the eastern slopes of the Sien'a Mojada, the limestone beds are exceed-
iDgly rich in cretaceous sheHs. Calcite occurs also in very large crystals. From the
head of Greenhorn Creek to that of the Red Creek, a bed of conglomerate of great
thickness extends, which, near the head of the latter, consists of grannies of feldspar
and qnartz, with here and there particles of mnscovite. The cementing sabstance is
a reddish clay, and the qnartz-pebbles present a rounded appearance as though worn
considerably. The beds of this conglomerate dip 20^ to 22°.
Some ten miles west of Red Creek, the Hardscrabble Creek, another tributary of
the Arkansas, leaves the mountains. There may be seen quite a number of interesting
phenomena due to glacial action ; roorainal deposits, polished quartz, rocks, and scat-
tered bowlders testify to former glacial phenomena of grandeur and magnitude. The
canon of Hardscrabble Creek is formed on both sides by sandstone strata, which dip
60*^ to 70*^. The declivities thus formed are perfectly barren, although the valley
immediately beneath is covered with a vigorous forest vegetation. The barrenness of
these declivities, however, is not due to climatic influences, but solely to their great
inclination, whereby the soil is prevented from taking hold.
Crossing the crest of this northern portion of the Greenhorn Mountains we descend
to the recent mining town of Roaita. As regards the silver-mines of this section, the
reader is referred to vol. I of the quarto series of reports. We only allude ,to them
here as regards their geological position. The Victoria and Senator lodes are true
fissnre-veins of galeniferous quartzite in the trachytic porphyry, while the others,
northwest of the*se, are chiefly situated in sedimentary rocks.
Clay strata containing particles of chloride of silver form quite extensive beds.
These sedimentary deposits have a considerable dip — 30° to 45° — a result produced by
the disturbances which accompanied the later volcanic eruptions in the vicinity.
Slides are also noticed in several instances ; one of 25 feet occurs on the Victoria lode.
A mile southwest of Rosita, on the southern slope of a hill covered with quartzitic
dehriSf are masses of round siliceous concretions, from the size of a nut to that of a
human head, scattered about profusely. These the miners call " petrified heads," defin-
ing the contortions here and there upon the globes as the brain turned into stone. At
a glance we may recognize in them the results of siliceous waters formerly existing
here, results analagous to the deposits and incrustations observed with the siliceous
geysers of Montana and Idaho. No clue as to the extent and position of these hot
springs can at present be found in Wet Mountain Valley, time having covered up their
former sites by the rubbish of the ages. Passing a little farther south, over a low, hilly
country, with mighty mountain chains on either side, we reach the head of the Muddy,
a tributary of the Huerfano River. While sandstone predominates at this point, a few
miles to the westward, between the neighboring foot-hills of the Sangre de Cristo
Mountains, we meet with syenite and amphibulite, and on the Cuerno verde Peak, to
the southwest, with syenitic granite. This peak is an interesting structure. Its lower
portions are covered with sandstone, then follows granite, the top being formed by vol-
canic masses. Fifteen miles to the south of the head of the Muddy we cross the Huer-
fano River. While here the chief rocks are sandstone and conglomerate, the neigh-
boring hills are covered with debris and pebbles of granite, trachyte, and basalt-
drifts from the mountains. About four miles west of Gardner's Store, a little
settlement in the Huerfeno Valley, are some very steep and barren peaks, the so-
called Sheep Mountains. These have an elevation of 8,400 feet, and consist of a
purplish rhyolite, exceedingly rich in silica, with lai'ge sanidin crystals sparingly
embedded. The mountain -sides are covered with small sharp fragments of rock,
evidently yielding, but very difficult to disintegrate. About half a mile south of
Gardner's Store a steep trachyte butte, of about ItiO feet in height, stands sentinel-like
in the valley, and forms an abrupt contrast with the surrounding undulating surface.
This trachyte is of a tine-grained gray matrix, in which numerous hornblende crystals
are enibeddt^d. In most of the creeks of the Huerfano Valley gold has been discovered,
but in very little quantity. The agricultural lands of the valley are valned at $17 an
acre, on the ground that they are mineral lauds. If the small quantity of gold referred
to did not exist in this valley, these lands would, like the other agricultural la -ds here-
about, be valued at only $1.50 an acre. Formerly, some fifteen miles southwest of the
Huerfano Park, in the vicinity of Placer Creek and east of Baldy Peak, a conspicuons,
hai ren peak of the Sierra Blanca, good placers existed. Thf-se plactrs, called " Gray
Back," have, according to a statement made to me, been worked with considerable
success fifty years ago by Mexicans, and for a time by Kit Carscm. At these placers
we met three poor-looking individuals, who complained of the meager resulis of
their labors; they had hardly cleared *J^ cents a day from their gold-search. They
considered the placers worked out and exhausted, and intended leaving at an early^ day.
The gold is found in reddish cl.ayey and siliceous deposits, rnsty quartzites,and conglom-
erate, forming beds ahmg the Placer Creek, which are bordered by gneissicand granitic
hills. To the east and northeast of these hills paleozoic limestone occurs in great masses,
with strata much tilted and displaced. The main rocks of the neighboring Cerro
Blanco, the highest and most southern portion of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, are
100
primitive rocks, intersected here and there by rhyolitic dikes. The top of the highest
peak shows a vein of serpentine and of aporons ferrnginons quartz, in which particles of
malachite can readily be detected, and contains most likely a small proportion of gold.
This quartz-vein is 6 inches thick. The peaks rise more than 2,000 feet above the tim-
ber-line, and, with the exception of a solitary specimen of a thistle or a graminee, are
perfectly barren. The crests are rugged and sides steep ; and the slopes being covered
with sharp fragments of siliceous rocks, the ascent of these peaks is laborious and
difficult.
Descending the southern slopes of the Cerro Blanco we reach the valley of the Ute
Creek and Fort Garland, where the Carboniferous again becomes prominent, covering
the rim of San Luis Valley to a great extent. The southern portion of this valley is
covered by extensive sheets of basalt reaching from Culebra and the vicinity of Cos-
tilla as far west as the base of the San Juan Mountains. The Rio Grande and San An-
tonio Creek, (or Rito de los Pinos,) one of it?* tributaries, have cut deep channels through
the volcanic material. The Ute Mountain and Mountain San Antonio are two isolated
basalt cones rising from the volcanic sheets. The basalt from the vicinity of Culebra
has a crj'Stalline structure and is accompanied by dolerite, while at the Ute MouYitain
it is amygdaloid, and contains in these amygdaloid spaces reniform carbonate of lime.
THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS.
This important and extensive range of mountains was crossed by division No. 2, to
which I was attached, in the most southern portion, and I had no opportunity to ex-
amine its more northern parts. The chief mass of these mountains is undoubtedly com-
posed of rocks of Azoic age, but so frequently and extensively are they intersected by
rhyolitic and trachytic dikes that the latter appears almost as the prevailing material.
Sandstone and limestone of Paleozoic age skirt the foot-hills and spurs of the higher
ridges. The granite of these mountains resembles that of the Cerro Blanco exactly in
structure and in lithological character ; the feldspar is white and forms a fine granu-
lar mixture with the particles of quartz, while the biotite is not uniformly distributed
through the mass, but concentrates in larger masses, producing a spotted appearance.
On the southern slopes of the mountains, in the vicinity of the Brazos Creek, qnarrzite
becomes massive, and a canon of 800 feet in depth has b< en cut in the rock by this
river. This quartzite is joined toward the eastward by volcanic scoria and conglom-
erate, while just north of it rhyolite occurs. This rock is there of a uniform purplish
matrix, containing sparingly embedded crystals of sanidine and hornblende.
Descending farther to the southward we pass through the Carboniferous strata into
the extensive Eocrtue beds that have been so minutely examined by Professor Cope,
paleontologist of the expedition. Near Abiquiu, forty-seven miles south of Tierra Ara-
afilla, these beds present the same barren forms and grotesque architecture as the
analogous deposits of the ^^mauvaises terres" of Dakota.
The extreme southeastern portions of the San Juan range give rise to the El Rito
Creek and Caliente Cre -k, tributaries of the Cbama, the latter flowing into the Rio
Grande a little above Santa Clara. The Ojo Caliente Creek cuts its way through
quartzite and trachyte, then through gneiss and granite, and finally through basalt and
the Eocene beds. About fourteen miles above its jnnctioif with the Chama are the
famous hot springs described in Vol. Ill of the Survey Reports. The gray, fine-grained
gneiss tn which these springs take their rise, is intersected in a direction northeast to
southwest by a dike, from 3 to 8 feet wide, of granite, perhaps the coarsest ever observed ;
the reddish feldspar forms masses of 4 to 5 cubic feet, the quartz of from 1 to 6 cubic
feet, and the muscovite large plates several inches in thickness.
About three miles south of the hot springs is a basaltic mesa, 160 feet high, which
forces the river into a westerly course. A close examination of this mesa revealed the
fact that its interior is sandstone, while the basaltic sheet on the top and the vast masses
of basaltic bowlders covering the sides create the opinion on first sight that it is ex-
clusively volcanic. Doubtless this mesa represents a sandstone island that resisted
the erosive force under the protection of the basaltic cover, while the adjacent strata
formerly in existence have been carried away by the waters. Cases quite analogous
occur in the vicinity of Abiquiu. There the Carboniferous sandstone formed the shores
of the Tertiary sea, and represents a very fine-grained, hard rock, made up entirely
of particles of quartz cemented together by silicic a -id. Hydrochloric acid has not
the slightest action on this cementing material, showing that no carbonate of lime is
present.
In connection with this sandstone, it should be mentioned that the surfaces for a
considerable distance are covered with a black crust about -)\' of an inch thick, a
peculiarity not often met with. This black crust is soluble in hydrochloric acid with
disengagement of chlorine gas, and the solution thus formed gives all the specific
tests for manganese. The black crust is therefore black oxide of manganese, and is
probably the deposit of water that contained considerable quantities of carbonate of
101
maDganese in soIutioD, which latter was oxidized to peroxide wit^.the loss of the
carbonic acid.
The basalt of Abiqaiu forms transitions into dolerite, and contains .labradorite in
well-formed, comparatively large, crystals of a line blue iridescence and.jpartially lam-
ellar structure. Olivine occurs in large crystals. Basalt, however, also ojc^ra there of
such dense structure that no crystalline constituents are distinguishable .i^ith the
naked eye. One specimen of such basalt, of ink-black luster, was subjectecl tp analy-
sis, and the following result obtained : ' \- ;
••
Silicic acid -c'4S. 39
Magnetic oxide of iron .' "!&. 02 ^
Alumina 10.^*
Lime ; 9;97
Magnesia 9.78"'.-^
Potassa 2. Ol'^/
Soda 1.43^-\,'
Lithia trace '*-'
Protoxide of manganese trace ';
Oxide of nickel trace
Oxide of cobalt trace
Titanic acid trace
Phosphoric acid trace
Sulphuric acid trace
98.11
THE MOUNTAIN REGION OF ABIQUIU.
Under this head is comprised the extensive mountainous region between Abiquiu, in
the north, Jemez, in the south, andNacimiento, in the west — a region as unique in to-
pographical and geological respects as it is full of charming features and picturesque
grandeur. Before considering it in detail let us take a hasty bird's-eye view of the
geological structure of this section.
The chief mass consists of trachyte and rhyolite, of which immense quantities have
here been ejected from the interior of the earth, overflowing the Paleozoic strata which
rest upon the granites. Colossal canons have .been washed into the trachytes and the
underlying sandstones. In some instances, however, the erosion has been carried down
to the granites, as in the upper portions of the Canon Guadalupe. Strata of volcanic
tufa, of great thickness, have been formed— a proof that this mountain region was
partly submerged for some time after the volcanic forces had ceased. But Pluto was
not only active here during the Tertiary epoch; much earlier, in the Paleozoic times,
eruptive masses were thrown up. Red eruptive gneiss and granite appear in the Car-
boniferous strata ; the former fifteen miles north of Jemez, in the Canon de San Diego,
the latter, six miles west of this town on a mountain. It is oniy the most western
portions of this immense mountain region that is comparatively free from eruptive
rocks.
In the most northern and eastern portions we observe, along the base of the mount-
ain mass, basaltic protrusions from Abiquiu to the mouth of Bear Creek ; from there
to Ildefonso, and thence along the mountain base to Jemez. Near the mouth of Rio
del Oso, an insignificant tributary of the Chama rising at the foot of Abiquiu Peak,
the basalt contains white crystalline zeolitic masses, partially transformed by disinte-
gration into carbonate of lime. Carefully-selected cry stals,"not, covered with the in-
crustating carbonate of lime, were subjected to chemical examination. The air-dry
powder sustained a loss of 4.01 per cent, at 100° C, but on ignition 16.51 per cent,
more was lost. Hydrochloric acid produced a partial decomposition of the powdered
crystals. A complete decomposition, however, was effected by fusion with carbonate
of soda. Hydrofluoric acid also acts rapidly, and the solution obtained with it served
for the determination of the alkalies. The following shows the chemical composition
of this zeolite :
Silica 48.21
Alumina 19.75
Lime 10.43
Soda 0.98
Potassa 1.01
Water 20.58
Total 100.96
102
• ',
• r
• •
From zeoIit«a,iJi.e carbonate of lime met with in basalts may often be derived.
Cboniistry fojbi^s the assertion that carbonate of lime is an original constitaent of
certain ba8[\)td<;« still, the occurrence of carbonate of lime in tbe amygdaloid spaces of
basalts is (^iiil^* frequent in New Mexico.
As we ]^aVe,^e base of tbe mountains and ascend, basalt disappears, trachyte tak-
ing its niape, with rbyolite, pumice, and obsidian as accompaniments. Tbe pnmice
covers.a«g:r^at area some six miles west of Ildefonso, while tbe obsidian is met farther
np, fogri)^in*g large, massive rocks, and assuming qnite a porphyritic appearance by its
incl09e<l\radiatiug masses of zeolite, (spherulite.) Especially is this the case in the
nortj^efB portions of the Yalle Grande, a great mountain park near the Jemez Peak.
^The cteek that runs through that portion was called by our party Obsidian Creek ; it
f»cms one of the head branches of the Jemez Creek. In some cases the obsidian is
^ nearly colorless ; generally, however, it is of the usual black, glassy appearance. Peb-
.-•*ibl^s of obsidian are a conspicuous feature in some of the conglomerates and tufas in
^ \ / Jhe vicinity of Cerro Pedernal, where the Rio Polvadera and Ojo de Cuerpospin
^' >/*nnite to form the Rio de Canones, a tributary of the Chama. In this vicinity, as well
as farther south in the valley of the Obsidian Creek, are evidences of the glacial epoch,
prominent moraines extending far down into the valleys adjoining the peaks.
It is a remarkable feature of this plateau that almost every spring here has a higher
temperature than is usually the case in such altitudes. Several large springs, full
of trout, in the valley of Obsidian Creek have a temperature of 56° F., and this
appears to be the temperature throughout the year. It was the same in June,
1873, when we passed these springs, as in September, 1674 ; and in the morning, with
the air- temperature below the freezing-point, it was exactly the same as in the after-
noon, when the thermometer showed 66°, which is evidence that the supply of water
from beneath is so rapid that external changes of* temperature do not apparently affect
tbe temperature of the springs. Several miles west of this place, where th« Obsidian
Creek enters the caRon — the head of Canon de San Diego — are four springs with a
temperature of 84° F., the warm waters of which concentrate near by, forming
a sort of swamp, in which many of the lower order of animals have an existence
otherwise impossible in this cold region. Here a large neuropterous insect with red
wings deposits its eggs, the larv® growing up in the warm pool. Frogs, nowhere else
to be seen in these mou tains, abound here in great numbers. A plant, Ceratophyllum
demersuniy grows vigorously^ in this swamp.
Leaving this point and proceeding four miles down tbe canon, our attention is arrested
by a column of steam rising from among the pine trees on the blutfs. Ascending about
160 feet from the eastern margin of the stream, we meet with a large hot spring, called
by our guide Spring San Antonio, the temperature of which is 105° F. The water is
tasteless. Tbe only mineral constituent it appears to contain is carbonate of lime,
which forms thin crusts over the rocks with which the water comes in contact. Where
the stream of hot water reaches the creek its temperature is 88°, while that of the
water of the creek proper was 56°. (September 10. Air-temperature, 50° F.) After
the mingling of the waters the temperature was 59° Fi From these data it follows
that the volume of the stream of hot water is 9.7 per cent, of that of the creek. A
few miles below this locality the second head branch of the Jemez Creek comes in.
This branch has numerous side caiions, among them one of great interest from its
having a forest of columns resembling in fignre but excelling in grandeur those of the
Garden of the Gods, near Manitou, Colo. This locality we named Monument Canon.
These columns vary iu thickness from 1 to 8 feet and in height from 10 to 50 feet, and
are crowned with a large head of solid rock. The material of these columns is a con-
glomerate of trachytic pebbles and sand, washed from the adjacent declivities, whence
came the blocks also which form the heads of the columns. The explanation of the
formation of these columns is simple. Formerly the entire canon was filled with sand,
dSbris, and bowlders. The mass of sand beneath a large bowlder was, of course, sub-
jected to a higher pressure than the neighboring strata, and hence the particles were
better cemented than was the rest, and when afterward the erosive powers commenced
their work, the softer parts succumbed while the cylindrical masses, with their bowlders
as heads, resisted and remained.
Proceeding some fifteen miles farther south, in Canon de San Diego, we reach the in-
teresting Jemez hot springs, described in Vol. HI of the Survey Reports. Near these
springs the Carboniferous strata are well exposed, and Spirifer cameratas, Prodactus »/ri-
atus, and P. aemireticulatus are found in abundance. The red sandstoue overlying the
Carboniferous limestone contains here and there small deposits of copper-ore, cbal-
cocite and malachite, with impressions of Calamites, Two miles south of the Jemez
hot springs are the ruins of a smelting-furnaoe, but the scanty supply of copper-ore
in the sandstone of course did not justify mining and metallurgical operations.
From this point down to the junction of the two great canons (Canons de San Diego
and Guadalupe, both from 800 to 1,400 feet deep,) are exposed in the sandstone side-
walls a great number of trachytic dikes, all in a vertical position, while in a number
of places the sedimentary strata are much displaced and inclined.
103
Proceeding from the head of Canon de San Diego to the westward, we cross the
trachytic formation, and reach Rito Peiias Negraa, a tributary of the Gnadalnpe,
where the Carboniferous limestone is again seen. This rock contains, in this locality,
oxide of iron, and all the shells found in it are more or less covered with a red layer of
this Bubstauce. Going farther west, across ridges and valleys and through magnificent
ine forests, we gradually lose sight of the volcanic rocks; but before leaving them
we will take a glance at their lithological charact-er.
Near the headwaters of the Bear Creek, in the vicinity of Abtqniu Peak, the gray
feldspathio matrix of the trachytes is densely crowded with large needles of horn-
blende and crystals of sanidine, while, approaching the valley of the Eio Polvadera,
labradorite, with a beautiful blue iridescence, becomes a conspicuous constituent, sani-
dine almost disappearing, and hornblende diminishing gradually until it entirely van-
ishes in the rocks of the Canon de Santa Clara, south of Abiquiu Peak, the trachyte in
this vicinity being full of spherulite. To the south of this canon is a very siliceous
rhyolite, devoid of any crystalline constituents, but colored red in spots by oxide of
iron. Still farther south, near the valley of the Obsidian Creek, the trachyte becomes
exceedingly rich in sanidine crystals of small size, hornblende being almost entirely
absent. In more than one locality are unmistakable evidences of repeated trachytic
outbursts, whereby the once-formed tufas have been brought to fusion. Not far south
of Abiquiu I encountered a rhyolite with a reddish matrix, in which fragments of a
gray rhyolite are embedded. This rock I consider a tufaceons deposit, which was sub-
sequently subjected to an incomplete fusion by the heat of the neighboring trachytic
protrusions. All along the upper portions of Guadalupe River the granite and gneiss
hecome uncovered by the Carboniferous strata. The granite is of a dense structure,
and the feldspar of a reddish color. The mica is the black variety, or biotite, while
the quartz particles are of a subtranslncent character, as seen in certain jaspers and
milky opals. On one side of the Guadalupe Valley we noticed a singular land-slide,
which probably occurred quite recently : a tract of land of about 10,000 cubic feet had
moved to the bottom of the valley, a distance of 50 or 60 yards.
Leaving the Guadalupe we have to cross another range, the Nacimionto, before
reaching the Mexican village of Nacimiento. This range forms the northeastern
boundary-line of a wide sandy terrace and mesa country, which I have termed the
" Nacimiento Desert."
THE NACIMIENTO DESERT.
This barren waste comprises all the land between the Rio Puerco in the east to
Fort Defiance or Canon Bonito in the west, and from Mount Taylor in the south to
Nacimiento and Ojo San Jos^ in the north, covering more than five thousand square
miles, and having an average elevation of about 5,900 feet above sea-level. The vege-
tation is exceedingly poor, with the exception of a few localities that possess a higher
elevation than the average. One of those forest islands amid this sand-waste is formed
by a very high mesa north of Bacon Springs and northeast of Fort Wingate. The topo-
graphic features of this desert consist in a continuous system of mesas and valleys
hardly equaled anywhere on the globe. The trapezoidic forms of mesas, ranging in
height from 50 to 300 feet, stretch many miles in monotonous uniformity. In tbe east-
ern section are the Mesas de los Portales, de la Ventana, de los Torreones, and de la Piedra
Lumbre; in the northern the Mesas de los Lobos and del Raton ; in the southern. Mesas
de Joro, Pintada, and Rotonda; and in the western section Mesas Trastchi-Tchibito, and
Tistsitloe, (Navajo names.) Once upon the mesas it is difficult to find a place to
descend, and only by chance is a narrow trail found that leads to the valley ; in any
event the descent is a dangerous undertaking.
Some forty miles to the west of Nacimiento one of the larger mesas forms the divide
between the Atlantic and Pacific, here hardly marked by an elevation, while usually
high mountain ranges represent the dividing-line between these oceans. The Rio
Puerco of the east, and its tributary, the Rito Torreones, flow through the mesa system
to the eastward into the Rio Grande, while the Chaoo Creek, the head of which is
forty-two miles west of Nacimiento, forms a tributary of the Rio San Juan. These
once powerful streams are now scarcely more than dry arroyos. The question arises,
how was this extensive mesa system produced? Of course by erosion; but how was
the erosion brought about? Erosion can be active in the form of rain, rivers, subma-
rine currents ; • but none of these agents were at work here. The most probable theory
is in the wearing action of the tidal motions of the slowly-receding waves which began
when the retreating Cretaceous ocean had as its shores the same deposits that were
formed before at the bottom of its depths. This view is confirmed by the existence of
many very deep and at the same time very short ca&ons in these mesas representing
former bays of the receding Cretaceous ocean — canons whose character forbids the idea
that they are the result of erosion by supposed rivers. In a similar manner, according
to my belief, were the great mesas of the Moqui country in Eastern Arizona formed.
The chief formation throughout the Nacimiento Desert is the Cretaceous; the older
formations, like the Triassic and Carboniferous, being exposed in only a few localities
104
tbeTriassic nor t.Ii east nF Bncon Sprint^, and the Carboniferous near FortWingate, in a
natural, andisturbed positiou. But ia the Naciiuiento range it ia different, the Oar-
boaiferoua strata occnpying the very crest ot
tbe DiountainB several thonsand feet above tbe
Cretacvoiie formation, leaviujc no room to donbt
that tbiB raDge Is tlie product of an uplieavhig
which occurred toward tbe close of tbe Car-
buniftirniis epoch. A section of this region ia
prettented in Fig. 2.
The prvdonii eating rock of tbe CretacEwaa
mttaas of Nacimieu to Desert ia aandstone, while
limestone, of eucb freqoent occnrrence ia the
Ccetaceons deposits of the Arkansas Valley, ia
here remarkably rare. Slate, clays, and brown
coal form here and there subordinate strata of
tbe sanilstone. In tbe slate are found imprea-
aionn uf leaves aa well as an occasional Inoce-
raiHU^. Tbe brown coal contains a jellow
brittle resin, which on examination proved to
be new to science, and was described in vol.
Ill of tbe Survey Reports, under the name
" Wheelerito." Pibrons gypsnm of silky luster
accompanies the brown coal ; also limonite oc-
casionally.
Ill a unniber of mesas along the Rito Torre-
ones, tbe brown-coal strata have been destroyed
by fire, at least tlie exterior portion of the
seams, the ashes still being there. The overly-
ing clay strata were entirely metamorphosiMl
by tbe heat and turned into brick, having a
blood-red color, and giving out a ringing sound.
The nnderlying ferrnginona and calcareous
shales were turned into a vesicniar alng. I
observed a similar state of things iu analogous
- stiala iu the Moqni country.
° Iu regard to the succession of the strata, I
took quite a number of sections. At the Rio
Puerco the following order appeared :
Top light-colored sandstone 4
Slate clay 0.5
Bcown Baudst<iuo 0.75
Slate 0.30
Brown coal 2
Base slate 6.2
Ino
Top yellow sandHtono 20
Brown coal 0.5
Slate ,. .-- 4.T5
Brown sandstone 5
Gypsum deposits of coDsiderable thickness
occur eaat of tbe Riu Puerco in several places.
Between Ojo del Eupiritu Santo and the Rio
I'uerco tbe mesas show a dip of 20° to 25^^,
white the strata elsewhere abow no disturbance
or displacement from a horizontal position.
Ht'Te and there we meet with granite hilla in
the uortbeaatern portion of the Nacimiento
Desert, forming a striking contrast to the sur-
rounding mesas. Tiiese hills were fonoerly
cliffs in the Cretaceous ocean.
Proceeding from the Kito Torreonea toward
Mount Taylor, we pass a valley surrounded by
most picturesque sandstone forms, resembling
castles, towers, and monuments, all the result of
erosive agencies. A little farther south the vol-
105
canio activity has produced a change in the mesa scenery, the basaltic Cerro de Cabezon
resembling a gigantic sombrero^ and the Cerro de Alesna an imposing pyramid, forming a
striking contrast with the trapezoid mesas in the vicinity. Basaltic protrusions in the
Cretaceous formation of the Nacimiento Desert also occur farther west, toward Fort Defi-
ance. The sandstone of the mesas is chiefly calcareous, and occurs occasionally in plates
of 2 to 6 inches thick, separated from one another by a thin crust of carbonate of lime.
The sandstone plates were used by the former Indian inhabitants as building material
for houses and fortifications, of which a great number are found on the Canon de Chaco.
A specimen of this sandstone was treated with hydrochloric acid, by which a complete
convrrsion t>o the granules composing the rock was effected, the cementing material,
carbonate of lime, being dissolved. These granules consist chiefly of quartz, but feld-
spar, mica, and hornblende particles are readily discovered among them. The composi-
tion of the sandstone is as follows :
Granules - 59.25
Clay , 2.23
Soluble inC Carbonate of lime 34.70 '
hydrochlo-< Carbonate of magnesia - 2. 43
ric acid, f Oxide of iron 1.51
100.12
The amount of cementing material is here unusually large.
An interesting fact is the occurrence of fine blood-red garnets in the western por-
tions of the Nacimiento Oesert. Over large areas, some ten or fifteen miles east ot
Fort Defiance, we find these beautiful gems scattered in the loose sand. Their exterior
surfaces are much worn, indicating, apparently, transportation from a great distance.
Indeed, there is no rock in the neighborhood that might have originally contained
them ; but some fifty miles to the northward is a syenite, which contains large masses
of garnets ; there may, however, formerly have been garnetiferous syenite, or schists,
in existence much nearer than this. It is worthy of mention that among the pebbles
composing the ant-hills, it is usual to find the finest colors of garnets, which leads to
the suppositi(m that bright colors have a peculiar attraction for these ants. The find-
ing of garnets in this region gave the first impulse to the memorable diamond-excite-
ment of some years ago ; and although that gigantic swindle is a thing of the past,
these objects still bear the name " ruby-spinel." Their hardness is 7, and specific
gravity 3.75; while the average absolute weight is about one gram, and diameter ^ to
-^ of an inch. Ou being analyzed the following was shown to be their composition :
I. n.
Silicic acid c 45.80 41.35
Protoxide of manganese trace. 2. 59
Lime 6.43 5.29
Magnesia 16.60 15.00
Perotoxideof iron 10.96 9.94
Proxide of iron 2.00
Alumina 19.25 22.35
Chromic oxide' trace. 4.17
Total .-. 101.04 100.69
For comparison the composition is given under II of a pyrope-garnet from Bohemia,
analyzed by Moberg, whiqji shows that the blood-red garnets of Fort Defiance belong
to this variety. There are, in fact, quite a number of varieties of garnets which differ
widely in composition, but having a crystalline form closely agreeing with each other.
The noble garnet, or almandine, is an alumina-iron garnet ; the pyrope, an alumina-mag-
nesia garnet ; the grossularite, an alumina-lime garnet ; besides these there are chrome
garnets, lime chrome, lime-magnesia iron, and manganese-alumina garnets. They often
occnr of green, red, and violet color; also colorless and black.
Together with the blood-red garnets of Fort Defiance are found green transparent
granules worn off like the former, so that their crystal faces cannot be recognized. At
first I took them for green garnets ; subsequent examination, however, proved that I
was in error. Their specific gravity is 3.20; hardness, 6 ; and their chemical composi-
tion corresponds to that of the chrysolite, as follows :
I. n.
Silicic acid 43.02 43.44
Magnesia 48.15 49.31
Ferrous oxide 7.42 6.93
Alumina trace, trace.
Lime trace, trace.
Oxide of nickel 0.21 0.32
Oxide of cobalt trace, trace.
98.80 100.00
LL— 8
106
i I
I '
- S
_ - ©
QQ
For comparison the analysis of a chrysolite coming
nearest to the green garnet in composition, is given
in No. II. It was selected from a number of analyses
made of chrysolite from different localities, and men-
tioned in Dana's Descriptive Mineralogy. This chrys-
olite (No. II) came from Hecla, in Iceland, and was
analyzed by Dr. A. Genth. It is a remarkable fact that
all the chrysolites analyzed since Strohmeyer have been
8ho^^n to contain nickel and, most of them, also a trace
of cobalt. Chrysolite also forms, as is well known, a
constituent of certain meteoric stones and of basalts.
Genth maintains that chrysolite is the source from
which. talc, slate, and many of the serpentines have
been formed, and sustains this assertion by substantial
arguments. He says : '' In the change of chrysolite into
talc and serpentine a portion of the magnesia is elimi-
nated, which separates either as brueite, hydromag-
nesite, magnesite or dolomite, minerals which occur
more or less at the principal serpentine localities."
FROM MOUNT TAYLOR TO THB PLACER MOUNTAINS.
© C
ft?
Mount Taylor, next to Baldy, of the Santa ¥6 range —
the highest peak in New Mexico — represents an isolated
and ancient colossal volcano which towers above large
portions of the country and is visible for great distances.
It has given birth to volcanic floods of gigantic dimen-
sions, flooding the adjacent vallej^s, displacing rivers
from their beds, and tilling tbem with quite an unusu-
ally hot liquid. One stream of liquid basalt followed
the bed of the Rio San Jos^ for some distance but did
not fill it, so that the water of this river still runs in
its original course, having, however, now on one of its
sides a basaltic mass instead of a sandstone wall, as
represented in Fig. 3.
While the basalt occupies the lower portions of Mount
Taylor and is spread along its base, the top of the mount-
ain shows a different volcanic product, namely, trachyte.
It has a reddish-violet matrix, and contains large crys-
tals of sanidine. While this rock is here of great nni-
formiry, the basalt occurs in a number of varieties, con-
taining alternately olivine, leucite, and uepheline —
rarely zeolite, although this latter variety is not infre-
quently met with in New Mexico, among other places
at Cuchilla, on the Rio de Chama, and the canon of the
Santa ¥6 Creek, a mile below Cieueguilla. The classi-
fication used by Dr. E. Boviky for the basalts of Bohe-
mia may be applied also to those of New Mexico. He
distinguishes six- varieties: (l)magiua basalt; (2)neph-
eline basalt ; (3) leucit basalt ; (4) feldspar basalt ; (5)
tracby basalt ; and (6) tacily basalt. (American Jour-
nal of Science, 1873.)
It is a noticeable coincidence that in the San Juan
range, Abiquiu Mountains, and Mount Taylor the ba-
salt occupies the bases and lower terraces of the mount-
ains and ranges, while rhyolite and trachyte occupy
the higher portions and the tops of the peaks. There
can be only one explanation for this regularity, which
is, that basalt fuses at a lower temperature, has a less
viscous fluidity, and takes longer to solidify, and there-
fore flows ofi" in sheets, while the trachyte and rhyolite
solidify quickly whenever they are ejected, and conse-
quently compose the crest of the mountains. The more
silica a rock contains the more difficult is it to fuse it,
as a rule. But not only does the difference in the rela-
tive position of these volcanic rocks strike our atten-
tion, but also their very frequent association and co-oc-
currence. In New Mexico we find the basalts and
trachytes so intimately connected with each other that
the supposition is suggested that they came up through the same fissures of the earth's
crust, and perhaps in some cases were thrown up together. This possibility is easy of com-
I ii
CO
t
107
preheDsion, if we coDsider that the liqoid interior of the earth is most probably composed
of concentric layers of different materials placed in the order of their specific gravities.
Beneath the granite we find the molten trachytes, and beneath these the basalts, the
latter forming the ferruginous slags of the iron center of the earth. The existence of
the latter can be inferred not only from the calculated specific gravity for the interior
of the earth, (dj but also from the earth's magnetism. This iron is, in all probability,
identical with the meteoric iron ; i. 6., it contains nickel and cobalt, judging from the
presence of these elements in basalts, which I have demonstrated in a former report.
(Vol. III. Survey Reports.)
Taking the trail from San Mateo, a Mexican village on the northern foot of Mount
Taylor, to Laguna, situated southeast of this mountain, we find ourselves, on emerging
from the forest, upon a high, perpendicular bluff, where a grand panorama meets the
view. Before us is a wide, level country, bordered in the east by the Sierra Zandia,
and in the south by the Ladrone, Madalena range, and Sierra Mimbres. The sheet of
hasalt on which we stand is fully 30 feet thick, and rests upon a sandstone stratum ex-
posed to a height of 700 feet.
Leaving Chaporero. a small Mexican settlement on the base of this bluff, we descend,
a short way off, another -bluff, or wall, of sandstone, 300 feet in height, and reach
Povate, an Indian town. A few miles south we pass another terrace, 200 feet in height,
and soon afterward one ^t Laguna. Sixteen miles south of west from this Pueblo is
another Indian village, Acoma, on a sandstone mesa 200 feet high. No basalt is seen
in this vicinity, but it covers large areas to the north and northwest. The country
between Laguna and Acoma is a barren, sandy waste, upon which huge masses of sand-
stone and mesas rest, and which is partially covered by junlpet woods.
The sedimentary strata at Laguna are all of Cretaceous age. The lower strata con-
sist of red sandstones and marls, the upper of yellow calcareous sandstones with seams
of shale. Taking from Sheep Spring, five miles east of Laguna, a straight northeast-
erly course we reach San Ignacio, on the banks of the Rio Puerco, after a journey of
thirty miles. This stretch is covered the entire way by the deposits of the Cretaceous
period, sandstone being the predominating mass, followed by marls and clays, then
gypsum and brown coal. Pebbles of flint and jasper occur in great numbers, but
fossils are unusually rare. Here and there are ammonites or an Inoceramua. Here
is the southern continuation of the great mesa system of the Nacimiento desert.
Some eight miles above the town of San Ignacio the Rio Puerco emerges from a canon,
but near this town the valley is very broad and evidently is the result solely of ero-
sion. The Cretaceous formation does not cease here, but extends without interruption
eastward to the Rio Grande and Jemez Creek. The mesas, however, disappear gradually,
their places being taken by an undulating country covered thickly with loose, heavy
sand.
At Santa Ana, an Indian town on the Jemez Creek, we again encounter the basalt,
which here also covers immense tracts of land on both sides of the Rio Grande. It ex-
tends westward from Santa Ana, northward as far as Jemez and on the east side of the
Rio Grande from La Bajada to San Ildefonso. This immense sheet of basalt is bordered
on the east side by the CerilloSf a chain of hills principally of volcanic origin, where we
again find basalt and trachyte associated. These hills are some seventeen miles south-
west of Santa F^, and not only has silver been discovered in them in several places,
but also a rare gem — turquoise. One of these hills, not far firom-the bed of the Galis-
teo, and consisting of a light purplish trachyte with small crystals of sanidine and
hornblende, is traversed by numerous seams of green and blue turquoise from -1^ to J of
an inch thick. The fine sky, blue color, however, is rarely found with these turquoises,
and all the larger seams exhibit a dirty green coloration. How this gem was deposited in
the fissures of the trachyte is a mystery. It certainly was not an original constituent
of this rock, as may be inferred from its containing water of hydration. In the few
other localities where turquoise was found it occ urs in clay-slate or quartzoze schist,
and forms also narrow seams. The finest turquoise is found in Persia in the neighbor-
hood of Nichabaur ; other localities where it occurs are in Arabia, Asia Minor, and
Silesia.
As thus far turquoise had been but rarely investigated, I deemed it of interest to deter->
mine the* com position of that of the Los Cerillos. The fact was thus revealed that it
contained over 12 per cent, of silicic acid, a substance not found before in this gem,
and as I was very careful in the separation of the seams of turquoise from the trachyte,
this cannot be attributed to an admixture of tra<}hyte particles. In the following
table is given the analytical result (I) ; also (under II) the composition of Persian
turquoise, as ascertained by Church :
108
I.
Phosphoric acid 29. 57
Alnmina 29.17
Water 1H.85
Oxide of copper 4. 04
Protoxide of iron 4. 35
Lime .^. 1.61
Silicic acid * 12.57
Protoxide of manganese •.
XL
32.86
40.19
19.34
5.27
2.21
* 'o.*36
100. 16 100. 23
Large excavations in the tarqaoise-bearing hill of Los Cerillos tend to testify
that this gem was eagerly sought after years ago. The Spaniards, on entering Mexico^
found ornamental jewelry made from this g^m in many Indian towns. For a long
time, however, it was a mystery to them in which locality this gem, called by the
Mexicans, to this day, " chalchihuitl/^ was fonnd ; said locality is the Cerillos. As an
instance of the spread of this gem by the Indians, it may be mentioned that Mr. Lock-
wood, of this survey, found a small, perforated, polished plate of it amid broken pot-
tery, on a peak, 11,000 feet in height, of the Sierra Blanca, in Arizona.
From Los Cerillos we proceeded toward the neighboring Placer Mountains, encoun-
tering in the numerous caQons seams of coal, corresponding, in chemical composition,
to anthracite; to this attention is called in vol. HI of the Survey Reports. Farther
up along the base of the Placer Mountains, carboniferous linjestone is men with
skirting the foot of the masses of Azoic rocks which compose the Placer Mount-
ains. The Zandia Mountains bordering these in the southwest represent quite analo-
p^ous features. With regard to mines it may be stated that, while the fortuer contain
important gold-mines, the latter have good copper-ore. Between the Placer Mountains
and Santa F6 we cross several valleys of erosion, in which the Triassic beds with their
characteristic fossil-wood are well exposed. At Santa F6, however, near the base of
the mountains, is again found the Carboniferous limestone.
With regard to the Rio Grande Valley, may be mentioned the existence of Tertiary
fresh-water deposits near Algodones ; also, numerous exposures of brown coal, espe-
cially farther south. There is one 3 feet thick near Dona Ana and Mesilla, another at
Robledo, near La Joya, north of Fort Craig, aud one at San F61ipe. Other coal-beds
exist in the range Madalena, in Tijeras Caiion, five miles east of Algodones, west of
Las Lunas, in the valley of the Rio Puerco, four miles above Anton Chico, and in the
valley of the Rabbit-ear Creek.
A fact of some interest is, that almost all the tributaries of the Rio Grande carry
turbid waters, which become exceedingly muddy after rains. The quantity of material
transported by this stream down to the gulf is immense. Chama, Jemez, and Puerco
rivers deserve special mention. Thus are agencies here energetically at work to de-
stroy the older formations and build up new ones at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
THE MOUNTAINS BETWEEN SANTA P£ AND LAS VEGAS.
That portion of the Rocky Mountain range which separates the citfes of Santa F6
and Las Vegas extends but little farther south, and terminates near the valley of the
Galisteo. Once more this mighty range rises to gigantic proportions before dying out
in the plain. Unlike other portions of this range, and unlike most other mountain
systems in New Mexico, this mighty elevation between Santa F6 and Las Vegas is^ee
from more recent eruptive rocks; basalt, trachyte, and rhyolite being absent. Never-
theless, these mountains were not in a state of repose in older epochs, as shown by the
upheaved sedimentary ridges along the western and southern base, and the red granite
thrown up during the Carboniferous epoch. Taking a bird^s-eye view of this region,
we see the old Azoic rocks occupying the larger part of this area. Of sedimentary rocks,
none more recent than the Carboniferous are visible, and these are principally in the
valleys of the streams; bnt, proceeding into lower regions toward the base of the
mountains, we come gradually to the Triassic and Cretaceous (probably, also, Jurassic)
strata.
The whole mountain mass between Santa F6 and I^as Vegas is divided into two
branches, or arms, by the Pecos River, the western forming the Santa F6 range, the
eastern the Gallinas Mountains, the Gallinas Creek here taking its rise. Both these
branches form a series of steep ridges, elongated spurs, rocky slopes, and deeply exca-
vated valleys. The most prominent peak of the western range is Baldy Peak, with an
average elevation of 12,400 feet above sea-level, whose summit is often covered with
snow in midsummer. A great number of streams take their rise in these mountains, the
Santa Clara, (or Rio de Canada,) Pojoaque, Tesuque, and Santa F6 Creek flowing to the
west and 8onthw**st, the Pecos and its tributaries, Macho, Vaca, and Tecolote toward
the south, and the Gallinas toward the east, at least until it leaves the foot-hills of
the mountains. The mountains are partially well-timbered, partially covered with
fallen timber, and partially barren.
109
Local geology. — Proceeding irom tbe Rio Grande at Santa Clara toward Baldy Peak,
we first cross the soft Tertiary beds, sands, clays, and marls, forming a nearly perfectly
barren stretch, especially between Pajoaque and San Jnan, and yielding mnch to ero-
sive influences, whereby many narrow gnlleys, and here and there peculiar architect-
ural forms, are produced. In thuso beds, near Ildefonso, I made some excavations in
1873, while on the way to Fort Defiance nnder your expedition, (division 2,) and
brought to light fossir bones of a mastodon, only one of them perfect, however ;
others were broken and yielded bat fragments. Unfortunately I had but one day
for this work, bat in 1874 Professor Cope made more extensive excavations while
attached to this expedition. He succeeded in discovering many precious treasures in
the line of Tertiary fauna. Only one spot appeared to promise resnlts. I searched in
vain all the way from Pojoaque to San Juan in the fall of 1874, when passing again
through, this region. Leaving these beds, and proceeding ea«twardly toward the
mountains, we crossed, before reaching their base, a bed of rounded pebbles and detri-
tus of the Azoic rocks of the mountains. About five miles above the Indian town
Namb^, theRito Pojoaque emerges from a deep, narrow valley in which the Carbonifer-
ous strata are exposed, but tor only a comparatively short distance, the Azoic rocks,
principally granite, predominating here as well as in the canon of the neighboring Rio
Tesuque and Santa ¥6 Creek.
The Rito Tesuque is formed by three head-streams that unite far np in the mount-
ains, about fifteen miles above the Indian town Tesuque. These head-streams are all
hemmed in by narrow, well-timbered valleys, that turn, with larger or smaller inter-
ruptions, into cafions. One and a half miles below the junction of the first two of
these streams, which occurs in a charming little monntain valley, the Vallecito, comes
in the third branch from a narrow gorge m the granite rocks, and about two miles be-
low this junction two other side ca&ons come in, but at the present day no water flows
in them. The granite ih the northern of these side cafions is of a very coarse texture
and has the white mica (ninscovite) as a constituent. In the numerous fissures of this
rock is a coating of shining oxide of iron, producing an appearance seldom seen. It
may have been deposited by the waters of a former iron spring. It is a fact that some
prospectors in Santa F^ took this red substance for cinnabar, and the silvery-looking
particles of muscovite for mercury. Several miles farther down the river is the Car-
boniferous limestone with an abundance of Productua and Spirifer. These beds rest
directly and conformably on the Azoic rocks. Between the Rito Tesuque and the
Santa F6 Creek is a series of high and steep ridges composed chiefly of granite.
Where the Santa F^ Creek emerges from the foot-hills of the mountains stands
the city of Santa ¥6. The chief rocks north of this locality are the Azoic — gneiss
and granite — while Carboniferous limestone is found in some of the neighboring canons,
and toward the south more recent formations up to the Cretaceous. Along the road
from Santa F^ to Li^a Vegas is passed, first, gneiss, then a conglomerate, and afterward
Carboniferous and Triassic beds near the Pecos River, next upturned sedimentary
rocks for a long distance until we reach the level beds of the Cretaceous at Las Yegas^
This road, however, describes large curves. The direct trail is much shorter, but leads
across so many steep slopes that vehicles cannot make use of it. This trail leads up
the Santa ¥6 Creek about ten miles, ascends a steep, barren declivity, some 2,000 feet
in height, and crosses another deep valley before it reaches the Macho Creek, a tribu-
tary of the Pecos ; thence it leads np the Pecos some distance and over aubther steep
declivity to the valley of the Vaca Creek and to the headwaters of the Gallinas Creek.
In the valley of the Santa F^ Creek the gneiss is accompanied by primitive clay-slate
and syenite. Veins of fine-grained gray gneiss occur in a coarse aplite or granulite,
also intersected by syenite seams. These singular features are nicely exposed in the
rocks bordering the river some five miles above Santa V6. Farther np, some curiously-
shaped huge rocks are seen projecting from the sides of the cafion ; one of these is
called " Bear rock," from its shape, resembling that of a bear.
In the caiion of the Macho Creek we again meet the Carboniferous limestone, which
is in sight until we reach the junction with the Pecos, and from there to the top of the
next ridge, on the eastern side of the Pecos Valley. Here the lithological character
of the underlying granite is quite difierent from that west of the Macho Creek. It
forms a fine-grained mixture of white feldspar and quartz, in w^hich little spot-like
aggregations of biotite are segregated. In the valley of the Vaca Creek, immediately
east of that ridge, talcose schist and syenite are exposed, upon which the Carboniferous
strata rest. Taking thence a northeasterly course to the headwaters of the Gallinas
and Tecolote, we have to ascend another high, steep ridge, whose summit is fully
11,000 feet, and whose very top is covered with Carboniferous limestone. This fact,
contrasted with the entire absence of such strata on the ridges and higher portions of the
range west-of the Pecos, appears to indicate that it was lifted after the deposition of
these strata from the sea to this great height, while the Santa F^ range was in existence
long before. This lifting to the present height, however, was not accomplished by one
efibrt. Another exertion was made during the Cretaceous, as the belt of upturned
Triassic and Cretaceous strata along the southeastern foot-hills of the range seems to
testify, while no upturned ridges are observed on the western side of the Santa ¥6 range.
110
Looking from the Gallinas MonDtalns to tbe east-
ward aaingnlar view meets the eye. The mono tains
do nut tftper off gradually toward the plain, bat,
where the spurs have fallen off to about one-third
tba mnuutain's height, a high ridge, steep in the ex-
treme, but of abort oitent, cutting the Spim of tbe
Qallinaa Mouotaius at right aogltiB and forming a
Bjstem of its own, atatida promineotly forth. The
Oallinaa Hiver has cut a atupendoua cation through
these motiaeB, which is neariy 2,500 feet di^ep. While
BvrDile composea the principal mass of the Qaliinas
HouDtaina, this Btrange elevation consiste of fine-
grained granite containing red and white feldspar
and quartz, but relatively tittle biotite. This rock
also eibibita transitions into gneiss and granulite.
There can be but little doubt as regards tbe eruptive
' character of this granite. The nearlj' perpendicular
faces of this huge granite mass constitute it a laud-
mark prominently visible far out on the plain. From
tbe north aide the portion lying north of Oallinaa
Creek, called the Tecolote rock, may heeaaily cllmbod.
Leaviug tbe Cafion of thcGalliuas. we enter a mod-
erately wide valley, aud, folio win|^ It, after a journey
4 of eight mitea, reach the hot springs of Lati Vegas.
e two mites above tbia place, huwevor, tbe ri'
1 ■ passes another narrow caliou ahont a mile long.
= At
J the hot springs we again encounter tbe Carbonifer-
'^ I ouB, characterized here br tbe shells PTOdactan and
n a Spirifer. Le Con te, usual ly a good observer, has over-
c £ looked their eiistence when esHOtining these regions
^ as geologist of the Pacific Railroad survey. He ro-
"■^ marks, " No Paleozoic roclta are aoeii between tbe
^S dark-ted sandstones and tba gueisaoid rock, tbe Car-
a.^ boviferoia limeitane being htre absent," I observed
S.S the Carboniferous limestone roatiug directly on the
I >.S red gneiss, from whose fissures hot waters issue.
r ^ <lf Tbe rock is sumewhal metamorphosed in contact
' "^^ with the gneiss, which latter is undonbtedly etupt-
J^ ive. as indicated bf the bends aud displaceuieot of
u^ tbe limestone. The space left by the partially im-
IS perfect contact of the lioiestono with the eneias is
° I tilled with a (bio stratum of clay, from which efflor-
e& esceni^es of alum develop. This is due to the par-
k's colating mineral- water, wbicb contains, beeides anl-
^ ° pbate, cartjonate, aud chloride of sodium, a trace of
ga snlpbureted hydrogen— a trace so small, however,
I S ^ that it is hardly perceptible by the odor ; still, it
I S gives rise to tba formation of sniphuric acid by
I £ undergoing oxidation, and, as the ueit consequence,
•' tbe formation of alum and gypsum when tbia acid
I -3 comes in contact with clay or limestone.
i Passing from the hot springe eastwardly along the
a river there is a fine exhibition of tbe sedimentary
Z strata, all. Dearly, in a vertical position, extending
' f ahont half a mile, and termlnatiog npon entering
3 the plains three miles north of Las Vegas. Tbe Car-
's, boniferous limestone is followed by alteruate layers
° of Blat« and shale, then (3) gray sandstone, (4) red,
5 fine-grained sandstone, (5) limestone, (6) gray saod-
" atone several hundred feet thick and wiilely project-
fing, and thus turning tbe river at right angles for
^ some 50 feet; tbia mck shows beside tlie normal
'~ stratification a second and false one ; (7) elate, (8)
J aundatone, (9) shales, (10) aaiidstoDe.
9 Eastof No. lOall tbestratahaveahorizontal posi-
^ ^ tioD,and are of CretaceoiiB age, tbe predominating
^ J, fossil being Jnocemmiu problaoaiicia. Tbe scarcity
^ of tbe other fossils is in strange coutraal with tbe
' C abundance of this speciea. Should there be a certain
connection between tbe nature of tbe limestone and the specific kind uf shells contained
in it F This limestone is an argillaceons one.
Ill
In the viciDity of Las Vegas a uamber of channels have been worn into the Creta-
ceous strata by tributaries of theGallinas, and thus the succession of strata can be well
stadied. Limestone predominates ; then follow slate, sandstone, clay, and lignite.
Of rare occurrence, not only here but also in the Cretaceous beds of America gener-.
ally, is chalk — a mineral whose existence in this country was entirely unknown until
guite recently. The bed of chalk three miles no;rthea8t of Las Vegas, in the vicinity of
reen's ranch, is 2 feet thick. The material is very soft, of great whiteness, and is
nsed by the Mexicans for whitewashing. It can be used directly for writing, like the
English chalk. On treatment with hydrochloric acid but little remains insoluble, and
this consists of clay. The solution obtained contains, besides lime, small quantities of
alumina and magnesia. Although in general physical properties and in chemical com-
position this chalk cannot be distinguished from the English chalk, the miscroscope
reveals a great difference. While the latter is largely made up of the microscopic
shells of rhyzopods, no trace of organized forms can be discovered in the Las Vegas
chalk. It is, therefore, an open question how this chalk was formed.
About a mile east of Green's ranch I noticed a siuguhar phenomenon. The limestone
here occurs in rhombic prisms, fitting on each other with regularity and exhibiting a
most peculiar-jointed structure, resembling more an artificially paved road than a nat-
ural occurrence. I do not myself entertain the belief that this natural regularity is
due to a tendency to crystallization, any more than is the formation of six-sided col-
umns of basalt. The primitive blocks have a thickness of balf a foot on an average,
and can be used directly for building purposes like bricks.
The Las Vegas limestone frequently contains particles of iron pyrites, and in places
is v«ry ?)ituminous, exhaling a strong odor of coal-oil, and leaving, on treatment with
hydrochloric acid, a black residue consisting of a tiiixrure of carbon particles and clay.
Dolomitic limestone appears to be absent, and while crystalline structure is rather the
exception, the rock has generally a slaty color and grain. It contains from 10 to 30
per cent, of clay, and thus forms hydraulic limestone. Half a mile east of Green's
ranch is a stratum of excellent cement, as will.be seen from the analysis of a sample:
Carbonate of lime 69. 98
Carbonate of magnesia .* , Trace.
Clay , ., 28.09
Moisture with trace of bitumen 1. 22
99. 29
In the best cements the amount of clay is, on an average, 28 to 34 per cent., and I
believe there are few localities where this proportion is encountered; hence, this
cement may be of great value, at some future time, as an article of exportation. The
cement of the commerce of the present is generally an artificial mixture, which, of
course, cannot be as cheap as the natural product. Gypsnm and alum occur some tei^
miled southeast of Las Vegas, but I did not have an opportunity to visit the locality.
Although not properly belonging to this chapter, I may here give the analysis of a
green feldspar which occurs in some parts of the Rocky Mountains, and especially in
the valley of Bear Creek, .near Pike's Peak, where it is found in large well-formed crys-
tals. Green feldspar is of verj' rare occurrence, not more than three or four localities
where it exists being known. It was a question ot interest to myself to what the
green coloration is due. I had suspected the pr^s nee of copper, but tho investigation
showed that the color is due solely to the presence of a small, amount of the protoxide
of iron. In the following table the result of the analysis is given, (I,) and for com-
parison the composition of a green feldspar from Bodenmais, Bavaria, (II:)
I. II.
Silicic acid 67.01 63.12
Alumina 19.94 19.78
Protoxide of iron 0.89 1.51
Soda 3.15 2.11
Potassa 8.84 12.57
Lime Trace. 0. 66
Magnesia Trace. 0.13
99. 83 99. 88
The crystals of the green feldspar from Bear Creek are frequently over an inch in
thickness, and contain minute cracks and fissures partially filled with hydratod oxide
of iron, showing a partial alteration of the mineral.
•
CLIMATOLOGICAL NOTES.
During our stay in the extensive mountain region between Abiquin, Nacimiento,
and Jemez, in Northern New Mexico, I made hourly observations of the barometer and
112
psychrometer daring five days. The sky was coutinuously clear daring this period ;
wind weak, and chiefly from the west-southwest. The observations of the five days
(September 4, 5, 7, 11, and 12) agreed so nearly with each other that I felt justified
in taking these as the normal conditions for the season in this altitude. While I
made observations in camp in the valleys, Mr. Hance observed on different occasions ou
the peaks near by. Usually, in meteorological reports, the relative humidity alone is
calculated, the absolute being omitted, which, however, ought to be taken into consid-
eration when comparisons of different climates are made. Both are given in the table
which follows. The absolute, low as the figure appears, would in some of the observa-
tons have to be expressed by half this quantity but for Regnault's correction for alti-
tude.
Place.
Valley near Jemez Peak. .
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do w.
Do
Do
Top of Jemez Peak
Do
Do
Do
Day.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
^pt.
10
Sept.
10
Sept.
10
Sept.
10.
Sept
10
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Sept.
10.
Time.
Sanrise
8 a. m.
9 a. m.
10 a. m.
11 a. m.
m...
p. m.
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
« P
Sanrise
12 ra...
6 p.m.
9 p.m.
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
I
8
9
10
m. .
m
m..
m..
m.
m.
m.
m..
m.
Thermometer.
Dry.
24
35
48
57
61
64.5
66.
66.
68
68.2
67
65
51
41.5
38
33.5
39
58.7
51.7
45
F.
Wet.
24 I
32
42.5
43.8
45.5
46.0
46.5
46.5
48
48.5
48
47.5
44
39
37
33.5
31.1
40.4
39.7
36.5
Barometer.
21. 960
22.016
22.024
22.030
22.032
22.028
22.018
22.008
22.000
21.982
21. 980
21. 974
21. 948
21. 946
21. 946
21. 944
19. 910
19.973
19. 972
19.956
Humidity.
Absolnte.
Kelatlve.
3.6
100
4.3
71
5.9
66
4.4
36
4.2
30
3.6
24
3.5
22
3.5
22
4.0
23
4.2
24
4.2
25
4.4
28
5.8
58
a, 9
60
5.9
88
5.5
100
2.8
41
2.4
19
3.9
38
3.8
45
Glancing at the relations of temperature, we find for the air of the valley a differ'
ence in one day of 44.2 between the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, the
former being reached at 4 p. m., and not at 2 or 3 p. m., as is the case in lower altitudes.
While in the valley the minimum was 24^, on the mountains it was 15^ higher; but
while in the former the thermometer at noon indicated as high as 64^.5 F., in the latter
it did not indicate more than 58.7'^ F.
I have often observed in New Mexico that during the night the temperature of a
valley sinks below that of the neighboring height. On first thought this might ap-
pear paradoxical and at variance with what we would naturally think, since we would
expect that a convex surface, like a mountain, would lose more heat by radiation
than one that is concave, like a valley. One might object that the air, having cooled
ofi* on the mountain-side, rolls off into the valley and is continuously replaced by an-
other stratum of air not yet cooled to so great an extent ; but a glance at the respect-
ive conditions of absolute humidity in the mountain and valley airs does not, appar-
ently, confirm this view, since it increases more rapidly in the former than in the lat-
ter. There must, then, exist currents of a somewhat different nature. Pictet has
found that at night the air at a certain height above the ground is warmer than the
stratum in direct contact with it. We are, however, left in the dark as to the thickness
of this warmer stratum, and as to whether in a mountainous country its existence is
not questionable, on account of various currents produced by the unevenness of the
country.
In regard to the barometer, we find a minimum immediately before sunrise and a
maximum at 11 a. m. Further, a greater difference in oscillation, as should be expected
in such an altitude, which is undoubtedly due to the great contrasts in temperature.
In regard to the absolute humidity, we find a considerable diminution in the mount-
ain-air when compared with the air of the valley. While in the latter it amounted to
4.5 grams per cubic meter, in the former it was only 3.2. We find also the difference
between the maximum and minimum of humidity much greater in the latter than in
the former. Further, we find for the valley-air two maxima in absolute humidity, viz,
at 9 a. m. and 9 p. m., and in apposition two minima, viz, at 2 p. m. and immediately
before sunrise. The dew point was reached every night in these mountains. The moment
of the deposition of the dew can be nicely observed by the use of an Indiarrubber
cloth spread ou the ground, the slightest film thi^s becoming visible when no trace of
113
the beginning of the dew-formation has as yet become apparent on any other object —
a fact due to thn lesser porosity and non-hygroscopical qaalities, linen, grass, &c.,
absorbing the aqneons vapor when in commencement of condensation. In tbis way I
frequently compared the actual dew-point with the calculated one, and found in many
instances a difference of several degrees, dew making its appearance and being visible
sooner on the rubber-blanket than can be calculated from the psychrometer-observa-
tions. This, however, should not surprise us, if we take into consideration the fact
that poor conductors of heat, like rubber, cool off more quickly tban the air when left
to radiation, and that they have reached the calculated dew-point when the air is yet
from 3° to 4° warmer. To what extent the more or less sinking of the nightly tem-
perature depends in these mountains on the absolute humidity of the air may be
evident from the following observation : On the afternoon of the 13th of September,
a heavy thunder-storm occurred, but toward evening the clouds dispersed. The absolute
humidity late in the evening was 8.1 gram per cubic meter, and the next morning the
temperature was 45°. On this latter day (September 14) the air rapidly gained its
average normal dryness, and the absolute humidity in the evening was 4.0 ; therefore
the fall of temperature was exceedingly rapid during the night, the thermometer
standing the following morning at 23° F.
It appeared to me interesting to compare the dryness of the air of New Mexico with
that of other countries and climates. In this comparison I found that in a number of
instances, in my own observations, the absolu te humidity was lower than any observed
in hot and temperate zones. Some of my own observations are given in the annexed
table, alongside of those of Hnmboldt, D^Ahaddie, and Rohlfs, made in the Asiatic and
African deserts. The relative humidity, it is true, is in a number of cases in the air of the
desert of Sahara still lower — even as low as 6 in one instance ; but this is explained
by the fact that the temperature of the air was in such cases as high as 122° F., (50°
C. ;) but absolute humidity has never been found as low as in the air of New Mexico.
[i
I
I
I
Hi
iii
15 I!
Xum
ttt6666
iiii
mi uMii
IN I
ill Ml
His Hi ; ilJ
i ; ; iii::
i Hi
115
TEMPERATURE OF RIVBRS AND CREEKS.
This is a subject to which heretofore bat little attention has been paid, although it
has not only scientific interest, bnt also practical importance in connection with fish-
life. The temperature of the streams is by no means changing as rapidly as that of the
air; bnt the variations remain between respectively small limits — the more so with
the larger bodies of water. (See temperature of the Rio Grande in the table.) The
temperature of the water rises and falls but slowly — a fact due to the great capacity
of water for heat. Fish-life naturally depends much upon the range of temperature
of the water, different species requiring different temperatures. In 1874 I paid special
attention to this subject, comparing the relation of temperature with the volume of
the stream and the fish-life in it. The results of my observations are given in the
annexed table. In this we find the Rio Grande has a remarkable uniformity of tem-
perature, although the observations extended over a period of three months and were
made at places a hundred miles distant from each other.
The temperature of the springs encountered at different altitudes was also taken,
and is as follows :
Looality of spring.
Wet Monntaina
Kosita
Greenhorn Monntaina
San Juan ranee
Cafion Canjeion
Valle G ranae
Jemez Monntaina, 1
Jemez Monntaina, 2
Jemez Monntaina,.!
Jemez Monntaina, 4
Jemez Monntaina, 5
Qjodel Alto, (Meaa deloa Loboa)
Willow Springs
Spring temperature.
42°
48
52
46.5
55
56.5
63
67
82
84.5
105
49
51.5
Fah.
I
Air temperature.
24 and at
58©
60
63
60
62
66
Fah.
Taken at annset
and sunrise.
44
61
Altitude.
9,400
9,000
6,000
9,300
6,100
Average altitude
of 9,000 feet.
6,900
6,400
From the above table it will be seen that the temperature of all the springs of the
Jemez Mountains and Valle Grande is above the average of that of the springs of such
an altitude.
116
BD
eS
a
•- o
a
c
I
>
9
C
O
ee
a
M
a
oi
a
so
a
o
:S
>
o
o
a
d
1^
IS
a
P
o
IS
O
a
o
&
o
p
GO
o
h (0
9 O
O
c
ce
c
s
9
.a
S
I
9
.0
<*»
§
9
a
00
O
9
O
•g
,0'O
■»* O
4,9
Co
•s
9 ^
O
* g
g'«
O
a
M OB
«©
bcao
.S^
0®
"^ J' 13
fe o ^
t0 ®
O ^
gg
H
.0^ •
ert O
S O
o
I
a
•«4
0> Q O CO 49
t"* ton ^ r-^©'* 00 01 S <o^«o^ iftt* ■^«
(4
CB
« r- "^ -« e5-oi
(O to «0 !<• <0 «0
^ '"i' — I
kA
^ ss s§
SmSo
*nop«AJ98
-qo jo oaiix
flo 't^ S ^ 3
•C $'C S'C
0^0
O ^O
OS CO (/}<<• CO
§0 -•
0-0 O
coccQOe^aoos
: «
<VGO
0(93
s
CG
s-Sa-c
^C0 0«<%>
a
* o • ©
©•«4 S ••H
flO t4 b
^3
cc:»o(<%>
•Sa -cS
0^00
ft O
OOOt GQCQ
©
sssss
Oa CO (O K-i <H
co'ufioirtiflr
S
m coco t<«r-
O)
lO -» i-< 01
QOOOQOQO t^
o>a»
so
o
'S
©
^4i
♦2 ©
•0.©
sss;
m
kA
etoietoi 00 m
oooo r-
01 e«
©**
^co« woo «
^•^^ •♦*^fli 'T^
©
el
P
o) oieoi-)oi
g=ft^«^
^ © © Si?
0-
CO t^
0(C«
0<P4
Q ©
CGQD
CO !<•
0«O«
« ©
*5
©
CO
<td -iJ 4A -ta
04 0. Qi 0«
© © © ©
©
©
OQ
©
.CO
O
bebo tube
©
>
©
I
o
©
'0
o
eB
a
CS
,0
o
©
o
P4
2
©
>
o
o
P4
2
©
a
o
o
'''i
P4
O
O
S
©
o
o
6^
©
§
©
,0
O
rR ©
o © «-K
© t- «
«^O0
S «="§
« ss
•c "^ t-i
OO
S
pq
©
^ Cm
O
:a s
9
117
Appendix H 1.
preliminary botanical report, with remarks upon the general topography
of the region traversed in new mexico and arizona j its climatology, for-
age-plants, timber, irrigation, sanitary conditions, ac*. by dr. j. t. roth-
rock, acting assistant surgeon, united states army.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
WEST OF the one HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN,
WashingUmj D, C, June 30, 1875.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit the following preliminary report npon the work *
intrasted to me during the field season of 1874.
The enumeration of the plants, with critical notes, and with descriptions of the new
species, is reserved for the final report, which is to consolidate into one volame the
entire collection from 1871 to 1875 inclusive. I am induced to do so, with your per-
mission, because the interval between the field seasons of 1874 and 1875 is too short to
complete the naming of the material now on hand ; and because its consolidation will
produce a work full enough to serve as a manual of botany for the country from the
fortieth parallel south to the Mexican boundary, and corresponding with the meridians
of the main mountain axis of the continent with their adjacent mesas and plains..
Such a work is now greatly needed.
In addition to the merely technical and botanical features of the proposed report,
there will be added much material of direct economic importance, and which is, per-
haps, more intimately connected with the duties of the botanist than with those of
any other member of the survey; i. e., the general topography of the country, some
statement of its climatology, the relations of- the forage-plants and timber to the pres-
ent and prospecrive wants of the nation, as the region is opened to settlement, the
probable increase in agricultural areas under cultivation aud irrigation, and a system
of tree-culture, and the sanitary conditions of the country as influencing immigration.
In obedience to instructions received from you, our natural-history party, consisting
of Mr. H. W. Henshaw, J. M. Rutter, and myself, left Santa F6, N. Mex., June 26, 1874,
going thence via Albuquerque to Fort Wingate in New Mexico, thence to Camp Apache,
Afizona, from there to Camp Grant, and next to Camp Bowie, reaching our most southern
point in the Sanoita Valley, twelve miles below the now abandoned site of Camp Crit-
tenden, and hence nearly to the Sonora line. Returning we came via Camp Lowell,
near Tucson, to Camp Grant, and thence via San Carlos over the trail to Camp Apache,
reaching it October 9. Here a side trip was made to the summit of the Sierra Blanca.
Though late in the season, important scientific results were deiived from this trip.
November 1 we left Camp Apache for Fort Craig, on the Rio Grande, distant one
hundred and ninety miles. Our route lay by the now abandoned post at Tulerosa,
From Fort Craig to Santa F6 the road is through a country much traveled and well
known. We reached Santa F6, on the return, November 22.
For the sake of convenience in this report, I will follow the route above indicated,
taking each of the points mentioned somewhat as a center for the remarks on the
botanical resources of the regions traversed.
Santa F^, at an altitude of 7,044 feet above sea-level, was in June probably looking
its best. The mountains back of the city are made up largely of a coarse-grained red
granite with many veins of quartz, some of which contain varying quantities of silver,
gold, copper, and lead. The slopes of the main axis show the Carboniferous rocks, and
some remains of the Cretaceous. The whole aspect of the country impresses one with
the important part erosion of the surface has played.
As might be supposed, the soil on the level ground approaching the Rio Grande is
such as would result from a mingling of detritus from the formations above named, i. e.,
lime, sand, and marl. Hence the soil can hardly be considered as unproductive from
absence of the elements of fertility.
The limited area of agriculture near Santa F^ is determined by scarcity of water.
These remarks are made at the outset, for they may be considered as having some
application t>o the route, as far at least as Fort Wingate.
On the low foot-hills between the city and the mountains there is a sparse growth of
a dwarfed, branching, pine. It is the pifion of the natives and a form of Pinvs edulis,
Engelm, of the botanists. It is prized as much for the edible nuts it furnishes as for
the fuel it supplies. The quantity of the terebinthinate it contains makes this wood
hnrn with a very hot and rapid flame. Associated in about equal quantity with the
pinon is a cedar, equally low and branching, but valuable for fencfog purposes, &c.
Farther back on the mountains there is a limited supply of pine and fir, (principally
Pin U8 ponder osttf Abies Douglasii and Abies concolor.) There is, however, probably enough
to meet the demands for many years. Immediately around the town the pasturage is
kept nipped ofi' close by the stock that is turned out to seek a living as best it may.
118
Hence, to snpply the town demand, forage is packed in on the backs of ^' borros." The
supply for the military post (amounting to several hundred tons a year) is hauled from
a considerable distance. Much of it comes from Galisteo. Quite a considerable portion
of this (for the town) is supplied by a remarkable-looking grass, (Stipa pennaia^ L., var.,)
which we afterward found growing abundantly on the mesas toward Fort Wingate, at
about the same altitude as Santa F^. Besides this there is another peculiar-looking
grass, {Aristida,) which furnishes a scant forage.
The primitive methods of irrigation are wast-eful in the extreme, and actually limit
the productions to below the rec3 capacity of the region. There does not appear to be
much attempt made in the way of fertilizing the soli. Under these circumstances, it is
fair to Infer that better habits of agriculture will produce larger results in and about
Santa F6. There are two model-gardens within the city limits, and their abundant
•returns of vegetables and fruits show something of the real capacity of the soil. To
make one statement : I should say that, from Santa F^, south, apples, peaches, plums,
apricots, and probably pears, would do well, in the Rio Grande Valley. Taos, near
the Colorado line, has long*beeu known as a wheat-producing region.
Though rather out of place, I would remark that in certain portions of Colorado and
New Mexico a plant has for years been known to exist which is quite destructive to
cattle eating it. From the symptoms, it was conjectured that this plant was aconite.
It has been rendered pretty certain that the offender is a plant known to botanists as
Oxytropi8 Lamheriu It is quite common on the plains and the lower mountains, growing
somewhat less than a foot high, with flowers at first purplish blue, then fading to yel-
low. The cup holding the flower is covered with a sillcy down ; the flower-stalk is
leafless, and about 8 inches high ; the leaves, divided like those of the locust, though
smaller, are clustered around the base of the flower-stem. It has recently been dis-
covered by Dr. Vasey that two related plants {Astragalus Homii and A, lentiffinosua,
var. FremonUi) have a similarly bad reputation in California.
Leaving Santa F^ behind us, there were here and there, along the road to Finos
Ranch, a few very small fields under cultivation. They were sparingly supplied with
water from a little and rather uncertain stream. Quite a number of herds were seen
grazing on the adjacent hills.
At Piuos Ranch (.at the time of our visit) the supply of water was limited to one
little spring. It probably, with some other water-holes in the vicinity, was sufficient
for the inhabitants and their cattle, but left all idea of irrigation out of the question.
There was an abundance of good grass scattered over the neighboring country to sup-
port many cattle. The prevailing character of the country, however, was that of a
sage-brush plain, dreary and uninviting. From this point to the Rio Grande at San
Felipe there was no improvement; water was wanting.
Reaching the river, farming again became possible. The Pueblo Indians were busily
engaged (as we passed) in their nelds, and their crops looked quite well. From these
Indians a large portion of the wheat and corn used in Santa F^ comes.
In addition to the fruits already alluded to in connection with Santa F^, the vine
put in appearance at San Felipe, and from this, as far south as we went down the Rio
Grande Valley, (to Fort Craig,) it was everywhere one of the leading objects of culture.
The wine is of good quality. It is currently reported that immense quantities of the
grape-juice are each year lost for want of better knowledge in its preparation. It is
fair to say that the wine of the Rio Grande will now compare favorably with that of
California. In the one instance, as in the other, a greater a^e is needed.
From Algodones to Albuquerque the valley is covered with alluvial soil and with
drift, probably from the Zandia Mountains, which are on the eastern side of the river.
This fertile flat has a varying width, at some points being over two miles wide.
Rocks of the upper marl series are occasionally noticed in situ. West of the river, and
almost to its edge sometimes, are portions of the great overflow of basaltic lava which
poured forth from the San Mateo Mountains, some fifty miles farther to the west.
At Albuquerque the alluvial flat is quite wide. A crowded population has utilized
every portion of it, and the innumerable irrigating-d itches show how close is the
economy of soil there. Just previous to our reaching the town an unusual rise had
taken plaee in the river, owing to a rapid melting of snow in the mountains at the
river-heads.
The entire flat above Albuquerque was submerged, causing great destruction of
property, and even threatening the safety of the town. The freshet was a most
unusual one. It may, however, have brought to the soil enough of fresh material to
compensate for the damage.
There was frequent occasion to observe the protective influence of the vegetation.
At the point where the "arroyos" from the hills opened out into a sort of funnel on the
flats, the ''chico*' clumps had retained the soil about their roots until the shrub
remained standing oo a mound 2 feet high, from around which the whole surrounding
surface had been washed away.
Crossing the Rio Grande at Albuquerque, our course lay westward to the Rio Puerco —
about fifteen miles. We were obliged to cross a considerable divide in going from one
119
stream to the other. The hills were sandy, covered with a very sparse growth of
erasSy a Bigelovia " ohico" Atriplex acantho carpaj a depauperate acacia, and the iney-
itable sage-brnsh. Ad occasional dwarfed pi&on-pine managed to survive. Large
herds of sheep and cattle from the Rio Grande range some distance back, and pick xtp
a living. As a supplementary pasturage to the river-f ats, this divide is of value, but
it can never be turned to any purx>ose of agriculture. In a word, the region alon^ our
route from Albuquerque to McArty's ranch is unquestionably the most unpromising
portion of New Mexico that I have seen. The sand along the road to the Rio Paerco
almost entirely hides the subjacent rock, but we did get an occasional glimpse of the
white concretionary stratum beneath.
At our crossing-point, the Rio Puerco has worn out a deep channel in the alluvial
soil, which is there quite thick, and indicated abundant fertility, if water in any quan-
tity were present. In the latter part of June, however, the bed of the river was abso-
lutely dry, save where the wafer nad accumulated in the deeper holes. This supply-
is quite too precarious to admit of herding there during the drier portions of the year.
The solitary Mexican family we found at the bridge was about ready to leave and seek
w^ater elsewhere.
From the Rio Puerco to £1 Rito the country was even less prepossessing than that
w^e had gone over. The same arid, treeless waste of country was spread out before us.
"Sheep Springs,'' indicated on our map, naturally enough suggested water ; but on
reaching the point we found a little, percolating drop by drop into the hole dug for its
reception. This, too, was so alkaline, that neither man nor beast could use it. There
is doubtless a better supply here at other times, but it is precarious at best.* There is
a marked outcrop of saliferous sandstone near the spring. The purgative properties
of the water appear to be very decided : nothing but extreme want could induce us to
use the water. At £1 Rito, the San Jos^, like the Rio Puerco, into which it flows,
(when there is water,) was absolutely dry. The town contained a population of sev-
eral hundred people, all depending, so far as we could learn, on a single well, at which
w^e were obliged to purchase water for our animals. The crops were perishing from the
drought. The soil, however, was fertile.
Laguna, two miles west of the town, has a large spring, but markedly alkaline ;
still, as it was cool, we made it quite refreshing by the addition of citric acid. The
Pueblo Indians were herding their flocks near by the water. Pasturage was good and
abundant in the adjacent hills. The pueblo was two miles farther on. It was well
supplied with water from a large spring that came gushing out of the cafLon-side,
immediately under the basaltic trap. It was cool, and almost free from alkali.
From this place almost to Covero we traveled through an alluvial valley, the soil of
which was quite fertile, and evidently was fully utilized by the Indians for farming
and grazing purposes. It was alkaline, and in many places quite covered with the
characteristic white deposit. There was an abundance of grass of two kinds, chiefly
Brizopyrum «ptca<ufit, wnich was eagerly eaten by the mules, and the other, Sporobolus
cryptandruSj only when no better could be had. The latter grew by choice only in the
most alkaline soils. It was hard in its tissue ; evidently relished by the *^ burros,'' but
the mules, after nipping off the tops, would leave the rest standing untouched.
Covero is situated over a coarse, yellow sandstone. Immense bowlders lie scattered
over the surface. A good spring of pure water bursts out of a crevice in the rock near
the center of the town. This alone could have determined its location on so forlorn
a spot. There are some signs of cultivation of the soil ; but what the attending suc-
cess is I am unable to say. McArty's ranch is eight miles beyond. Here the pasturage
is fair, and water abundant. Timber, too, is near enough to add to the advantages of
the situation. We saw some rather unpromising wheat and corn under cultivation as
we passed. There is plenty of good alluvial soil near enough to the water to make
some productive ranches in that vicinity, and drainage will reclaim some that are now
in swamp. As usual in such places, the adjacent hill-sides will support large herds.
Following the stream up, we found that for several miles it was flowing through and
over a recent lava-bed that originated in the vicinity of old Fort Wingate, or from the
San Mateo Mountains. It had evidently been poured out since the country had been
eroded, and assumed its present configuration, following down the course of this same
stream, turning its water into steam, which became entangled in the mass, and filled
the cooling lava with cavities like pumice-stone, or like a sponge. This same lava-
overflow has an appearance so fresh, with the waves and ripples formed and chilled,
that it has attracted the attention of all who have passed over the ground. A large,
slightly alkaline spring rises out of the lava, and is apparently the main feeder of the
stream below. Its water is not cold. The vegetation of the lava-bed is quite unlike
that on either side of it. Rank sedges and rushes covered the ground where there was
enough of standing water to make a congenial home for them ; and in such places the
mosquitoes and flies literally swarmed.
* Since writing the above, I have been informed of the existence of a spring about a
mile to the south of Sheep Spring. This, of course, increases the probability of suc-
cessful herding at that point.
120
We could see the snow still remaining in the gulches on the side of the San Mateo
Mountains, (July 2.) The distant hills began to be better timbered, though with what
species of pine and fir I was not able to determine from the road.
From this point to Fort Wingate the whole appearance of the country undergoes a
change for the better. Taking the country with its capacities, for ten miles on either
side of the road, lam persuaded that in no distant future it will support a large grazing
interest.
At Agua Azul there was still enough wat«r remaining nn holes along the water-
course for the cattle. A good well, too, supplemented this supply. The spurs of the
Zufii Mountains, within easy reach, furnished all needed timber, and even on the flat
grounds beautiful clumps of pifion-pine were becoming much more abundant.
The site of old Fort Wingate (a few miles to the south) is said to furnish abundant
water and forage. Good arable land is also reported there.
- At Agua Azul some seed of ^^ red-top" grass, sent from the East, was said to have
heen sown in March. In July I saw it over 2 feet high and well matured. The grass
{Stipa pennata J Ij. var.) which we saw for sale at Santa F6 was found growing quite
abundantly on the table-land between Agua Azul and Bacon Springs. Associated with
it was another graos, (Pleuraphis Jamestij) eagerly eaten by our animals. There can
be no doubt as to the value of the region intervening between the two points above
named as a stock-raising center. It will produce an abundance of forage, during part
of the year at least, for thousands of cattle.
Crossing Campbell's Pass, we passed, almost without knowing it, from the waters of
the Atlantic to those of the Pacific slope. The altitude of the plain at the divide is
6,952 feet above the sea.
Approaching Bacon Springs, we were, for the first time since leaving the Raton
Mountains, in Southern Colorado, fairly face to face with timber of good size.
The absence of any marked divide at the pass we had just crossed allowed such an
interchange of plants that there were no points of contrast in the eastern and western
floras.
Leaving Fort Wingate for Camp Apache, in Arizona, our course lay more to the south.
Thence we crossed the Zufii Mountains immediately back of the post. Our ascent
lay "through dense forests of pine and fir. The wants of the fort have, however, some-
what thinned it out, at least of the best timber.
Gaining the summit, a thousand feet above Fort Wingate, we were at an altitude of
about 8,000 feet above the sea, a fine open, park-like region, with a large growth of yellow
pine {Pinus ponderosa) and fir covering the hill-sides. A diversified herbaceous vegeta-
tion was out in the most brilliant colors, beautifying alike the woods and open grounds.
It was a perfect garden of Pentstenions, and among them, for the first time on the
journey, we saw the most striking of them all, P. Torreyi. Already the flora had fairly
assumed a southern aspect. Arcenthobiums on the pines and mistletoes on the oaks
became, among other new features, at once a predominant element of the vegetation.
Amid such a wealth of flowers, we could for the time forget the weary, dreary country
we had passed through. Good forage was abundant.
Descending the southern slope, we passed through oak groves, and finally entered a
winding valley, camping for the night at a spring which is one of the heads of the
Zuni River. The Navajo Indians had here large herds of cattle, sheep, and horses, all
looking as though they found abundant nutriment in the grass of the region. Timber
continued in abundance on the hill-sides a few miles south of this. By the time we had
reached Pescado, it was again dwarfed in size and less abundant. An altitude of less
than 7,000 feet is at once manifested in the country by the depauperate remains of
what were, at from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, magnificent forests.
From Pescado to several miles south of the Zufii town we saw, every little while, a
herd of cattle, a band of sheep, or a well-cared-for field, belonging to these industrious
Indians. Along the river they had utilized every foot of the soil they could irrigate,
and their crops were the best we had seen. On the table-land, a few miles south of
their village, we saw the first fair-looking crops growing without irrigation. Appa-
rently, this point was a center of surface-drainage, and a substratum of clay made the
soil more tenacious of its moisture. During July and August there is a well-marked
rainy season here. The rain is precipitated in torrents^ and most effectually sets at
rest all doubt as to the rain-fall in those months. The vegetation, already languishing
under the intense heat, revives, as if by magic, and presents a verdancy the more cheer-
ing by contrast with its parched appearance a few days before. We experienced a
severe hail-storm, that, if a regular accompaniment of the rainy season, must at times
do great damage to the growing crops. In fact, we saw some that were actually beaten
flat by it.
Near Deer Spring, in Arizona, the country became better timbered again, piilon and
cedar covering the lower grounds, and larger pi nes the higher. In fact, the general
appearance of the region promised well for its future.
A deserted ranch at Deer Spring indicated that this desirable locality had not passed
unnoticed. There is an abundance of good water, with a strip of meadow-land
<
HH
\
l^Bp^i
^ r^^^^^^^^^^l
M*
i
r J
Mh- <■
^ TKfey'WB|B^B
' ^ ■
^HL<
'' ^^' iliF''^''^^^B
■"anrf^^MTnTffP* '^''S^^'vl^^^H
J
^»4^J
J
, ., ^^ll^
121
that, when once drained, could be made very productive. For several miles south of
this place the road lay through a valley from two to teu miles wide, the surrounding
mesas absolutely hemmiifg it in on all sides with their precipitous walls. Skirting the
edge of this valley there was a fair supply of timber, aud at several points springs
appeared at the bases of the mesas. The soil, though in some places somewhat alka-
line, was absolutely black with decaying vegetable matter, and seemed in point of fer-
tility like a vast mass of compost. It certainly is a iiue situation for herds at any sea-
son of the year, and might even prove a favorable farming location, though on this
point I am unable to speak with certainty. From tlia abundance of water on the sides
of the valley it is not improbable that water In abundance could be had by digging.
Twelve miles south of Deer Spring the scene changed, and we entered a waste of
sand-hills, which stretched olf south to the Little Colorado. They were covered with
the usual desert growth of grease-wood, saiid-grass, aud sage-brush. An occasional
clump of pifion pines survived the desperate struggle for existcice, serving to show at
least how hardy the tree is.
The Little Colorado is, where we crossed it, a deep, narn.w stream, with water
enoQgh for irrigating purposes ; hence the immediate valley ni:ty be regarded as belong-
ing to the domain of agriculture. lu Jnly the heat of the sand-hills on either side is
almost intolerable. Nearer its head, the river drains a valley that now produces fair
crops of corn and barley. The proximity of the Sierra Blanca, with their accumu-
lated winter snows melting away until late in the spring, and the frequent showers
of Jnly and August, make a certainty of the water. Indeed, near the base of the
mountains irrigation might almost be dispensed with, so frequent are the showers.
We will allude to this region farther on.
Cave Spring is fifteen miles south of the Little Colorado. The water comes flowing
out of the base of the basaltic lava, as is the case with the best springs of the country.
As nsual, the meadow through which the stream ran had its crop of ^ges and rushes,
and, in the course of ages, had become quite fertile from the successive crops of vegetation
that decayed there. The adjacent hills were well covered with bunch and grama grasses,
notwithstanding the roots had often to penetrate into the crevices of the lava for
nutriment.
Pifions were sparsely scattered over the country. As a grazing center, this is a desir-
able location. From this to the bottom of the timber-belt on the Sierra Blanca the
road was through a region in which thousands of cattle might roam and find enough
of forage most of the year. Water is within easy reach.
Arizona is, emphatically, a land of contrasts in scenery : its tropical climate either
parching the soil and vegetation, or, under a fair supply of water, causing the flora to
deck the surface with a luxuriant covering of verdure. Nowhere is this statement
more strikingly true than in the Sierra Blanca and the adjoining plains to the south.
On the latter, the ensemble of the vegetation is dwarfed and hardened from the aridity
of the soil and the rapidity of evaporation. In the mountains, however, dense forests
alternate with well-watered glades, covered with a luxuriant growth of grass and
flowers. The succulent tissues of the herbaceous vegetation appeared by contrast
with the harder plants of the plains to show an excess of vitality ; and an abundant
nutrition, expansion into leaf, inst-ead of contraction into the least possible evaporating
surface, is characteristic of the rank, luxuriant growth of the Sierra Blanca. Ris-
ing from an altitude of 5,000 feet above the sea to 11,386 feet, and betweeu the 33d and
34th parallels of latitude, we have climate superimposed on climate, from one as dry
and hot as that of Sahara to a warm-temperate, a temperate, and a subalpine. The
flora of the region ranged from the cacti and acacias of the lower grounds to the asters,
golden-rods, and pifion pines of the middle, aud, after cfossing the belt of the Pinua
ponderosa and large firs, disappearing with dwarfed firs and a helenium on the summit
of the Sierra Blanca.
Standing on this elevated peak and looking over the surrounding region, one of the
most striking views on the continent is unfolded. Ridges run in all directions from
this culminating point, and descend through a stretch of miles like so many radii in
an immense circle. They start from a mountain mass of infinite grandeur and dwin-
dle out on the grassy flats from 2,000 to 4,000 feet below. Between them are well-
watered valleys, producing grass enough for all the herds of the Territory. Plains
rich in all the glory a wealth of autumn-coloring could confer on their herbaceous
vegetation, belts of golden-colored cottonwoods, deep and somber forests of ever-
greens, contrasting, yet harmonizing, combined to complete this perfect landscape.
The impress upon the mind of such a view is final, and cau never be forgotten. Where
the ridges proper ended, the general slope of the country had been cut into caiions each
a tributary channel for carrying the torrent of water made by the melting snow to
the main stream. Erosion coula here be detected, illustrating to us the wonderful his-
tory of our western domain. The mesas thus left between the canons were topped
with the ever-present trachytic overflow.
Water and fire, each supplementing the other, had impressed the final features on the
country. (See Plate VII.)
LL— 9
122
It is certaiul^' withia the limits of safe prevision to assert that, as this portion of
Arizona and the adjacent parts of New Mexico are lendered more safe from Indian
depredations, and more accessible to the immigrant, settlers, attracted by its soil and
climate, will flock in to occupy it. From the summit of Sierra Blanca, looking to the
east, mountains of low altitude, with fine valleys between them, rise, one beyond the
other, for at least sixty miles ; and most of the territory embraced in the area repre-
sented a combination of valuable timber, grazing, and farming lands. Above 7,000 feet
we can hardly expect that agriculture will become a dominant interest. Above this,
however, is just where the best timber and summer cattle-range is found. At Willow
Spring (altitude 7,195 feet) the snow occasionally is several feet deep, and hence
wintering stock there is out of the question, except in an nnusually open winter. It
is a safe assertion that there is on the Sierra Blanca of Arizona enough of good
jniie timber for the whole Territory for many years. Finns ponderoaa attains a height
of 70 feet, and some of the firs reach a greater height. An oak, {Quercus undulata,) in
general appearance somewhat like our white oak, grows abundantly over this region.
(See Plate YIII.) It does not exceed 25 feet in height, and the trunk is much branched.
The wood is *^ close-grained " and solid ; hence it may be of considerable service in the
filture of the country. Bunch and grama grasses, along with others, the nutritive
qualities of which are not so thoroughly recognized, grow luxuriantly everywhere,
and it would be hard to overestimate their importance in a Territory the general reputa-
tion of which for fertility is as bad as that of Arizona. Lest I should be mis-
understood, I will qualify these statements on the Sierra Blanca district by saying
that I do not speak of its resources as compared in general with those of the surrounding
regions, but intend my remarks to be taken absolutely ; i. e., the district would in any
portion of our dominion be regarded as one of unusual promise. It is one of the most
inviting portions of our country yet remaining for civilization to occupy. A large por-
tion of the hay for winter-use of Camp Apache comes from the vicinity of Willow Spring.
The mesas on either bank of the White Mountain Creek, and in sight of the post, fur-
nish all the pasturage requisite for the Government animals, to say nothing of the
hundreds of Indian ponies, whose owners belong on the reservation. Good crops of
corn are grown on the alluvial flats in the valley, even under the slovenly culture of
the Indians. The post garden is an exponent of the capacity of the soil under better
treatment. It furnishes to the troops stationed there the ordinary vegetables of our
eastern market. The altitude of Camp Apache is 4,925 feet. My attention was called
at the camp to one of the spreading euphorbias which grow so abundantly on the dry
ground. It is a reputed rem^y for the bite of the rattlesnake, and the Indians appeaj*
to place implicit confidence in its virtues. It is evidently one of the prostrate forms
known to the natives as Yerba de la Golondima. It is used, in the form of tincture,
as a local application in snake-bite by the Mexicans. I have had no opportunity of
testing its efficacy, nor do I know of any reliable observations bearing on this point.
It is well, however, to zemember that popular ideas that are so widely spread and
generally believed have usually enough of truth in them to commend them to the
serious arltention of competent observers. In this special case, however, it is somewhat
difficult to understand how a mere topical use of the remedy is to act on a poison which
has already gone into the general circulation.
The region from Camp Apache for thirty miles south, either by the San Carlos trail
or the Camp Grant wagon-road, is largely mesa-land, with an average elevation of 800
feet above Camp Apache.
The lava overflow darkened the surface everywhere until we approached the Gila
Valley. Grass, though by no means abundant, was of good quality.
The same pines and oaks we have before alluded to in connection with the Sierra
Blanca were still common, and grew to a good size. The small walnut {Juglans
rupestria, var. major) was first seen at Rocky Cafion. In the same region the Nezundo
was first observedj usually standing alone out on the dry plain. The buttonwood
{Platanua racemoaa) grows quite abundantly along the sandy water-courses, becoming
a beautifully-branched tree, a foot or more through, with a height of 40 feet. Between
Camp Apache and the Gila River water sufficient for irrigating purposes was only
seen at Prieto fork. It did, however, exist at several points abundantly enough for
herding. In almost all the numberless cafions which cut up the surface of the coun-
try it remains standing in pools, pure and fresh, though warm, the y.ear through, an*
for a portion of the year, at least, flowing streams course down many of them.
Crossing the divide between Ash Creek and the Gila, a marked change comes over
the scenery as we go south. One by one the familiar forms of plants disappear, and in
their stead we have the mescal, (Agare Parryi and Palmeri;) mesquite, {Algarobia glan-
duloaa,) from which the mesquite gujn is derived ; Daaylirion, creosote-plant^ (Larrea
Mexicana ;) Fouqui era, and giant cactus, (Cereus gigantus.) A more forlorn-looking
vegetation can hardly be imagined. It was observed, in descending the divide to the
Gila, that the giant cactus grew by choice on such ground as gave an eastern exposure.
Cottonwood trees of fair size grew quite abundantly along the Gila River, where, with
willows, bulrushes, and the large reeds, an almost impenetrable thicket is formed.
;
123
The only forage was foand on the low-lands, and then consisted largely of the hard,
innutritions *^ saccatone/' whieh appears to have crowded all other grasses out. It con-
tains in its tissues so much mineral matter that it is impossible to cut it with a mowing-
machine without ruining the implement. The mules will not touch any part except
the tops, if they can find other forage. The whole valley has a '^ baked '' appearance,
and the atmosphere, tinged with a half-cloudy redness, can be seen rising in tremulous
waves from the superheated surface.
The valley of the Gila at our crossing of the river is 2,517 feet above the sea ; hence,
in coming from Camp Apache we had descended 2,408 feet. Camp Grant, about thirty
miles south in a direct line, is 2,336 feet higher than the river, so that there is a marked
sloping of the country from north and south toward this stream, which fact must not
be lost si^ht of in considering its peculiar climatic conditions. Its sandy soil, its rapid
evaporation, the dryness of the ridges parallel to the river, together with its greatly
lower altitude, impress of necessity upon the flora the peculiarities which contrast so
strongly with that of the surrounding region. Yet it is but just to state that this
valley in many places produces fair crops of barley and corn. There is enough of
water for irrigation of the adjacent low-lauds, and this rescues even the soil of the
Oila Valley from hopeless sterility. Indeed, at the very point of our crossing there are
evidences in some ruins that a large population of semi-civilized Indians subsisted on
the productions of this region in the past.
At Camp Goodwin (now abandoned as a military post) we found a luxuriant field
of corn and potatoes. As to the quality of the latter, I would remark that I never
tasted better. Melons, onions, and cabbages of the best quality swelled the list of pro-
ductions. Grass was scarce, but by clearing away the growth of rank weeds that
infested the ground, and protecting it from stray animals, the soil would yield good
€rops of grass or of any of the cereals. This place is capable of being transformed into
a garden. Its worst feature is the unhealthiness of the climate. In fact, it was on
this account abandoned by the Government authorities. Drainage would do much
toward improving the location in this respect.
Between Camp Goodwin and Cottonwood (nineteen miles) the agricultural resources
are reduced to a minimum, and, except at one or two points along the route, even
grazing to any considerable extent is out of the question. Water may be found, pos-
sibly, at some points off the line of march ; but unless it is, there is nothing to invali-
date my statement as to the general worthlessness of the country.
At Cottonwood we found a creek-bed, with some water remaining in a few scattered
pools, at which the stock found enough to supply their wants ; but herds of any size
would have exhausted this precarious supply.
There was an abundance of grass on the hill-sides, which would, during the portions
of the year in which water could be found in sufficient quantityy make this a good grazing
center* It was observed that the milk was almost unfit to drink, owing to some plant
(probably an artemisia) that the cows had been eating. This, we afterward found,
was not an unusual circumstance in this region. There was a fine belt of cottonwood,
ash, and button-wood along the creek-bed, but it was being rapidly used.
A few miles south of Cottonwood, at a most unexpected locality, a good pool (it
could hardly be called a spring) of water was found. It appeared to be well known to
those who were in the habit of passing over the road, as the signs indicated that it was
a regular camping-ground. From the number of deer-tracks about the place, it is
probably the only water-hole within miles to which they could safely venture. Pastur-
age was about the same as at Cottonwood, but the soil was more sandy arid unpromis-
ing in character. Clumps of grama-grass grew between the chico (Atriplex Nuttallii)
and creosote-plant, (Larrea Mexicana,) The only tree was the inevitable piilon, which
occasionally, in the more favored spots, managed to survive.
Here the trail turned off to Camp Grant. At one or two points, in the distance of
twenty-five miles to that post, water could be found sufficient for camping purposes.
There was no lack of grass along the trai, and some timber, too, existed along it
in the arroyos and on the adjacent foot-hills of Graham Peak. We however kept the
road, which was through fa country of the same character, to Eureka. The valley in
which this is situated, without having a constant-flowing stream, appears to have
enough of water to meet all the demands of a large herd. The ground is at several
points quite boggy, indicating a ready means of obtaining more water than appears on
the surface. In fact, it is a sort of drainage-basin for the neighboring hills. A strip of
fertile soil exists above the ranch. Timber of good quality can be had in abundance
within a few miles. Without having anything to make this an especially attractive
location for a home, there is no doubt that it will yet be an important point in the
stock-raising- interests of the country. ; '^
Camp Grant, (altitude 4,753 feet,) twelve milet^east of Eureka, is on the southern
slope from Graham Peak, in a region far from attracillvQ in its appearance, yet in reality
promising all the essentials of a desirable location in Arizona. Wood, water, and grass
is an expression suggestive to a frontiersman of plenty and comfort for man and beast ;
and these are all present in abundance at Camp Grant. Much of the winter-supply of
124
hay is from the grama-grass, which grows so ahnndantly on the hills at the foot of
the peak. The proximity of Graham Peak, (10,516 feet high,) which is densely cov-
ered with forest-growth, and on which there is an immense precipitation of snow and
rain, causes many springs and small streams to reach the edge of the plain on which
Camp Grant stands.
Twenty miles across the country is the well-known " Hooker's Ranch," where, with
ahundant water and good grass, large droves of cattle are now thriving.
The timber on Graham Peak is simply magnificent. Pinus pond^osa (the yellow
pine of the region) covers thousands of acres, and attains a height of 80 teet, consti-
tuting a most valuable lumber; Abies Doughisai, reaches 90 feet ; A. eonoolor, 70 feet, and
A, Engelmannif 40 feet. The first two are of great importance as a source of lumber.
Under the present demand for timber, it is not at all probable that the supply will be
exhausted for many years. The oaks so common on the lower hills of the Sierra
Blanca are not so abundant, and do not range higher on Graham Peak than 6,500
feet. Between the oak and pine belts the manzanita (Arctoataphylos tomentom) grows
rather abundantly. In some portions of the country the red berries of this shrub are
utilized by the natives in making an acid drink. The northern or Gila slope of Graham
Peak has- a barren aspect, the timber apparently not reaching so low an altitude
as on the southern. No actual observation (barometric) was taken to determine this
fact, which may be only apparent, as the seeming greater elevation of the lowest limit af
tree-growth may be due to the more rapid falling away of the land toward the river.
Bunch-grass {Festuca and Poa) grows luxuriantly among the timber on the dry hillM
from 7,m)0 to 9,000 feet. In the moist valleys leading from the main peak toward the
plain, rushes and sedges grow luxuriantly, »nd make probably thousands of acres of
valuable forage during the summer months. I am aware of the general statement that
plants of these classes have little or no value as forage, and was inclined to adopt this
current teaching, until, in 1873, 1 saw in the San Luis v alley of Southern Colorado bands
of stock living entirely on these and remaining as fat as loose stock could possibly be.
I had never seen more magnificent cattle or sedges.
During the winter months there is a heavy snow-fall on the higher portions of this
peak. In summer its thunder-storms are of a character we may well call terrific.
I have already given the altitude of Graham Peak as 10,516 feet. Hence it is
heavily timbered to its very summit. This, however, may be a proper place to allude
to a fact not popularly known, i. «., the height to which trees continue growing on a
mountain-side in the cordilleras of the western continent docs not increase as we
approach the equator from the forty-first parallel, where it is between 1,100 and 1,200
feet. Thus in Colorado the average highest limit of timber, as deduced from observa-
tions on six peaks, is 11,533 feet. On the summit of Sierra Blanca, in Arizona, between
the thirty-third and thirty-fourth parallels of latitude, after gradually decreasing in
size, the trees disappear entirely at an elevation of 11,100 feet. For a full discussion
of this interesting question the reader is referred to an article by Dr. Engleman in
Transactions of the Saint Louis Academy of Science for 1862, page 129.
From Camp Grant to Camp Bowie (sixty miles) the road lay over a "rolling" plain
in all respects similar to that about Grant. A spur of the Pinalefio range gradually
disappeared toward the southeast, in the direction of a similar one advancing from the
Chiricahui range. This tendency to union of the two ranges left the country dotted
over with low, disjointed mesas, which rose above the general level of the plain as
islands do from the ocean. The soil was largely made up of detritus from the adjacent
ranges, and was in itself fertile enough, but water could only be found (and that rather
uncertainly) at two or three points along the road. Here and there dry arroyos ran
from the hills to the plain, and indicated the force of the torrent that at some seasons
must sweep through them. In all these arroyos we find Baccharis ccerulescens growing
vigorously, despite its want of water at that time. It is one of the most distinctly
localized plants of the region, being seldom found except in some such peculiar spot,
where it luxuriates between extremes of wet and dry soil.
At Camp Bowie, which is situated on a limestone formation, we found a remarkable
change of flora. The dry hill-sides had still their mescal plants, but in addition there
were found growing Cevallia ainuata ; Echitea microsiphonj an unusual form of that
widely diffused and variable species, Machoranthera canescens ; a remarkable variety of
ferns, among which were Adiantum capillas, Veneris Aspl^enerom, and Filix-foemina, neither
of which have hitherto been reported from Arizona. The Echites was found growing at
the base of the Santa Rita Mountains, and here, too, on limestone rocks. It was found
in no other location. Piiion pine and Emory's oak, neither of which grew more than
20 feet high, were the prevailing timber on the hills just higher than the post. The
season for collecting the acorns of this oak was, in August, at its height, and the
Indians found a ready market for all they could bring in. They are taken to Tucson,
where they command a good price, being either roasted or eaten uncooked. The taste
is not unpleasantly astringent. It is said they must be taken immediately after falling
from the tree to obtain them in prime condition. A wild cherry (probably Prunutt
demissa) was found in the neighborhood of Bowie, attaining at the Chiricahui agency.
125
a few miles farther south, the proportions of a ^ood-sized tree. The frait was large,
and far superior in flavor to that of any other wild cherry I have tasted elsewhere. In
fact, it was qaite equal to many of oar commoner cnltivated cherries. Strangely
enongh, from ignorance or some superstition, the Indians were not accustomed to use it.
The mescal of the natives appears to comprise two species of agave, t. e., Parryi and
Palmeri, The underground stem is baked in a pit, the exterior portion peeled off, and
then used by the Apaches as a regular article of food. It is nutritious and palatable,
but to one eating it for the first time is said to be slightly laxative. Is this property
due to a principle identical with or resembling aloin ? A fiber is obtained from the
thick leaves that answers for the manufacture of cordage, the Apaches making it into
lariats. The juice is boiled into sugar or sirup, or distilled into a whisky containing
an enormous percentage of pure spirits. The stem, when dead and dry, is then, as the
last use to which it can be put, laid over the rafters of the native houses to spread the
mud upon. And it is a fact all travelers in that region should know, that in some of
the driest portions of the country thirst may be quenched by sucking from the cut end
of the mescal stem the saccharine fluid it has such an abundance of. The Indians,- with
the same object in view, peel away the outer harder covering and chew the pithy
material in the heart of the stem. Either plan may prove serviceable in time of
urgent need.
Looking down the ca&on from Camp Bowie, a beautiful view may be had of a por-
tion of the San Simeon Plains. In August, when the grass is dried up, it fails to im-
press one as it would iii the early spring-months, when the hill-sides and plain are lit-
erally strewn with flowers. Enough of grama-grass grows in the neighborhood of
the post to afford abundant pasturage for all the stock. As might be expected, the
water is strongly impregnated with lime, and is hence a fruitful source of bowel dis-
orders among new-comers. The post garden was quite productive, and gave a fair
supply of vegetables, its limited size being the only trouble.
Crossing the spur of the Chirioahni range south of Camp Bowie, we came to the
present location of the Chiricahui Apache agency. Going from the plain east toward
the mountain, the grass becomes abundant, the vegetation more varied, and the hills
are covered with a fair growth of pine and oak. It is, in a word, one of the most
desirable cattle-ranges in Arizona, having in many respects the general character of the
valley of the San Simeon, but with more and better pasture. Water is abundant
enough for herding purposes, though it does not extend far out of the mountains into
the plains during the dry season.
Along the edge of the creek-bed there is a fine growth of button- wood, oak, and the
small variety of walnnt. The large herd of cattle belonging to the agency, with the
Indian ponies, in all numbering several hundred head of animals, were ranging at will
about the immediate vicinity, all looking in good condition, and without perceptibly
diminishing the pasturage.
Sulphur Spring, twenty-five miles west of this agency and fifteen east of the Dra-
goon Mountains, is likewise an important location, from its abundant supply of good
grass. Before reaching it the road for miles lay through a dense growth or saccatone-
grass, which was of infinitely less value than the shorter grama that fairly covered
the ground at the springs. Without exception, this yras the best location for this we
had seen. Associated with it were a number of other species of scarcely less value.
The water is warm, but sufficient for gazing purposes. Earlier in the season
this would doubtless prove a most interesting botanical locality. Goniphrona glohosa
and Pectis filipes were blooming in great profusion on the hill near the house. The
neighboring Dragoon Mountains are yet in possession of the Indians, but will some
day offer desirable locations for stock-ranches. There are several fine springs in them.
The grass within reiach of them is nearly inexhaustible.
The upper crossing of the San Pedro is thirty miles south of west from Sulphur
Spring. The road to it nearing the river lay through a dense growth of Acacia con-
striciaf mesquite, and dwarfed pines. Quite a large number of cattle roam over the
adjacent region. At this crossing there is little or nothing done in the way of agricul-
ture, though a few miles below along the stream a mixed Mexican and American popu-
lation has occupied the land. They have productive farms, and supply much of the
barley and corn for the Territory. All the ordinary vegetables of the country ^ow
well there. There are now several thousand acres under cultivation. The divide
south of this is- too dry to be of any use, except when cattle can be driven either to the
Cienega or San Pedro for water from the hills. The soil is largely made up of sand and
gravel detritus from the adjacent higher ground. Near the Cienega there is ^ most
luxuriant growth of saccatone-grass on the flats, which, though of little value in itself,
indicates that the soil is capable of producing more important crops. The prevailing
vegetation on the hills is the ubiquitous creosote-plant. Anemopsia Calif omica and a
Sarcostemma grow abundantly on the damp ground near the water. The location is
a good one for a stock-ranch. I shall refer to this, the San Pedro and the Sonoita Val-
ley, under the head of Prevailing diseases.
South of the Cienega the Santa Rita Mountains rise probably 10,500 feet above the
126
sea. Tncson lies west of them ; and east we have the headwaters of the Cienega.
Davidson's Spring is on the road to the Sonoita, and twelve miles from the Cienega.
Here there is found a good spring, and plenty of forage in the country near by.
Following to the south, we ascended first through a fine valley, with everywhere
abundance of grama and bunch grasses. Lateral valleys, here and there connected
with the main one and the hills between, besides being well covered with the above-
named grasses, had oak, pine, and mesquite clumps, the whole combining into a land-
scape of more than usual attractiveness. In addition to this, a small stream ran
through the valley, supplying enough of water for all purposes except irrigation.
The valley gradually narrows into a cation, and then '^ heads out " on a ridge, wbicb.
once crossed, we were again in the Cienega, but much nearer its head. We had in
twenty miles re'ached a point the river takes a much greater distance to gain. Here a
wide, beautiful view opened uj) before us ; for miles, south, east, and west, the magnifi-
cent rolling plain spread out. It is, indeed, the pi-omised land for stock-raising. Every
foot of the surface was covered with grass. Toward the base of the Santa Rita beau-
tiful clumps of Emory's oak and Quercus oon/ertiflora were growing. They were just
dense enough to afibrd a shade, and yet did not interfere with the growth of the grass.
There was no undergrowth of bushes, so that the scene would fairly bear comparison
with a park. Streams, with water warm but pure, from the mountain, were flowing
down almost every ravine. Springs broke out from the ground frequently, and usually
furnished ia large volume of water. Higher up on the mountain-side Pinus ponderosay
P.flexiliSj P. chihuahuanay and scrub-oaks were growing abundantly. The supply of
lumber for Tucson comes from this mountain. It sold at $125 per thousand feet. The
dwarf Sonora deer and the black-tail were ranging in great numbers over the hills. I
have never seen them so abundant as in this region.
The same character of counti^ extended past the now abandoned site of Camp Crit-
tenden to within a few miles of the Sonora line.
The Sonoita Valley proper begins at Camp Crittenden, thence extending south. For
fertility of soil it is unsurpassed in Arizona. At one ranch we saw about one hun-
xlred acres covered with corn that would equal any in Illinois. It stood on an average
over 10 feet high, and was splendidly eared. What the soil was capable of doing had
it been properly cultivated I do not know, but this field was literally overrun with the
large sun-flower {Selianihus peUolaris) and other equally vile weeds. The sight of
such a crop of weeds and corn on the same soil was certainly indicative of an abound-
ing fertility, and naturally enough suggested the question as to how much heavier
either would have been without the other. Potatoes of good quality were produced in
the same soil, and gave an abundant yield. Watermelons, onions, and smaller vegeta-
bles grew luxuriantly. Bordering the stream was a tangled mass of vegetation so
dense that a way had to be cut through it.
That this valley in no distant past supported a much larger population than at pres-
ent is evident from the abandoned dwellings, some so old as to be falling from age. It
is not unlikely that the incessant raids of the Apaches may have been the cause. The
water-supply failing may possibly explain the desertion of the ranches higher up the
valley.
The Sonoita Creek rises and sinks several times within twelve miles below old
Camp Crittenden.
Camp Lowell is situated six miles north of Tucson, at an elevation of about 2,000
feet above the sea-level. A small stream flows by the post, supplying water enough
for it and aIso allowing irrigation of some small fields. The valley of the Santa Cruz,
in which Tucson is situated, has along the rivCr a belt of fertile land, on which the
Mexicans raise two crops annually, by sowing the barley and wheat in November and
cutting it in May. Corn may be planted in the same ground in June and matured in
October. It is worth noting, as indicative of the character of much of the soil of Ari-
zona and New Mexico, that in some places the Mexicans and Indians have for year
after year been using the same soil over and over again, removing through their crops
the elements of plant-life without even the pretense of returning anything in ferti-
lizers, and still reaping fair crops.
The portulaca and cheuopodinm, which grow on the lower grounds, have been re-
sorted to as anti-scorbutics when other food of proper character could not be obtained.
The giant cactus grows more abundantly on the southern slopes of the Santa Catalina,
range to the north of the post, than in any other region we traversed. Its skeleton, after
the softer material has decayed, is largely used to cover the houses preparatory to their
receiving the final covering of earth, and the fruit used by the Indians either fresh or
preserved, or is by fermentation transformed into an intoxicating beverage.
Returning, we followed much the same route that we have already given a detailed
description of, until we reached the northern slope of the Sierra Blanca. Here we
diverged, taking the road leading east to the Rio Grande, which we touched at Fort
Craig. From our point of divergence to Coyote Springs, about forty miles, the country
was emphatically of the character known as mesa-country. The road taking advan-
tage of all the valleys, lower plains, and ravines to gain the easting, water existed at
127
intervals, and good grass (though late in the season) was always found. Bands of ante-
lope were numerous. The higher hills had their share of pifion and cedar, though
after leaving the immediate neighborhood of the Sierra Blanca we no longer saw trees
that could be called timber.
It is hard to understand why so desirable a country should have been permitted to
remain so long unoccupied, when less valuable regions have been settled in spite of
the Indians. -From Coyote Springs to Tulerosa the region was more mountainous,
having a scarcity of water along the route. We could see that there was abundance
of grass of the usual arid-region kind, but no plants were collected, owing to the late-
ness of the season. The slopes of the mountains were sparsely covered with a good-
sized growth of pine and fir.
The description of the country from Albuquerque to Agua Azul would, from a botani-^
cal or an economic standpoint, answer so well for the region between Tulerosa and Fort
Craig that it is unnecessary to enter any further into details than to state that water
is even more scarce, the supply at the time of our trip being too small to i)revent suf-
fering of men and animals.
In the admirable report of the commissioners on '* the irrigation of the San Joaquin,
Tulare, and Sacramento Valleys of the State of California,'' two propositions are laid
down ; i. e., "the average yearly rain-fall over the basin of the Great Valley is sufficient
to insure good crops annually,'' and ** with a proper system of controlling the waters of
precipitation and delivering them to cultivated lauds where needed, annual crops may
be assured." To these carefully-considered statements we may add another from the
same source : " lu 1870-'71 the total rain-fall was about 6.8 inches ; in 1871-'72, 10.3
inches; in 1872-73, 7.2 inches. In the first and third years the crops were failures ; in
the second year the harvest was an abundant one." From this, then, it appears that a
difference in the rain-fall of 3.5 inches in one year and 3.1 inches in another made all
the difference between a total failure and a good crop. This is about the equivalent
rain-fall of two or three average wet days. There are records of 15 inches of rain in
a single day in India, and of as much in six hours at Catskill, N. Y. These, however,
T^ere exceptional cases. The above quotations were in strict reference to the great
valley of California, and presuppose that the needed rain should be received in Feb-
ruary, " when the grain is several inches hi^h." I have introduced them to establish
a unit of comparison for the portions of Arizona and New Mexico we have under con-
sideration. For this purpose they are the best available data from which to reason.
From the above it would appear that the first point of inquiry is the rain-fall. Reli-
able statistics are as yet most meager, and at no point have observations extended
over a period of more than four years. Hence I use the figures as but approximations
to the truth. The most accurate report is probably from Santa F^, N. Mex., where
the mean result for the years 1872, 1873, and 1874 is a little over 13.05 inches a year, the
rain-fall of 1874, however, more than equaling that of the two years previous combined,
showing thus a great variation in the yearly means. To what this was due I have no
data for determining.
The following observations from points near our line of march I glean from Smith-
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, No. 222, by Charles A. Schott, assistant United
States Coast Survey. It was published in May, 1872, and represents the most reliable
observations up to that date : Albuquerque, N. Mex., (and in the Rio Grande Valley,)
has in spring a rain-fall of 0.83 inch ; in snmmer, 4.35 inches ; autumn, 2.04 ; winter, 0.90
i nch ; or 8.12 inches for the year ; (Fort Wingate, in the same Territroy, has in spring 0.71 ;
summer, 9.35, autumn, 2.99; winter, 0.90; or for the year a total of 13.95 inches; its
proximity to the Zuni Mountains probably having something to do with giving a result
so near that of Santa F6, Camp Goodwin, in the Gila Valley and in Arizona, has a
spring rain-fall of 3.21 inches ; for summer, 7.20 ; autumn, 10.52 ; winter, 11.85 ; or a
mean annual of 32.78 inches. This excessive amount of rain is probably due to the
location, being in a region of more than usual evaporation, and which is between
Graham and Turnbull Peaks on the south and the Sierra Blanca on the northeast,
-with also peaks of lower altitude northwest of it, the aqueous vapor rising with the
air from the heated plain and being cooled on the mountain-tops to below the point
of saturation. Old Camp Grant, in the valley of the San Pedro, (one season,) had, in
autumn, 6.43; winter, 3.23; or for the two seasons 9.66 inches. Camp Lowell, at
Tucson, received in the summer of 1867 4.30 inches ; Tubac, south of Tucson and near
the Sonora line, has about 10 inches of rain during June, July, and August. We may,
from personal knowledge of the country, assert that these estimates are probably not
far from the results observations during a term of years would give.
The general average derived from these observations would be a little over 10 inches
for the year; but as they were taken at points of more than usual rain-fall in the region,
we must remember that further observations at the same points, combined with tnose
from the more arid areas in the Colorado Basin, will somewhat reduce the average.
Hence, then, the applicatiou of the above data must be restricted to the immediate
vicinity of the spots at which the observations were taken, and only used in the
absence of observations more reliable, which will extend over a longer period. This
128
leads naturally to the probable effect a more dense growth of herbaceous vegetation or
of trees would have in retarding the rapid escape of this surface-water. That most of
it is actually wasted, is evideut. The violence of its precipitation or the rapidity of
its flow from the surface even at times destroys the sparse coating of vegetation that
may exist. The first effect of a good sod would nnc^nestionabl v be to retard the water
in its flow, thus allowing more time for its percolation along the roots of the plants to
« depth at which evaporation would be less rapid, and hence the moisture would be
productive of greater results as the period of its operation was lengthened. The deeper
roots of the trees would be even more efficient in couducting the water beyond reach of
immediate evaporation. The effect upon the streams would be that, instead of a rush
of waters, often increasing into a flood and carrying destruction before it, the average
nmount of water would be greater, more of it could be utilized, and a larger area irri-
gated. Doubtless, agriculture in early years in such a region would have its own
peculiar difficulties, the trouble being to obtain the first real growth ; this done, each
succeeding year the task would be lighter. That it can be done is certain. The only
question is, how long will it be betore the necessities of our civilization compel the
occupancy of a country where such labor is needed to reclaim the soil !
It should be remembered in this connection that the seeds of the nutritious native
grasses, that now grow sparsely iu that region, could be, by sowing and oare, readily
made to furnish a turf, whose interlacing of stem with stem and roots with roots
would confer the needed protection upon the soil, giviog besides, in their subsequent
death and decay, the elements of a greater fertility and the promise of more lucrative
crops. Facts from similar areas prove the possibility of this. Competent observers
state that since the advent of the Mormons in Utah the waters of Great Salt Lake
have risen 12 feet, and are still risiog ; that the waters throughout the entire Territory
are rising.
Cultivation of trees where water exists should be encouraged. Beside the air of com-
fort they confer on a homestead, they can at slight expense often be made to afford shelter
to stock and to ward off the sweeping blasts, which so frequently do such damage to the
crops. Where the irrigatiog-ditches are carried, two or three rows of cottonwood.
trees on either side would probably thrive, iuvolve little or no expense in cutting and
planting, and in a very few years more than pay for themselves. There are, besides,
thousands of acres now unoccupied, where at a small expense luxuriant groves of
cottonwood and other trees could be made to grow, and confer in a few years a differ-
ent aspect on the entire country. It is fairly a question of political economy as to
whether, for the purposes of increasing our agricultural areas, it would not pay the
nation to offer liberal encouragement to tree-culture in our great Southwest.
Taking the entire area along our line of march through New Mexico and Arizona
into consideration, the diseases appear to group themselves thus : In New Mexico,
diarrhoea, rheumatism, mild pneumonia, and typhoid fever are the prevailing diseases,
having a small mortality. In Arizona, malaria is the chief source of disease, especially
along the southern line, where it impresses itself on almost every other disease ; dysen-
tery and a mild typhoid fever are also not uncommon. Here the death-rate is probably
somewhat larger than in New Mexico. In some portions of the Territory the notorious
unhealthiness of the best situations has been so great as to deter settlers from remaining
in the country. In the fall of 1874 in the San Pedro Valley the death-rate was unusually
large, (if we may credit report,) and the proportion of sickness excessive. The Cienega
is certainly anything but healthy ; and the Sonoita Valley appears to be almost a plague-
spot, BO far as'malaria is concerned. Camps Grant and Apache, though usually enjoy-
ing an immunity from intermittent fever, had each some cases in 1874. A glance, how-
ever, at the list of the diseases above given shows two things conclusively : first that
the malarial cases may in almost all instances be prevented by judicious use of quinine,
or cured, if they should occur, by the same agent alone or combined with iron ; second,
that the other diseases, not being common, and seldom giving a high death-rate, iu
reality offer no obstacle to settlement in that region, being, in fact, the very diseases
with which we are most familiar east of the Mississippi River.
It should also be remembered that some of the most densely-populated States in the
Union were not long since as bad, or even worse, in some portions than the worst region
to which I have alluded, t. e., the Sonoita Valley, and that drainage and removal of
the exuberant living and the decaying vegetation would vastly improve the sanitary
condition of these places. That the excessive heat does indispose to active exertion is
certain ; but this feeling must be distinguished from an exhaustion, and it is common
to all tropical and subtropical regions alike. Sun-stroke is almost ^ if not en iirely^ unknown .
To sum up the above, the following statements are probably correct concerning those
portions of Arizona and New Mexico through which we were moving during the past
season : first, that the soil, particularly that resulting from decomposition of the vol-
canic and sedimentary rocks, possesses the elements requisite for vegetable growth, and
will produce crops when water sufficient for irrigating purposes can be had ; second, that
almost all points accessible to water enough for nerds can be utilized as grazing-ground ;
third, that the forests, though localized, contain timber puough for the wants of these
129
regions for many years ; fourth, tbat larse areas, now abandoned for want of water,
can be cultiyated by a system of tanks wnich, during the times of plenty, shall store
the surplus water 4br future use during the critical growing times of the crops ; fifth,
that under the conjoined influences of agriculture and forest-culture the excessive waste
of water in surface-drainage and in rapid evaporation will be lessened, thus procuring
from the same rain-fall more lasting benefit ; sixth, that the prevailing diseases are of
less than usual .fatality, and can, in many cases, be absolutely prevented or readily
cured, and that these diseases will diminish in frequency and severity as the country
is brought under cultivation.
The immigrant must not anticipate seeing an immense stretch of country every-
where alternating in beauty between greenswards, heavy forests, and abundance of
water, like the familiar spots of the East. He must expect at present to find sterility
and aridity impressing their hard lines on every feature of the landscape ; but he must
also remember that Utah, so large a portion of which is now covered with fertile farms,
with vineyards and orchards laden with fruit, was only a few years a^o almost as
unpromising as either Arizona or New Mexico now is ; that it is still wimin the mem-
ory of man that prophets of ill-omen predicted that California, now one of the granaries
of the Union, could never furnish flour enough for her own use. We may fairly expect,
under the demands of our increasing^ population, that these waste places will be re-
deemed and made tributary to our civilization. Labor, here as elsewhere, will bring
its reward, but acres of waving, maturing crops will not come unearned.
The general botanical results of the year's work are about 9,000 specimens of plants,
representing nearly 1,000 species. Of these, so far as at present known, there are eight
new species. It is probable that further investigation will brin^ to light more new
forms in the collection. There are aJso a large number of species hitherto poorly repre-
sented in the various herbaria, but of which the collection of the last year contains an
abundant supply.
A good deal of attention has been bestowed upon the medicinal plants of the region,
and an abundance of material secured to furnish analyses of the more important of
them.
There now remains for me but the pleasant duty of expressing my indebtedness to
the officers of the various posts at which we called during the season of 1874. We
everywhere received courtesy and assistance, the more delightful because it was spon-
taneous and sincere on the part of those who tendered it.
I have the honor to he, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. T. ROTHROCK,
Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S, A,
Lieut. Georgb M. Whkelkr,
Corps of Engineers, U, S, A, -
Appendix H 2. •
beport t'pon the agricultural resources of northern new mexico and south-
ern colorado, with analyses of soils, plants, etc. by dr. o. loew.
United States Engineer Office, ♦
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
Washington, D. C, April 23, 1875.
Although a great portion of these regions will be of little use for agricultural pur-
poses. In consequence of the limited rain-fall, which hardly exceeds 12 inches a year,
there are still quite a number of sections in which agricultural and pastoral pursuits
can be carried on. These fertile tracts assume importance when we consider the eager
demand for the products of the fields and pastures among the mining-settlements of
the mountain-regions.
While the agricultural lands are almost exclusively along the streams which furnish
water for the necessary irrigation, the pastoral lands occupy the mountain valleys at
altitudes of from 7,000 to tO,000 feet. At lower elevations the grass gradually becomes
poorer or is replaced by the dreary sage-brush and monotonous grease- wood, low woody
bushes with but little foliage. In yet lower altitudes this vegetation disappears, the
nude sand, covered oocasionidly with a few desert-plants, taking its place.
In Southern Colorado splendid pastoral lands are found in the Wet Mountains, where
the great Wet Mountain Valley alone nourishes 20,000 head of cattle, and produces
1,200 tons of hay annually ; also in the valleys of Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and their
southern and most elevated extension, the Cerro Blanco, whence the Huerfano and
Ute Creeks rise, the former sending its water through the Arkansas into the Mississippi,
the latter through the Rio Trinchera into the Rio Grande. Other prominent pastoral
130
lands exist in the San Juan Mountains, Unoompabgre Mountains, in the main range,
extiBnding from Trinidad to Santa ¥6, and in the great mountain regions between
Ahiqniu, Jemez, and Nacimiento ; also, but to a less extent, in the Placer Mountains
and about Mount Taylor.
The most prominent agricultural lands are the bottoms of the Arkansas, Rio Grande,
and Pecos. Good, fertile lands of smaller extent occur along the Trinchera, Culebra,
Costillo, Chama, Ojo Caliente, Santa Clara, Jemez, and Pnerco Rivers, all tributaries
of the Rio Grande ; also, farther along, on the Huerfano, the Muddy, the Saint Charles,
and the Animas streams, tributaries of the Arkansas, and on the Mora, Vermijo, and
Ocat6, tributaries of the Canadian, and along some portions of the San Juan Kiver and
its tributaries.
THE BOTTOM OF THE ARKANSAS.
This river is flanked by belts of excellent land covered with a splendid vegetation as
far as the river spreads its moisture through the soil, forming a most pleasing contrast
with the barren, sandy plain above the valley proper. This valley has a width of a
half to two miles, and is traversed by the Denver and Rio Grande Narrow-Gauge Rail-
way from Pueblo to Cation City, a distance of abont forty miles. It is covered with a
number of prosperous farms, valued, nnimproved, at from (20 to {30 an acre. The town
of Pueblo has constructed, at an immense cost, an irrlgatin^-ditch twelve miles long,
in order to render the barren plain, 30 to 40 feet above the river-level at South Pueblo,
available to agriculture, and to enhance the value of the adjoining lands for farm pur-
poses. A great number of trees also have been planted along little irrigating-ditchea
issuing from the large ditch.
In excursions up the valley of the Arkansas, I stopped for a few days at " Carlisle,"
a prosperous farm twenty miles above Pueblo. The fields, as a whole, were in splendid
condition, as were the crops also, especially beans and com. Potatoes,* I was informed,
would not grow here. It is true, the vine reaches a splendid development, but the
bulbs remain small or do not develop at all. A similar statement was made more than
once in New Mexico the year previous, but was discredited at the time, on my being
informed that the true cause of the difficulty was the careless treatment of the crop by
the Mexicans. Careful inquiry, however, has convinced me of the truth of the state-
ment. It is impossible to raise potatoes except in the higher altitudes, from 7,000 to
8,000 feet, as, for instance, in the Huerfano Park, where they grow very well. The
reason appears to be that the evaporation from the leaves of the plant is increased by
the dry air of these countries to such an extent that the sap is drawn chiefly to the
upper and peripheral parts, thus developing a vigorous foliage with long stem and
branches, while the bulbs cannot be developed even with irrigation. But why, it may
be asked, do the roots of other edible vegetables, as the turnip, have an enormous de-
velopment ? A sufficient reason for this apparent contradiction to the above hypoth-
esis may be found in the dififereut organization and other proportions between the leaves
and the body of the plant.
The proprietor of the farm at Carlisle also called my attention to what he termed
" alkaline spots," referring to certain spots in his bean-field on which nothing would
grow to any extent, the plants showing a poor development, and forming a remarkable
contrast with the surrounding portions of the field. These so-called " alkaline spots "
existed, also, in the corn-field, although in the proprietor's experience corn was not
as largely affected by the peculiarities of such spots as the bean. Taking a lump
of the e&rth and showing me the little white spots to which he referred, he remarked,
*^ These are the obnoxious alkali." On examination, however, I found that they
were nothing more than particles of gypsum, and explained to him the different
mechanical conditions of the soil, which in patches is exceedingly clayey and baking,
while generally it is of a normal porous character. The existence of these patches
can easily be explained. The field was formerly — but how long since is not known —
the bottom of the river-bed, and of course the current of the stream more or less
effected a separation of the finer clayey particles and the coarser ones, as can easily be
observed in any river ; the finer particles will be deposited where the water is shal-
lowest and the current slowest. At the same time, however, soil subjected to irriga-
gation will always bake comparatively more easily than that not thus treated. Speci-
mens of the productive and unproductive spots were collected and subjected to a
mechanical analysis by elutriation, the result being as follows :
Prodnctive Unprodactivo
soil. spots.
Clay 11.2 40.7
Silt 25.7 30.3
Sand 63.1 29.o
* The potato here referred to is the Chilian, often, though erroneously, called the Irish
potato. Chili being the country of its discovery, it should be called the Chilian potato.
131
A soil with 40 per cent, of clay bakes too much for frait.
Three miles above Carlisle, Beaver Creek empties into the Arkansas River, which,
at that point, has abont double the volume at Pueblo, twenty miles below, where the
supply of water is much depleted by large irrigating-ditches. The average yield of
the farms is 40 bushels of corn, or 50 to 60 of wheat per acre. A specimen of soil from
a fine corn-field near the farm of Carlisle, was analyzed, the result being as follows :
Potassa 0.147
Soda traces.
Lime 2. 53
Magnesia 0. 12
Oxide of iron and alumina 0. 62
Phosphoric acid 0. 061
Sulpnuric acid, chlorine traces.
Hygroscopic moisture 2. 79
Chemically-bound water and organic matter 3. 51
Insoluble in hydrochloric acid 89. 21
Twenty-five miles southwest of Pueblo is the Greenhorn range, which rise above
the plain gradually to a height of 5,900 feet, where the mountains proper commence.
Around the base of the mountains and between the foot-hills are fertile valleys, drained
by a number of creeks and well grassed over. Ascending the mountains along the valley
of Hardscrabble Creek, and passing the divide, we descend, on the southern slopes, into
Wet Mountain Valley. On the route is Rosita, a comparatively new mining-settle-
ment. About five years ago this valley was selected as a farming-settlement by one
Mr. Wallston ; a town was laid out and named Colfax before a single house had been
erected ; but the enterprise proved a failure, not only on account of night-frosts
almost every mouth of the year, incident to the great altitude, but also from bad or
injudicious management, the colonists being selected from among unsuccessful Chicago
tradesmen, who were ignorant of farming.
The Wet Mountains on one side, and the Sangre del Cristo range on the other, not
only inclose this valley, but also farther south and in lower altitudes the valleys of the
Muddy and Huerfano, (Huerfano Park.) In the second and third are 250 ranches and
farms, farming being done by irrigation from the Huerfano. Among the settlers are
Americans and Mexicans. Mr. Moore, who settled here twelve years ago, informed me
that he had 120 acres under cultivation, and raised 2,000 pounds of wheat to the acre.
He cultivated, besides, com, oats, barley, watermelons, and potatoes ; beans and beets
have not as yet been tried. The high price of potatoes — b^ cents a pound — was on ac-
count of but few places being able to produce them. The altitude of the Huerfano
Park (6,600 feet) is such, that the dryness of the air does not exert much influence, the
average temperature being lower. Corn brings 4 cents a pound ; wheat 3 cents. The
park itself contains but little grass, but there is good pasturage some miles off between
the foot-hills of the mountains, where cattle and sheep are raised, the former to the
extent of 12,000 head. There are numerous little creeks draining the slopes of both
mountain-ranges, among them Turkey, William, Pass, and Jamero Creeks. Between
May 15 and October 10 frosts rarely occur in the park.
Between the foot-hills of the mighty peaks of the Cerro Blanco are a number of
fine valleys, among which is the valley of Ute Creek — a stream reaching Sau Luis
Park at Fort Garland, and soon afterward emptying into the Sangre de Cristo Creek
or Rio Trinchara, a tributary of the Rio Grande. The San Luis Valley in its southern
portions is dry and sandy, excepting the bottoms of the penetrating streams, and is
covered with sage-brush and grease- wood, Artemisia tridetitata, Sarodbalatus vemicularia,
Aplapappvs.) The surgeon at Fort Garland, Dr. Moffat, called my attention to a so-
called poison-weed, a small leguminous plant growing along the river-bottoms, and by
many thought to be very injurious to cattle, numbers of ranchmen having left the San
Luis Park on account of heavy losses in their herds. It being rather unusual to find
poisonous plants among our western legumiuosse, I suspected a mistake, and attributed
the poisonous result in question to Aconitum napellus, a decidedly poisonous plant
growing here and there along the river-margins, and particularly where the altitudes
are over 7,000 feet. But it had been repeatedly observed that the latter plant was
never touche<l by cattle. The leguminous plant there called " poison-weed " was de-
termined by the botanist of the expedition. Dr. Rothrock, as Oxytropis Lamherti. Dr.
Vasey, botanist of the Agricultural Department, states that in California also bad
effects are experienced from another leguminosa.
The San Luis Valley proper is about one hundred and forty miles long, and'averages
fifty-six miles in width, but only a small portion of this area can be irrigated. The
southern part has an elevation of 6,700 feet, while the northern section is perhaps 300
to 400 feet higher. The water of the Rio Grande, where this river traverses the valley,
is available at only a few places, being hemmed in chiefly by deep cafions. In the
southern portion of this park is a moderate depression, into which empty a number of
creeks. This depression is the so-called San Luis Lake, the last remnant of a former
132
great Inland lake, whose margins may still be traced along the western and southern
slopes of the Cerro Blanco. The southern extension of the park is traversed by the
Culebra and Costilla Creeks, two streams carrying a considerable balk of water, and
sufficient for irrigating large areas. The soil is very good, as is shown by the following
analysis of a specimen from the valley of the Culebra :
Potassa 0.113
Soda 0.025
Lime *. 0.702
Magnesia 0.030
Oxide of iron and alumina 7.032
Phosphoric acid 0. 193
Hygroscopic water 5.310
Chemically-bound water and organic matter 6. 080
Insoluble in hydrochloric acid 79.060
The average temperature of the four days of travel through San Luis Park (Au-
gust 17 to 21) was, at sunrise, 50^ F. ; at 2 p. m., 82^ ; and at sunset, 63°. Some Mexican
settlements have been established here within the last twenty-five or thirty years. It
is an interesting fact, and one I have not seen stated in print, that a continuous migra-
tion of Mexicans from New Mexico to Colorado has set in since the former was annexed
to the United States.
I did not visit the Taos and Con^os valleys. Our way led up the San Antonio Creek
to the San Juan range, across a basaltic plain covered with but little grass. The
sage-brush, so abundant on the eastern side of the Rio Grande upon the pebbly
aoil of the higher portions, has entirely disappeared from here. For long distances
the San Antonio Creek is shut up in a oasaltic cafion of an average depth of 45 feet,
a cafion commencing a few miles west of the Mt. San Antonio, a round basalt cone
at an altitude of 9,000 feet. This, of course, is unfavorable as a locality for farm-
ing purposes, but as the valleys of that altitude are covered with fine ^ass, it is well
suited for stock-raising. There is excellent pine-timber in this portion of the San
Juan range, but the altitude at which the pine begins usually to grow is here
not the same, but about 600 feet higher on the northern ' slopes. Here are evidences
of destructive forest-conflagrations, sometimes hundreds of acres being covered with
fallen charred timber, which is a great obstacle to travel. In altitudes above 8,500 to
9,000 feet such burnt areas will be quickly grown over by quaking-aspen, these trees
developing in such dense masses as to render one's progress almost impossible, many
hours with the ax being required to advance a single mile. In altitudes lower than
8,000 feet, forests once burned down will re-appear but very slowly, and in many cases
never again. This alarming fact is due to the dryness of the. climate in summer,
which prevents germination or kills the young germs.
Descending the southern slopes of the mountains, we reached Tierra Amarilla, a
small and comparatively recent Mexican settlement amid the pine- woods. Two streams
of moderate size traverse this region — the Brazos and the Nntritas — the former thread-
ing its winding course some distance above the town through a narrow canon in quartz-
ite 800 feet deep. Here the grandeur of the scenery is overwhelming and awe-inspir-
ing. The altitude of Tierra Amarilla being so great, 7,900 feet, Indian corn cannot be
raised, but wheat, rye, and oats succeed well. Here cattle find abundance of grass,
but the snow-fall in these mountains being quite considerable, in winter they have to
be driven into the lower valleys of the Hio Chama and Rio San Juan. Elk, beaver,
and trout abound.
There are in the vicinity several other small Mexican settlements — ^Nutritas, Brazos,
Los Puentes, Ensenada. The name Tierra Amarilla, or yellow earth, is derived from
a yellow clay which colors the river-water after rain. Between Tierra Amarilla and
Abiquin, forty-seven miles south, and on the banks of the Chama, are some limited sec-
tions useful for agricultural purposes; also, some narrow strips along Cebolla and
Cangelon Creeks. The country between the Cebolla and Chama is very irregular and
cafloued. The Chama is wide, and carries a considerable bulk of water ; at Abiquin it
measured 30 feet in width and 2 feet in, depth. Above this town little land can be
irrigated, the country being very broken and the river shut up in a canon ; but from
Abiquin to the junction of the river with the Rio Grande (nineteen miles) are bottom-
lands that can be irrigated. Although the soil is a deep heavy sand and the surround-
ing country has a barren appearance, still there are a number of Mexican farms, with
numerous fields. The soil is a good average one, the analysis of which resulted as fol-
lows:
Potassa 0.088
Soda 0.013
Lime 0.726
Magnesia • 0.149
Oxide of iron and alumina 1.730
133
Salpharic acid / traces.
Phosphoric acid 0. 061
Hygroscopic water 1.790
Chemically boand water and organic matter 1. 390
Insolable in hydrochloric acid : 93.30
The Rio de Chama has three affluents between its month and Abi(|uiu : the Bear
Creek from the sonth, and £1 Rito and Ojo Caliente Creek from the north. The first
and second are of little valne, their bodies of water being too small for irrigating par-
poses; bat it is different with the third, which furnishes water snfficient to irrigate
the bottom-lands -throngh which it runs. Fourteen miles above its mouth is an old
Mexican settlement, the town of Ojo Caliente, so called from the hot springs near by,
with splendid fields of corn and water-melons. About six miles below this town are
the ruins of a Mexican village containing about twenty houses; the pasturage being
poor in the vicinity, the inhabitants bad gone to the mountains.
From Abiquiu south as far as Jemez, and west as far as Nacimiento, stretches an ex-
tended mountain region, the Southern portions of which are called Jemez and the
western Nacimiento Mountains. Here are the two Abiquiu Peaks and the Jemez
Peak, about 11,000 feet in height. The numerous mountain-valleys are well grassed,
and numerous herds of cattle and sheep roam therein. Springs and small mountain-
streams are numerous. These valleys are surrounded by splendid forests of pine. In
winter the stock has to be driven into lower altitudes, the snow being very consider-
able. Night-frosts occur here even in midsummer, rendering farming impossible. The
scenery of this plateau is exceedingly charming, and if any region. of the West deserves-
to be called " park," it is this one ; indeed, it was proposed by some of our party, and
not inappropriately, to designate the region " Paradise Mountains."
On a very small stream on the western slopes of the mountains in question is the-
settlement Nacimiento. To utilize more land than is at present available for agricul-
tural purposes, an aqueduct is to be constructed from a neighboring tributary of the
Guadaloupe River, if this is done, thousands of acres in the vicinity can be farmed.
From Nacimiento southerly to the foot of Mount Taylor, and westerly to Canon Bonito,
the country — about five thousand square miles — has an extremely desolate and barren
aspect, consisting, as it does, in either a sandy plain with a meager supply of grass and
arroyos, or elevated mesas, covered with juniper and partially with pinon ; the average
elevation is about 5,900 feet. This region is traversed by the Rio Turreones, Rio
Puerco, belonging to the Atlantic side of the divide, and the Canon de Chaco, belong-
ing to the Pacific side; these streams, however, rarely contain running water. There-
are also a number of springs, among which may be mentioned Ojo del Alto, Ojo de
la Cueva, Ojo San Jos^, Ojo de Tao, Ojo del Espiritn Santo, and Willow Springs.
Sheep are occasionally driven over this locality to pick the little grass to be found,
but at times the herds wander too far from the springs, or water-holes, and-die of thirst.
On one occasion we came across some forty skeletons of sheep along a single dry arroyo.
Another fact observed here is worthy of mention on account of its bearing on the dry-
ness of these regions, viz, the existence of deserted ant-hiUs here and there upon the
isolated- sandstone mesas of small extent. Here the ants construct their hills from
much larger pebbles than do those in the Eastern States, the sweeping winds of this^
section easily blowing the small particles away and rendering firm structures necessary.
Neither living nor dead ants were to be found, but legs and wings of inects that had
served the ant for food were seen. Had the ants died in these hills, surely some of their
homey tissues would have been left, as of the beetles. There is no doubt in my own
mind that the ants had gone to the deeper valleys and canons where some grass and
consequently insects existed ; the grass having died out on these mesas, bugs and
beetles had taken "their departure. This would seem to indicate increasing dryness
of the climate of New Mexico, the inhabitants of which are convinced that it becomes
drier and drier every year. •' El tiempo sepone mas seco cada aiio,^^ (the weather grows
drier every year,) sighs the Mexican.
They tell of springs and creeks that existed one hundred and some fifty years ago;
indeed, even of some that have disappeared within the last fifteen years. Among
these, a Mexican of Abiquiu mentioned the Rito Coyote, Rito Vallecito, and Rito Colo-
rado de Abiquiu, all once existing in the mountaiuB near Abiquiu. The provinces of
Tiguex and Quivira, (the former on the Rio Puerco, the latter east of the Manzana
Mountains,) described by the early Spanish visitors as fertile countries, are now barren.
Ruins of former Indian towns are found twelve to eighteen miles away from any water,
one discovered by Lieutenant Whipple being fifteen miles north of the Rio Mancos.
There must certainly have been water in this section formerly. It seems to me not impos-
sible that New Mexico, which was to a great part up to the Cretaceous and even
partially up to the Tertiary, the bottom of the ocean, and was, toward the end of the
Tertiary period, lifted up to a considerable altitude,* (the bottom of this Tertiary sea
*Most probably in connection with the enormous and unparalleled outbursts of
trachytic and basaltic material, and the accompanying volcanic convulsions.
134
being now 5,000 to 6,<)00 feet above sea-level,) is involved in a slow, gradual sink-
ing. Comparing the altitudes of good pastures and prospective forests with the barren
lands full of ruins, and taking into consideration the fact that many of the ruins were
left at least two hundred and others three hundred years ago, and, further, assuming
that the air had the same degree of dryness then as now, (the contrary not being capa-
ble of proof from cosmical phenomena,) the sinking of the level is estimated at 50 feet
in a century at the least. If this hypothesis is correct, in ten thousand years the
ocean-waves will wash over the level of the plains of New Mexico. The atmosi^here
of New Mexico holding but little moisture, the absolute humidity going down at times
as low as 1.3 grams per cubic meter, (a fifth to a sixth of the usual humidity in such
latitudes,) less and less of it will be precipitated npon the mountains with the sinking
of the level ; therefore, the bulk of the springs and streams will be gradually dimin-
ished, and the latter run dry before they reach the plains or the base of the mountains.
Unfortunately we have no barometric data from the early Spanish visitors, who
regarded rather the religious subjugation of the Indian than scientific observation.
Along the northern rim of the Nacimiento desert, near the Mesa del Raton, I often
observed, between the patches of cedar-bushes, considerable tracts of soil perfectly
smooth, shining like polished tables, and without the slightest trace of vegetation.
On examination the soil was found to be dry clay, which on mixing with water
becomes very plastic and at once fit for the manufacture of pottery.
As interesting, it may be mentioned that amid the desert in question are valleys
where farm-produce can be raised without irrigation, notwithstanding the absence of
rain. This fact was demonstrated by Navajo Indians, who recently settled near the
head of Canon de Chaco, a little above the ruins of the ancient Aztec town, Pueblo
Bonito, (named by Mexicans.) I saw, myself, the corn-fields and water-melon patches
in splendid condition. A similar case is mentioned in Vol. Ill, Survey Reports, in con-
nection with the Moquis farming in Eastern Arizona. I observed like cases at Agaa
Fria, five miles south of Santa F^, and at Las Vegas, on the eastern slopes of the Rocky
Mountain chain. The assertion of a writer in the Agricultural Report for 1868, that
crops cannot be raised in New Mexico without irrigation, is, therefore, not altogether
correct. Another writer, in speaking of the farming of the Zunis in Western New
Mexico, supposes the section of country they occupy is favored with more rain than
other portions. He writes: "Even around Zuni, where an ample supply of water can
be obtained from the Zuni River, there are no acequias, the inhabitants relying on the
rains to supply the necessary moisture. There is probably some peculiarity connected
with the local atmospheric currents here, which collects the moisture or causes its
separation and fall." To the author of this statement it appears a mystery how corn
can be raised in a sandy barren valley like the Zuni, the explanation of which is that
the Indians plant their corn about a foot deep, where the roots find a stratum of ascend-
ing humidity, which, however, on nearing the surface, rapidly is carried away by the dry
air, making the development of seed near the surface impossible, and hence the limited
growth of grass in juxtaposition to the splendid corn-fields. This practice of planting
the seed so deep could not, of course, be carried out in other countries where moisture is
plenty, as the seed or germ would rot before it succeeded in breaking through a stratum
of soil a foot thick. The cause of the existence of the ascending humidity in the sub-
soil must doubtless be traced to the numerous mountain-chains everywhere traversing
the country. Generally in the regions of New Mexico where farming succeeds with-
out irrigation, water is reached at a moderate depth, which water is called agua exca-
vadaj a name given also to the head of Canon Chaco.
The southern boundary of the Nacimiento desert is formed by Mount Taylor, 11,200
feet high, and, next to Peak Baldy, 12,000 feet, the highest mountain in New Mexico.
This mountain and its foot-hills are well timbered and the occasional valleys well
grassed. Several Mexican settlements are scattered through this section, the largest
San Mateo. The southern slopes of Mount Taylor border another sandy plain having
but little water — a plain extending about sixty miles to the southward of the slopes of
the Madalena, Luera, and San Mateo Mountains. Not far from the southern base of
Mount Taylor are several Indian pueblos, the largest of which are Acoma and Lagnna,
with 800 and 1,200 inhabitants. The Gallo Creek and Rito San Jos6 furnish the water
for irrigating their fields and gardens.
The route from Laguua led northwesterly across the country to the Rio Puerco, and
thence in a nearly straight line to Santa Aiia on the Rio Jemez, on which are two
other pueblos, Silla and Jemez. On crossing the Rio Puerco, about thirty-seven miles
northeast of Laguna, are two Mexican settlements, San Ignacio and San Fran-
cisco. Some miles above these towns the river emerges from a canon in which it is
shut up for a considerable distance to the north ; this river is frequently dry in sum-
mer. The irrigating-ditches are, of necessity, of considerable length, as the river is im-
bedded in a sort of gorge 14 to 16 feet deep. Its waters are very muddy, hence its
name Pork River. This mud, however, consists principally of a plastic clay, and is
unlike that of the Rio Grande, which is a fine silt with fertilizing properties. This
latter river receives its muddy sediment partly from the Rio Cbama and Jemez, and
135
partly from its own valley, becomiDfi^ itiudrlier the farther so^ith we follow it. The
eutire country from Laguna to the Bio Puerco, thence to the Jemez, is of a poor char-
acter, consisting either of sandstone mesas, with here and there gypsum-beds, or of
sandy undnlating prairies with a scanty growth of grass upon which herds of sheep
feed. The monotony of the barren landscape is relieved here and there by varioas
flowers of beautiful colors — the so-called desert-plants, a collection of which was ex-
amined by Dr. Rothrock, who kindly furnishes the names of the species, which are as
follows : Bigelovia douglasii, Heliomeris muliifioray Mulchedium pulchellumj Melampodium
cinereuMf Gilia longijloraj Penathei'a pinnatifidaf Ahronia cycloptera, Tovmsendia strigosaj
Heliotropium convolvulaceum.
The Jemez Creek at Silla and Santa Ana does not carry a very large body of water
in summer. I found the stream, if the three or four branches of the same bed be taken
together, about 16 feet wide and half a foot deep. The two Indian pueblos here raise
some corn in the valley of the stream. The valley itself is not wide and is hemmed in,
particularly on the eastern side,, by high mesas. Farther up, nine miles above Silla, is
another Indian pueblo, Jemez, where toe stream is considerably larger. This town has
large tracts under cultivation and excellent grapes, peaches, and corn are raised. Follow-
ing the stream about six miles farther up, we reach the union of the two branches of the
Jemez Creek, Guadalupe and San Diego. Both run throngh great canons, but along
them are narrow strips of good tillable land. Some Mexican settlements occur on both
these streams.
Taking an easterly course from Jemez and crossing a hilly country covered here and
there with piuon and cedar, we reach the broad bottom of the Sio Grande near Pena
Blanca ^nd the Indian town Cochiti. Nothing remains to be said about the fertile Rio
Grande Valley. This section was reported upon by the writer when with your expe-
dition in 1873, and has also been made known by other visitors. It may be men-
tioned, however, that I visited, this season, a number of prosperous farms and was
astonished at the luxuriant growth of the fruits. One of the finest vineyards near
Bernalillo is in possession of Hon. S. B. Elkins, Delegate from New Mexico, to whose
kindness I am indebted for a knowledge of many interesting facts relating to agri-
culture, mines, and ruins of New Mexico. The grapes of the Kio Grande YaTley rival
those of the world for richness of flavor and sugar. North of Pena Blanca the grapes
are inferior, more acid, and of diminished flavor. From Cochiti up to San Ildefonso
the river is shut up for a long distance in a canon and bat little land is available for
cultivation, while from Ildefonso up to San Juan it is fringed with belts of good land
with numerous Mexican and Indian towns. The river there has quite a number of
affluents from the Santa F^ Mountains, while the valleys are tolerably well settled.
It is a fact of no little interest that the Rio Grande, though slowly, is changing its bed
wherever it runs through eandy soil. Houses have been deserted on account of dan-
ger from underwashing. Some, of the inhabitants expressed fears even with regard
to the future of Algodones and Albuquerque. A good deal of land on the east side of
the river, several miles above Ildefonso, was quite recently washed away, while on the
opposite mar^n, land was gained.
From Cochiti to Zandia the Rio Grande receives three affluents from the east side —
the Santa Fd, Tuerto, and Galisteo Creeks. One writer, who evidently never saw
these streams, says of them : '^ They afford strips of arable land varying in width
from one to ten miles. But here also I think the amount might be increased by
proper efforts and more extensive acequias.'' It is about projper time to expose such
gross exaggerations ; otherwise, taking them as truth, enterprising farmers may be in-
duced to leave their homes for these regions. The truth is, these bottoms never reach
a width of ten miles, while the streams have barely water enough for a single acequia.
With regard to the Santa F6 Creek, with which I am familiar almost its entire
length, a peculiarity is, that about a half a mile below the city of Santa F6 it sinks,
its bed becoming a dry sandy arroyo; but twelve miles farther down, in the vicinity
of the basaltic mesa, which stretches at least forty square miles, it re-appears and again
forms a stream of the same volume it had at Santa F6. Near the little Mexican settle-
ment Cieneguilla it enters a basaltic cafion 45 to 60 feet in depth, emerging at La
^ajada. A^ut five miles below Santa F6, directly on the arroyo del Santa F6 Creek,
is the Mexican town Agua Fria, (cold water,) rather a misnomer at present, since the
water has to be brotight in barrows a distance of two miles, there being none in the
vicinity of the settlement. On inquiry, I was informed that about one hundred and
tlfty years ago the Santa F6 Creek was full of water, and that its margins were fringed
with willows and alamos, whose shade kept the water cool ; but th« water sank gradu-
ally into the sand and the trees disappeared.
Wherever in the bed of the arroyo a hole of from 8 to 10 feet is dug water is struck,
bat the soil is too sandy and the wells soon fall in, the Mexicans not taking pains to
construct them in a substantial manner. The fields of Indian com in the vicinity
were in good condition, thriving without irrigation, which, however, is resorted to
whenever the Santa F^ Creek contains an unusually large bulk of water, which then
reaches the heads of the acequias before it sinks. In my own opinion the sinking of
136
this stream is due not only to the gravelly character of the river-bed, but also, and
much more, to the diminished water-aupply from the mountains — a fact attributable
partly to the disappearance of extensive forests once upon them, and partly to a
diminished precipitation upon the mountain and lowering of the level of the whole
region as above explained. Once during the last century the Kio Grande, near Kl Paso,
behaved similarly after being dry a number of years ; it disappeared above the town,
and reappeared a number of miles below. Alexander von Humboldt hearing of this
phenomenon, erroneously ascribed it to newly-formed subterranean cavities.
I may here notice another phenomenon characteristic of a dry climate. In exposed
places where the soil is loose sand, it is gradually carried away, a fact nicely Illustrated
in the case of trees, whose roots are sometimes exposed to a depth of several feet, the
trees appearing to stand on three or more legs. I observed them thus in the valley of
the Rio Grande, near Algodones, aud in the valley of the Chama, near the mouth of
the Ojo Caliente Creek. Sand and dust winds are characteristic features of the
plains of the southwest.
From Santa F^ our way was across the mountains to Las Vegas. Leaving the cafion
del Santa Fd Creek, near the headwaters of this stream, we crossed over barren ridges
covered with fragments of rocks, into the cation of Macho Creek, a stream affording no
bottom for agricultural pursuits, the canon being too close upon the water-course.
Near the junction of this creek with the Pecos River is the small Mexican village £1
Macho. The valley of the Pecos is of moderate width and well covered with fields of
Indian corn, which is here raised in the highest altitudes in which it can be grown,
about 7,000 feet. The country thence to Las Vegas is very broken and caiioned, toler-
ably well timbered, and contains some fine, but limited, grassy valleys. Near the
head of the Tecolote Creek, large areas are covered with fallen timber, while the
extensive fir-tbrests to the northward are in splendid condition ; hero these trees are
thickly covered with a lichenous plant, Usnea, while the mosses Htfpnum and Racomi-
trium are seen about the springs and rills. The bottom of the Gallinas Creek, running
from those mountains to the southwest, is not wide ; its available bottom-lands are
occupied by Mexicans. About three miles north of Las Vegas this stream emerges
from the narrow valley into the wide open plain, taking a southerly course. Consid-
erable farming is done in the vicinity of Las Vegas. Mr. A. Green, an American, who
settled here long since, complained of his failure with potatoes, while onions, cabbage,
turnips, and melons grew exceedingly well. The cause of this failure he attributed
to the *' alkali " of the soil. Of how many mischievous things the ** alkali " is accused
in the West ! The taste of gypsiferous water is attributed to the *' alkali ; " efflores-
cences, consisting of glauber salts, are called *' alkali,'' and soil too clayey to produce
crops is also accused of containing '* alkali.'* I found it difficult to explain, in every
instance, that the chief" alkali" — the potashes the most important element of this
soil ! The following analysis shows that, while not to be classed as the richest, this
soil is of good quality :
Mechanical condition :
Clay, silt. 35.3
Fine sand" 52.6
Coarse tend 12.1
Chemical constituents:
Potassa 0.161
Soda 0.020
Lime* 1.80
Magnesia 0.28
Alumina, oxide of iron 1.21
Phosphoric acid 0.03
Sulphuric acid - traces*
Hygroscopic water 2.37
Chemically-bound water and organic matter , 5. 40
Insoluble in hydrochloric acid 86.60
The potatoes used here are all brought from the Conejos Valley, a distance of nearly
two hundred miles.* I advised Mr. Green to plant a number of shade-trees in his potato-
field to counteract the powerful rays of the sun, and thereby retail the growth of the
foliage of the potato-plant, whereby bulbs might be formed on the roots. He promised
to make the experiment.
Hay sells here from 1^ to 2 cents a pound ; corn at 2^ cents ; potatoes at 6 to 8, and
flour at 4 cents. Peaches, apples, ^and grapes are not raised. At times during dry
years prices of provisions rise astonishingly. In 1865, flour was $20 a sack, of a hun-
dred pounds, and at retail 25 cents a pound ; corn $8 a fanega ; beef 30 cents, and fresh
pork 50 cents a pound, while a nound of bacon was held at $1. It is to be hoped that
as the railroad is now almost to the boundaries of New Mexico these prices will not
occur again.
I 111 m m *■* I ^m^^im^'^^^^^
* Present as carbonate.
137
From Las Vegas to Triuidad, along tho eastern base of the main Rocky Mountain
chain, are a number of settlements, the largest of which are Mora and Cimarron. The
larger creeks are Cimarron and Vermijos, with tolerably wide valleys that can be
irrigated and capable of supporting almost as large a population as the valleys of the
Ocat^ and Rayado. Trinidad, however, on the northern side of the Raton Mountains
and in the valley of the Animas, is a very prosperous town, with a bright future. In
the neighboring valley of the river are over 230,000 head of cattle and 500,000 head of
sheep. The grazing is good, while the river carries a sufficient body of water to
irrigate large areas. Besides agricultural facilities, there are beds of splendid gas-coal
and good iron-ore in the vicinity.
A sample of the soil, from a short distance south of the town, proved to be of good
quality ; the result of its analysis is as follows :
Potassa.-,, 1 0.090
Lime • 0.349
Magnesia 0.034
Alumina, oxide of iron 2.42
Phosphoric acid - 0.071
Hygroscopic water 1.89
Chemically-bound water and organic matter * 1. 90
Insoluble in hydrochloric acid 92.24
ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GIIASSES AND THE ASHES OF PI^iNTS.
The science of the geographical distribution of plants teaches us which species of
grasses are adapted to certain altitudes, latitudes, climates, <&c., but it does not reveal
the varying values of these different grasses as material for food, nor does it show
what chemical diiferenc^ are produced under these varying circumstances. Recent
investigations relating to the influence of atmospheric pressure upon germination show
that an increased altitude does not correspond in all particulars to a higher latitude.
In this connection, Mr. Bert has found that diminishea pressure retards germination, a
fact due to the diminished tension of the oxygen. If, however, in air of low pressure
the amount of oxygen be artificially increased, germination is again normal. On the
other hand, it was fonnd that a pressure increased to about five atmospheres had au
unfavorable effect on germination, due to the increased tension of the carbonic acid
formed in the process of sprouting. The nature of the soil also has, in many cases, an
important relation to the kind of grass upon it, and also to its chemical composition,
decrease or increase of fibrous, saccharine, or extractive mateiial. The more mineral
substance and fiber a grass contains, the less of course is its value, the fiber being indi-
gestible, and being mainly ballast to fill the intestines during the process of digestion
and extraction of the nutritive matters of the grass; in regard to solubility, the latter
substances are of three kinds, viz : .
1. Substances soluble in water, as sugar, gum, tartrates, citrates, malates, amido
compounds, as asparagin, &,c.
2. Substances soluble in warm dilute hydrochloric acid, as starch, certain amido
compounds, certain albuminates and glucosides ; the starch and glucosides becoming
transformed into sugar.
Those two classes of substances will be digested easily in the gastric juice of the
herbivorous animals, becoming soluble and absorbed by the system.
3. Substances soluble in a warm diluted potassa solution, comprising certain
albuminate fats, and the incrusting substance of the cells. The substances of this last
class are indigestible in the stomach, but become at least partially soluble by the pan-
creatic juice after leaving the stomach. This is due to the fact that the pancreatic
juice has an alkaline reaction, while the gastric juice has an acid one.
An interesting question is that as to the effect of different grasses in the raising of
stock. We know that the meat of Texan cattle by no means equals that of the cattle
of the Eastern States ; the former sells the more readily because it is the cheaper, and
not by any means because it is the better. No doubt the composition of the grasses
on which Texan cattle feed has a certain, though perhaps not an exclusive, effect to
produce inferior meat. On the other hand, New Mexico grows the best wool in the
United States, and it must be admitted that the nature of the grasses on which the
New Mexican sheep feed has much to do with the superiority of the wool of that sec-
tion. New Mexico, as a plateau averaging 5,000 feet in altitude, and penetrated by a
large number of mountain-chains of an altitude of 10,000 feet and more, has, of course,
quite a variety of climates, which are modified still more by the «lry atmosphere of that
country ; hence the great variety of grasses met with: While the principal grasses of
the 6,000 to 8,000 altitudes are the gramma^ among which Bouteloua foena, B. oligos
tachya^ and B, hirauta hold prominent positions, BromuSj Agrosiia^ Poa, and Featuca are
in altitudes of 9,000 to 10,000 feet, covering the meadows amid the gigantic forests of
pine and fir. As regards lower altitudes than 6,000 feet, the growth of grass becomes
more and more scanty. The sheep of New Mexico feed principally on the gramma
LL— 10
138
grasses, and wool-growing is indeed the best business that could be devised for the
utilization of these prairies, the absence of water in most cases forbidding farming.
Of late, wool-growing has reached great dimensions in New Mexico, and is still on the
increase. In 1874 the wool brought by ox-teams to the termini of the railroa.ds in
Southern Colorado, Las Animas, and Grenada aggregated the enormous quantity of
one mid a half million pounds.
Three kinds of grasses were analyzed, viz :
1. Festuca oviwa, (determined by Dr. Vasey,) from an altitude of 10,000 feet, Jomez
Mountains, New Mexico. This grass covered chiefly the mountain-valleys of this
region. I found it also on Sierra Blanca, Mount Taylor, and the Santa F6 range.
It gave in air-dry state the following result, viz :
Water 12.3
Ash -... 5.4
Fiber • 30.2
Fat 1.5
Aqueous extract, (of which 0.07 is sugar) 12.2
Sugar formed on digestion with dilute hydrochloric acid ^ 10. 8
Extracted by potassa and loss 27. 6
100.0
2. Bouteloua olygostachyaj collected September 7, in the Abiqniu Mountains, at an
altitude of 7,500 feet :
Water 12.0
Ash 7.8
Fiber 24.4
Fat 2.4
Aqueous extract, (0.08 sugar) .14. 1
Sugar formed on digestion with dilute hydrochloric acid ' 22. 2
Extracted by dilute potassa and loss 17. 1
100.0
3. Boutelov-a hirsuiaj the mesqnite or buffalo-grass, collected near Las Vegas
November 16, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. This grass, dried up and cared in the
ground, had lost the green color and turned yellow ; but, notwithstanding the expos-
ure of this dead vegetation to atmospheric influences, it i-etained all its nutritive prop-
erties, as revealed by the analysis. The air- dry grass gave :
Water 13.0
Ash 6.5
Fiber 19.1
Fat 2.1
Aqueous extract, (0.09 sugar) 13.8
Sugar formed on digestion with dilute hydrochloric acid 26. 3
Extracted by dilute potassa and loss 19. 2
100.0
The fiber obtained from the last species of grass was exceedingly fine and short,
while that of the other two species was coarse and much thicker. On comparison, we
find the mesqnite is much richer in sugar-yielding material than are the others, and
that the amount of fiber, or indigestible material, is smaller. This grass, as regards
nutritive qualities, far excels the tall mountain -grasses, such as Festtica and Bromus^ of
either of which a much larger bulk has to be eaten by the animal to maintain the
equilibrium of the system. Further, it appears also to surpass the grasses growing in
less dry climates, as New Mexico.
Until now grasses have been analyzed only in Germany ; hence, we can compare only
with German grasses. On doing so we find the fiber of some of the best of the latter
to be 21.7 per cent., or 2.6 per cent, higher than that of the mesqnite grass. If we com-
pare the amount of fiber in the three species analyzed as above, we find it increases
with the altitude, or, better expressed, perhaps, with the increased relative humidity
of the air. It would appear as though the dry climate retards the transmutation of
the gum and sugar into cellulose, an observation which appears to be confirmed by the
grasses of New Mexico, these being exceedingly rich in sugar.
With regard to the fat in the grasses, it hardly exceeds 3 per cent., although it is
an important element in nutrition ; subtracting the water, ash, and fiber from the total
composition of the grasses, the relative proportion of nitrogenized to non-nitrogenized
bodies is about 1 to 6.
It is also of interest, in connection with the organic composition of grasses, to know
the composition of the inorganic constituents, the ashes of these plants, although our
139
knowledge of the respective functions of different cons ituents is thus far very lim-
ited. We are aware that the amount of pbtassa in these plants is in a certain ratio to
the bulk of fiber and the soluble carbohydrates ; we know, also, that without iron no
reduction of carbonic acid and water can take place ; further, that the phosphoric acid
stands in close relation to the bulk of nitrogenized matter produced, and that without
sulphates in the soil there is no production of albumen, but we have as yet no insight
into the nature of these relations, and no satisfactory chemical explanation of the
processes. With regard to some inorganic constituents of plants, we do not know even
whether they are essential, for mstance as regards magnesia and silica. The latter, as
asserted by some experimenters, is entirely useless, but it must be borne in mind that
the experiments upon which this assertion is founded were made with plants thriving
in aqueous solutions in which all the other mineral constituents were present except
silica. Whether such plants grown under such artificial circumstances, with an
abundant accession of water, would stand an occasional drought as well as plants
grown in soil, remains to be seen.
The question as to how a dry climate affects the nature and amount of the mineral
constituents of the vegetation is interesting, but can be satisfactorily answered only
after a great number of analyses. Some plants are exceedingly rich in mineral matter
and dry up sometimes in the ground without losing their shape or color of leaves and
flowers; the dead plants crumble to powder between the fingers, while from the inten-
sity of the color of their flowers they appear as though in a living condition ; Zinniu
anomala — a fine yellow composite — ^may De mentioned. The same species of plant very
often shows considerable difference in the composition of the ashes, according to the
soil in which it was grown; therefore much precaution should be had in forming
conclusions.
In the following table are the analyses of three German and two New Mexican
grasses, from which it will be seen that great differences exist between the two classes
£b8 regards their composition.
Potassa
Soda
Liime
Ma^^nesia
Oxide of iron . . .
Phosphoric acid
Salphuric acid..
Silica
Chlorine
Total.
6.41
7.63
2.0L
0.98
1.50
0.16
80.81
0.10
99.60
8.53
Trace .
8.57
3.04
0.41
2.01
0.81
76.81
Traces
100.18
9.32
0.21
6.35
1.31
0.23
2.15
2.99
77.27
0.23
100. 16
43.3
.3.9
1.3
0.5
6.3
2.2
39.0
4.5
38.45
0.69
5.65
2.72
0.28
10.60
4.28
3:^.08
6.64
101.0
102. 39
New Mexico.
No. I. — Ashes of Bouteloua foenaj
No. 2. — Ashes of Bouteloua hirsntaf
No. 3. — Ashes of Armido phragmitea^
No. 4. — Ashes of Alopecuriis pratensiSy ^Germany.
No. 5. — Ashes of Poa pratensis,
Respectfully submitted.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, ,
Corps of Engineefi'S.
O. LoEW,
Mineralogical Assistant.
Appendix 1 1.
ZOOLOGICAL report, FIELD-SEASON OF 1874.
I. General Itinerary, by Acting Assistant Surgeon H. C. Yarrow, United States
Army.
II. Notes, by H. W. Henshaw, ornithologist.
III. Notes, by C. E. Aiken, assistant.
i. — general itinerary," by acting assistant surgeon h. c. yarrow, united
states army.
United States Engineer Office, Geographical Explorations
AND Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
Washington, D. C, June 30, 1875.
Sir : In accordance with verbal instructions, I have the honor to submit the following
report upon the operations and investigations in the zoological and botanical branch
of the survey during the past year.
140
Since in previous years the collectors bad always been attached to tbe topographical
parties constantly in motion^ which, from the nature of their labors, did not atford the
same facilities for the proper study of areas zoologically considered, as would parties
specially organized for zoological collecting, it was authorized and permitted that a
special party should be dispatched under the charge of Dr. J. T. Eothrock, acting assist-
ant surgeon, U. S. A., the botanist of tbe expedition, to New Mexico and Arizona, vis-
itiog, en route, specified points or localities where little or no zoological work had
been done.
In addition to the collections made, observations by barometer for the determination
of differences of altitude were obtained.
Accompanying Doctor Rothrock were Mr. H. W. Henshaw, as ornithologist, and Mr.
James M. Butter, as general assistant. This party was fitted out before leaving Wash-
ington, with every requisite lor its work
Dr. Sothrock's instructions were that he should proceed from Washington to Santa
F^, from which place he was to proceed to Camp Bowie, Arizona, the southernmost
point to be visited, passing in his journey the posts of Fort Wingate, New Mexico,
Camps Apache and Grant, Arizona, returning via camps Lowell, Grant, Apache, Tule-
rosa, and Craig, to Santa F6.
From the different posts which were to be considered as bases of supply, excursions
were to be made to the neighboring forests and mountains to the eastward and west-
ward, and iu this manner a considerable area was to be covered in. It is gratifying to
state that at every post the party experienced the greatest kindness from the officers,
and every aid was tendered to enable them to prosecute successfully their arduous du-
ties.
The results attained by this party exceed in nnmbers of specimens those of any pre-
vious year's work. It may be mentioned as an example of the character and value of
the collections, that 9,000 botanical specimens of probably 1,000 species were secured,
and of these 15 or 20 are new to science ; 1,300 ornithological specimens, comprising
skins, crania, sternsB, nests, eggs, &c., of which no less than 9 species are new to the
fauna of the United States, besides hundreds of reptiles, fishes, and insects ; in short,
all branches of zoology and botany are well represented.
In addition, Dr. Sotbrock obtained the altitudes of several important positions by
means of barometrical readings.
In order that the route followed by his party may be more fully understood in detail,
attention is invited to Appendix H 1. An extract from Mr. Henshaw's field-notes is
also added, as having special reference to the ornithology of the regions traversed. •
In view of certain paleontological work requiring larger intervals of time than could
be spared with topographical parties, a second special party was organized and in-
trusted to my charge, in connection with Prof. E. D. Cope, paleontologist of the expe-
dition. Mr. W. G. Shedd was assigned to it as general assistant, and Mr. K. J. Ains-
worth as topographer and meteorological observer.
Instructions required us to proceed from Pueblo, Colo., to Taos, N. Mex., via Fort
Garland, Colo., thence to San Ildefonso, N. Mex., on the Rio Grande, thence to Santa
F^ and Algodones, returning to San Ildefonso, making this point the objective for the
season's work, should circumstances justify. From San Ildefonso our course lay up the
valley of tbe Chania to Abiquiu, thence to Tierra Amarilla, N. Mex., finally joining the
main party at Pagosa Springs, Colo.
It may prove of interest to trace out this route and the results of the trip more in
detail.
The character of the country from Pueblo to Fort Garland, over the Sangre de Cristo
Pass, is so well known that no further description appears necessary, while the geo-
logical features will be treated of elsewhere. Little was noticed of special zoological
importance until arriving in the vicinity ot'Badito, where representatives of ornitho-
logical and herpetological forms of life began to increase. In this neighborhood the fol-
lowing birds were noticed as tolerably abundant: the burrowing owl {Speotyto cunicii-
larittj) the mountain mocking-bird, {Oreoscopies montanuSj) the blue-headed jay, {Gym-
nokiita cyanocephalaj) besides the titmice and finches.
A few fish were taken at the creek, and quite a number of reptiles were secured,
prominent among which were the " hog-nosed snake," {Heterodon na»icu8f) and the horned
toads, {Phrynoaoma douglasm and P. comutum.)
In this vicinity also. Professor Cope collected a number of valuable fossil marine
invertebrata from the Cretaceous^ and in addition a fair number of butterflies and other
insects were secured.
Crossing the mountains at the Sangre de Cristo Pass, the military post of Fort Gar-
land, Colo., was reached July 29, we having seen nothing along the road worthy of special
mention. Every form of zoological life appeared scarce, with the exception of numerous
butterflies of the commoner species. The absence of birds was especially noticeable,
which was partly due to the lateness of the season. Among those seen were, notably,
the broad-tailed hummer, {Selasphorus platycercuSf) cow-birds, {Molothrus pecoriSj) larks,
a thrush, {Harpoj'hynchus crissalis,) pipelo, ifec.
141
On Ute Creek, near the post, a number of fine specimens of trout (Salmo pleuriticus)
were obtained, and on the contiguous plain some few lizards were found, among them
the six-lined lizard, (Cnetnidophorua sex-Uneatudf) and the Holbrookia maculata.
The line of march from Fort Garland was nearly due south to Taos, passing en route
the flourishing settlements of Culebra, or " Snaketown,'' as it is commonly called, and
Costilla, near which is the boundary-line between Colorado and New Mexico. South
of Culebra, on the plains, were seen a few antelope, too wary, however, to be approached,
and at different points numbers of prairie-dog villages were passed.
Instead of following the ordinary road, which turns westward from Calebra, one
more to the eastward and seldom traveled was chosen, in order that the paleontologist
might examine certain localities of geological interest. This road leads through an
extremely fertile valley, bounded on the west by a mesa apparently of volcanic origin,
over which we were obliged to pass to reach Costilla. A number of water-fowl were
seen in the ponds of the valley, and hundreds of little squirrels (Tamia quadrivittatus)
had their homes in the broken and irregular fragments of black basaltic lava which
covered the hill-sides. A large fox was also seen in this neighborhood, and on the
mesa road the first rattlesnake {Crotalus confluentus) was noticed.
Costilla was reached July 31, and some exceedingly valuable fish of new species
secured in a small pond near the town. Time did not admit of any stay at this point,
and the march was continued to the southward, passing the villages of Lama, Colorado,
and San Cristobal and Rito Honda, reaching Taos August 3.
In advancing to the south the reptile fauna increased, and many valuable specimens
were added to the collection, among them the collared lizsird, {Crotaphytus collaris,)
Marcy's garter-snake, {Entaenia marcianaj) and E. radix, while the Phrynosoma were
noticeable in large numbers. Birds were very scarce, only a few horned larks {Ermo-
phila cornuta) and ravens {Corvus amei'icanus) being seen.
In the vicinity of Taos a stay of several days was made. Some little difficulty was
here experienced in the selection of a camp, as the only available point affording pas-
ture and water for the animals was very near to the Indian pueblo, called San Fernando
de Taos. However, through the friendly offices of Mr. Miiller, who deals largely with
these Indians, we were finally permitted to select a desirable spot not far from the
town. At no place, during the entire trip, were more valuable results attained than
here. The day following our arrival, Mr. Ains worth, the topographer of the party, was
dispatched on a side-trip to Laguna Negra, or Black Lake, erroneously marked as Elk
Lake on most of the maps. He was directed to ascend the highest peak near the lake
and fix its position accurately by triangulation. Within two days this task was accom-
plished, and the remainder of his time was spent io gathering topographical details in
the Taos Creek basin. At the same time the other members of the party were not idle.
Professor Cope, assisted by Mr. Shedd, made frequent excursions to the hills and mount-
ains in the vicinity, examining the Pliocene deposits of fossils, and many interesting,
if not new, species were discovered. These deposits are familiarly known as the ** Santa
F^ marls," and are said to extend from the northward of Taos to at least fifty miles south
of Santa F6. Particular attention was paid by myself to a study of the peculiarities of
the Taos Indians, their customs, habits, language, and habitations.
A vocabulary of useful words w^as secured, and many stone implements, supposed to
be extremely old, were obtained, although apparently much valued as relics, the In-
dians stating that they have been handed down from generation to generation, and
were made, as they believe, or at least imagine, during the time of Moctezuma.
So much has already been written in regard to the construction of the Pueblo dwell-
ings that a repetition is unnecessary ; but it may be mentioned that this village is typ-
ical of the better class of houses used by these interesting aborigines. We were sur-
prised to find that in this pueblo, in lieu of a single estnfa or council-chamber only, as
is usual in other pueblos, each headman had a private one of his own, there being five
in all. For a small sum of money we were permitted to view the one appertaining to
the capitan de la guerra or war-chief of the tribe. It was found to be a large circular
chamber under ground, the entrance being through a small trap-door on top, sur-
rounded by a circular stockade, containing numerous antlers of deer, and having a
narrow opening which could readily be defended by a single warrior. Descending to
the chamber by a ladder, it was found probably 25 or 30 feet in diameter, arched above,
and about 20 feet high ; around the wall, at a height of 2 feet from the ground, was a
hard earthen bench. On the floor in the center was an oblong pit, 2 feet deep and
nearly 3 feet long. In this, it is said, the sacred fire is kept burning, and we were
shown some live embers beneath the ashes. Behind the fire-pit is a sort of altar
constructed of clay, in shape similar to the accompanying figure { — ^^ — \ ; the use of
this it was impossible to ascertain. From a peculiarly sweet aromatic odor, which
seemed to fill the atmosphere of the room, we inferred that probably in their rites
sweet-smelling grasses or wood are used as incense. The war-chief informed us that
it should be considered a great favor to have been permitted to view the interior of
this estufa, as such a favor was seldom shown to an American, and never to Mexicans.
The government of these Indians, who appear to be ruled by no single individual, is
142
somewhat interestiDg. The cacique or high priest is the oracle and spiritual ruler,
havinj; the power to punish for irreligious acts and solemnize marriage ceremonies ; in
fact his consent must first be obtained before lovers may be betrothed. In the temporal
affairs of the people he seems to be clothed with no authority. It is pleasing to note
the great respect and reverence always paid to these aged men by the people ; and a
singular custom among them is that of drawing lots by the young men of the tribe to
determine who shall support and take care of the cacique each year, and the success-
ful competitor is deemed ver^ fortunate.
The governor or alcalde of the village is in reality the ruler in all temporal affairs ;
he orders work, regulates the hours of labor, and in short performs all the functions
of a chief magistrate. Unlike the cacique who holds his office for life, the alcalde is
elected yearly. The emblem of his authority is a cane, which serves the double pur-
pose of a writ when offenders are to be summoned before the bar oi justice, and as a
-weapon to inflict such punishment as may be ordained.
The capitan de la guerra or war-chief holds his office by hereditary right, is re-
sponsible for the defense of the town in time of war, and leads the fighting portion
of the population. He seems to exercise the right of supervision over the common
pasture-field or ^' vega,'' and likewise claims the ownership of the hunting-grounds
near the village. There are also several minor officials who act as constables and po-
lice, called alguazils.
Although these people are ostensibly Eoman Catholics, there is no possible doubt
but they are sun- worshippers, as each night and morning the greater part of them are
to be seen on their house-tops chanting nymns of praise to this orb as he departs and
re-appears. These hymns are inexpressibly sad and mournful, though beautiful and
melodious, and similar in character to the droning song in a minor key of the negro;
the words appear to be a succession of monosyllables, with frequent repetition. In the
event of any occurrence of interest to the people, a public ciier announces it from a
house-top. We had an instance of this in our own case, as before we were permitted to
encamp near the village a council was held to decide whether to treat us as friends
or enemies. The decision being in our favor, the fact was publicly made known in the
manner indicated. ^
These people seem to be particularly fond of having near their houses birds of differ-
ent kinds, and a number of hawks and eagles were observed. The latter bird is
looked upon as having a sacred connection with Montezuma.
The character of the Pueblo Indian is singularly at variance with that of the other
tribes of New Mexico, being affectionate and childlike, innocent in manner and very
honest, exhibiting none of that brutal and ferocious element common to most of the
nomadic aborigines. These Indians are essentially a pastoral and agricultural people,
tilling the soil with energy and industry. They claim a patch of land covering a
radius of three miles square from the center of their town, and this portion of the
Taos Valley is most fertile, and a veritable garden-spot. On all sides were seen fields
of corn, wheat, oats, and barley, interspersed with large numbers of fruit-trees.
Mr. Miller stated that he annually purchases of the Indians about 6,000 bushels of
fine wheat. They claim that they desire nothing from the General Government but
protection against squatters on their lands, and appear to be abundantly able to take
care of themselves. It was particularly pleasing to note the gi*eat degree of affection
manifested by parents for their children, and also that they do not make beasts of
burden of their women, as do the wild Indian tribes of the plains and mountains.
Their laws in regard to thieving, adultery, and other crimes are severe, and ofteudera
after trial are pnnished with commensurate severity. A stay of several days in the
vicinity resulted in securing many zoological specimens, including several rare hum-
ming-birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects. A valuable mammal was found here, Baird's
hare, (Lepus bairdif) which had previously been observed only in the Wind River Eange
of Wyoming. This was a most interesting discovery, especially as regards geographical
distribution, and it is curious that the species has not been discovered before in the
southern territory.
At this place a first acquaintance was made with the " PenitentiSs,*' a powerful
organization of religious fanatics, whose societies' ramifications extend to every settle-
ment throughout New Mexico. The object of this secret society does not appear to be
fully understood, but self-punishment for sins committed during the year is inflicted dur-
ing the lenten season. At this time it is customary for the members to meet together,
and after prayers andjchanting, a procession is formed, which marches through the town.
The different individuals who are selected as scape-goats on this occasion are stripped
nearly naked and carry enormous crosses made of heavy beams of wood ; others carry
whips made of fibers of Spanish bayonet and soap -root, with which they flagellate
themselves and others until their backs are covered with gory welts. Some of the most
energetic of these self-made martyrs lie down in front of the procession and permit the
others to walk over them ; and the greater the suffering the more their religious fervor
increases. This curious performance lasts for several days at a time, and is extremely
disgusting to all sensible people. The priests of the Catholic Church have endeavored
143
in vain to break up this organization, bnt wiihont success, as their numbers are con-
stantly increasing. At Taos, where we first noticed them, one of their number had
died, and the branch to which he ha4 belonged sat up with the body all night, singing
and howling.
They have meeting-houses of their own in which the profane are not permitted to
enter, and these houses are, as a rule, far superior to their regular churches. It is a
custom with them while traveling to n^ako heaps of stones, with a cross on top, along-
side the road at different points, and each member as he passes adds one to the pile.
This is a peculiar feature to be seen upon all the roads of New Mexico, the natural
inference being that these heaps marked the resting-places of the dead who had perished
while traveling over the roads. The following notes, furnished by an old resident of
New Mexico, relative to the organization^ <fec., of the order, are given below :
" Seems to be comx)osed of lodges, each of which is independent of the other ; no
central power or authority, or if they do have, not extending above a limited section
of country. A few of the towns have a lodge-room, or house, isolated, for the purpose of
greater secrecy. The ceremony of bearing the cross and whipping in public takes place
only during " Semana Santa," or holy week.
" Punishment is of two kinds, self-imposed and that imposed by the lodge, for real or
imaginary sins; immunity from punishment can be purchased.
" Flourishes in the hill regions when the church-services are infrequent.
^' Has not been countenanced by the recent representatives of the church, though in
former years was not only countenanced but encouraged, and the churches were made
the theater of the most severe whippings.
" Not unusual for one of the devotees to prostrate himself at the steps of the church
so that all who enter must step on his body.
'' In the mountain country, when the last week in Lent comes early in the year, the
road to Calvary — a wide cross placed in the field, from a half to a mile from their
lodge — is through deep snow, yet the journey is performed naked, their faces painted
or daubed to prevent recognition.
" That the order is spreading under the opposition of the church is partly proven by
the new Mounts of Canary that have been, erected during the past five years.
" These devotees frequently perish from their self-inflicted wounds, and it is imag-
ined that a sure salvation is thus eflected. The burials of any of their order always
take place at night. There is hardly a reasonable doubt but that the ceremonies of
the penitents have been transmitted from generation to generation from the flagellants
of ancient times, and have been introduced from Old Mexico, at the time when they
were encouraged by the priests."
Concluding the work at Taas, we left August 9 for L'Embuda, taking, instead of the
old road over the United States mountains, the new one constructed in 1873 by Lieu-
tenants Ruffner and Morrison, through the canon of the Rio Grande, which not only
shortens the distance very materially, bnt is better fitted for wagon-travel, the ascents
and descents being less steep. The cation road proper commences at a small settle-
ment called Senegia and ends within two or three miles of L'Embuda, but will, it is
expected, in time bo completed to La Joya.
On the road few birds were seen, with the exception of ravens and jays, but in the
rocks skirting the road many small mammals and lizards were noticed, and some few
snakes were secured. At L'Embuda we tarried but a single night, pushing on the next
day for Los Leucearos or Plaza del Alcalde. The road lay through the Canon de Cito,
over a mesa to the eastward of our place of destination. We found this road for a
short distance almost impracticable for our wagon, and were obliged to unload our
supplies and pack them over a very steep ascent. This road, which is used to a con-
siderable extent in the dry season, is in winter and spring the bed of a raging torrent,
and to avoid it Lieutenant Rnfl'uer proposes to finish his Rio Grande road to La Joya,
as already mentioned. Near this latter place commences the most fertile part of the
Rio Grande bottom, much of which showed evidences of thrifty cultivation ; in fact,
from this point to San Ildefonso, the greater portion of the land is susceptible of culti-
vation, water alone being needed.
Plaza del Alcalde was next reached, from whence a visit to the neighboring Indian
pueblo of San Juan was made. This town differs materially from the Taos town, be-
ing built around a hollow square, the buildings rising two stories in height, instead
of five or seven. In the vicinity, the Indians own most of the fertile lands near the
river, and raise excellent corn and wheat,* and, besides, a great quantity of fruit ;
peaches, apples, and watermelons predominating. At this season of the year they
abandon their villages and erect temporary structures in their fields, in which they
live, to watch over their crops and protect them from unscrupulous trespassers. From
the alcalde of the previous year an interesting vocabulary was obtained. It may be
interesting in this connection to mention the Indian method here witnessed of thrashing
out grain. A suitable piece of firm ground is selected, perhaps 20 feet in diameter, and
is carefuU.v cleared of stones and gravel, water is then poured on it from time to time,
144
and a herd of goats is driven round and round autil the snrface is as firmly packed as
possihle ; a circle of posts is then driven into the ground, and the whole is inclosed
with ropes, on which are hung old bags or rags. Into the inclosure ten or fifteen
mares are introduced and driven around in a circle, the straw containing the grain
having previously been spread out. In a very short time the grain is beaten out by
their hoofs and is gathered into a heap, being afterward winnowed from the chaff
when a sufficiently strong wind will admit of it. These thrashing-floors are called by
the New Mexicans " era."
Left Plaza del Alcalde August 14 fqr San Ildefonso, passing en route several small
settlements. At Santa Cruz, left the maiu road and struck off to the right, passing
more settlements and a curiously isolated hill of volcanic origin. Saw very few birds
on the road ; but snakes and lizards were very abundant. After leaving the hill to
the right we had our -first view of the " bad lands " proper of San Ildefonso, crossed
the Rio Grande, and camped in a small grove on the river near the Indian meadow.
Professor Cope, who had preceded us, arrived during the evening, and reported val-
uable discoveries of fossils in our iaimediate vicinity. At this point the work of pale-
ontological investigation commenced in good earnest. The bad lands of the neighbor-
hood lie northeast from the village, some five or six miles distant, and extend over a
considerable area. The different deposits seem to lie in strata of several colors, the
violet-green one affording most of the specimens.
It is not necessary to recapitulate in this place the various interesting discoveries
made here, as it has already been done by Professor Cope in his report. A great many
specimens of fish were secured from the Rio Grande and adjoining pools, (many of
them new to science,) as well as large numbers of butterflies, beetles, and other in-
sects, and reptiles were especially numerous, particularly E. marciana and E, ornata.
A few mammals were taken, and humming-birds also. At this point we found undoubted
evidence of the occurrence of the "Gila monster," {Helo derma suspectunif) although,
owing to the negligence of one of our men, a very flue individual was permitted to
escape.
Much attention was paid here, as at Taos, to the habits, <&c., of the Indians, and a
vocabulary was obtained, as well as articles of clothing, pottery, and stone implements.
An ancient pueblo, situated on a mesa to the westward of the town, was visited, and
excavations made to discover crania and skeletons, but without success. Having
received information of the existence of caves in the curious volcanic hill already
alluded to, a visit was made, but nothing of interest was developed. Three caves were
found, two of which had probably been excavated by persons digging* for precious
metals, and the other apparently was the vent-hole of an extinct volci'^no. The en-
trance to the latter is situated on the eastern side of the hill, probably 2,000 or 3,000
feet above the surrounding plain, and is a semicircular opening 10 feet high and 12 or
15 broad ; it extends as a converging tunnel some 60 feet within the hill, descending
by a slow gradient, the opening being finally closed by masses of stone and earth. It
is said by the Indians to have been an ancient mine, but this statement is considered
donbtfnl. It is to be regretted that time and limited means would not admit of a
eareful excavation. This hill appears to be formed entirely of basaltic lava, which
fact would lead to the supposition that no precious metals could have been found.
The Indians of this neighborhood were exceedingly friendly and generous, and our
somewhat limited larder received many valuable additions in the shape of green corn,
watermelons, and other edibles.
While in the vicinity of San Ildefonso, Mr. Ainsworth, topographer, was engaged in
the surrounding country, paying particular attention to the courses of the rivers
Nambe, Tesuque, and Rio Grande, as well as of a number of smaller streams. In addi-
tion, the two roads leading to Santa ¥6 were both carefully meandered and measured.
From our camp in this locality, Professor Cope and myself proceeded to Santa F6,
and through the kindness of Gen. Irvin J. Gregg, Eighth United States Cavalry, an
arrangement was made by which Professor Cope could pay a visit to Algadones, some
forty-five miles distant, for the purpose of viewing certain fossil remains. Nothing of
sufficient value, however, was found to justify our moving camp from San Ildefonso to
that place.
At Santa F^ we received every possible kindness from all the officers stationed
there, as well as from citizens, and after securing a supply of rations a return to oamp
was made.
The duiation of our stay at San Ildefonso lasted until August 30, when we started for
Abiquin, in the valley of the Chama, psrssing, en route, the Indian pueblo of Santa
Clara and the towns of Chama and Cuchilla, arriving at Abiquin September 1. At
this point a careful investigation was instituted to discover some beds of vertebrate
fossils said to exist in the vicinity of Abiquin Peak, but none were found.
Having learned of the existence of a most interesting deposit in the vicinity of Gal-
lioas Creek, Mr. Shedd was dispatched to the town of El Rito to procure guides, with
orders to join the party at Tierra Amarilla. Some interesting fish were found at Abi-
qniu, Unt birds and insects were very scarce. However, a most interesting discovery
146
was made here of an ancient pneblo and barial-gronnd in the valley of the Bio Chama,
abont three miles east of Abiqpiu, and had beeo hnilt on the top of a mesa, or table-
.and, riBinir prohahty 100 or 150 feet above the level of the river. This mesa lie« at
the foot of the Jemoz range of muuDtains, and baa the appearance of a hij(h foot-hill
from the valley ; Been from above, it iti simply a promontory of laud in the shape of a
trapezoid, or trnstmm of a cone. At its baae in each side were the only means of ap-
proaoh — two narrow, steep cnRoiis, worn away by the streams of water from the
monntains above. la caae of war, those approaches could have been defended against
tbonaands by a dozen resolnle men with do bett«r weapons than roclis and slones. The
froDt of the mesa *s a sheer prec'p'ce allnw'ng of no ngress to the town iu that direc-
tion, and t would ap] ear that the bn ders of t chise ths spot with a considerable
degree of sagac t a d w tb a ew to a good lefe s ve pos t on altbongh we were
nuable to determ ne wh rp □ rjss of a pro arte 1 h nge the n ab tants conld have
obtained water A glan c at th a oiiip.inY n>, n lod c t w II perhaps, enable the
^^^^^
Diagram abow
llBj of
le Eio Chimia, near Abiquiii,N. Mat.
reader to better nnderatand exactly the position of the mesa, village, and Burro;iiidiQ"s.
The Kio Cliama flows through the valley at the foot of the mesa, as represented in the
cat, the road, aa, running alongside of it. The two caiions or approaches to (he town
are marked fid, and ec are two arroyos or ditches, in the aides of which graves were ,
fonnd. These ditches have been also formed in a similar manner to the caBons, but
subepquent to the occupation of the village. It will be aeen from the engraving that
the town waa bnilt in the shape of a double L, having an open area, or court-yard, on
both aides, and with bastions or towers at the corners, one defending the western
cation -ipproach, and the other Ihe only entrance to the town. The ftont wall was 40
feet in length ; the side wall, 50 feet ; first rear wall, 30 feet ; a prolongation of this,
40 feet; second rear wall, 80 feet; eastern side wall, 50 feet; the bastions being 10 feet
in diameter; the estnfa, or council-chamber, 30 feet. These wallsbad been built double,
as is represented, aod the dwellings were between, divided up into spaces about 10 feet
square. Upon the supposition that each of the spaces were occupied by one femily
consisting of, say, Ave mdividnals, and that the atructnie was two stories iu height, we
may imagine the population of this towu to have been in the ueigbborhoud of 250. If
the houses consisted of five stories, like 8<
leof the pneblo Tilla^ of the present day.
146
the popalation was doabtless mnch greater. The stone composing the walls are black
hasaltio lava, and have probably been brought from a considerable distance, as we
were nnable to discover any large deposit of this material in the vicinity. At the
present time these walls are bat 18 inches in height, aod are gradoaily crnmbling
down, but enough dSbi'is is scattered aboat to show that an enormous quantity of the
stone was used m the construction.
Interspersed with the stones are found great quantities of broken pottery, exhibiting
the same peculiarities of markings and colorations as the fragments found in other an-
cient dwelling-places in this part of New Mexico, for examples of which the reader is
referred to the report of Lieut. Jas. H. Simpson, of the Corps of Topographical Engineers,
entitled, " Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa F^, N. Mex., to the Navajo
Country,'' published in 1852 by Lippincott Grambo & Co., in Philadelphia. These illus-
trations are faithful representations of just such specimens of pottery as we have now
in onr collection from this village. In addition to the fragments of pottery, we found
chips of black obsidian, of red porphyry, and carnelian, white and red ; but not a bead,
an arrow, a lance-head, nor an ax-head of stone or metal rewarded our long and eager
search, which may perhaps be accounted for from the fact that the present Pueblo
Indians have a great degree of regard and veneration for ancient stone implements of
all kinds, and treasure them with great care.
The " estufa," or council-chamber, was carefully examined, and appeared to have
been similar in its character to the ones at present used in modern pueblos. These
chambers are formed by digging in the ground a circular pit from 10 to 20 feet in
depth ; a wall, in some cases of 2 or 3 feet in height, is built around the rim of the hole,
and on this branches of trees or beams of wood are laid, forming a roof, which is cov-
ered with brash, and earth packed firmly on top. At the puebfo of Taos each head-
man has an estufa of his own, but in this and other village visited only one appears
to have been in use.
After carefully examining the remains of the village, we set out in search of the
graves, having been informed by Padre Salazar, the village priest of Abiquiu, that we
would probably find some skeletons near the walls of the town, he having received
his information from some sheep-herders who bad seen bones in the arroyos while
wandering over the mesa. We could hardly credit the statement, as it is well known
that Indians, as a rule, are not in the habit of burying their dead in the immediate
vicinity of their villages, unless they have a church with cemetery attached. However,
we found in this case that bodies had been buried within 30 feet of the walls of the
town. The arroyos cc, as already stated, had been washed out by water, and the falling
away of the earth disclosed the remains. The first skeleton found was in the right-
hand or eastern arroyo, some 6 or 8 feet below the level of the mesa, and had been
placed in the grave face downwardy the head, singularly enough, pointing to the south.
This is very interesting and curious, aild I am not aware that these two facts have ever
been before noticed in regard to American aborigines. As the body lay, we had a fine
section of the strata of earth above it. Two feet above the skeleton we noticed two
smooth black " ollas," or vases, which, when dug out, were found to contain charcoal,
parched cora, and the bones of small mammals and fowls which had doubtless been
placed therein at the funeral-feast ; and the remaining earth to the surface contained
nothing but pieces of charcoal. Not a vestige of clothing, no ornaments, implements,
or weapons were found near the corpse, and apparently no receptacle had been employed
to contain it. By carefully digging away the surrounding earth with our knives, we
were fortnnate enough to secure every bone belonging to this skeleton, and it has ar-
rived in Washington in good order, and been presented to the Army Medical Museum.
A further search in both arroyos revealed more bodies sirailarlj'^ buried, and we
secured several, but in some cases the crania were wanting. Three or four skeletons
of children were also discovered, but the bones were in such fragile condition as to
crumble on exposure to the air, consequently we were unable to preserve them.
In examining the anatomical peculiarities of the bones, we were struck with the
very large capacity of the cranial vault as compared with the crania of the present
Pueblo and other Indians, and the narrowness of the cheek-bones, and the peculiarly
attenuated and pointed chin. In two of the skulls the occiput was marke-dly flattened,
whether artificially or not we could not surmise ; and in some of the tibise the spines
were somewhat flatter than those of more recent ludians. In all the skulls found the
"ossa triquetra " were numerous. This occurrence is common in most crania of Indi-
ans and negroes which I have examined. The size and stature of the individuals
during life was probably greater than that of the average aborigine or white of the
present day, although the bones, though longer, were much slighter.
We in vain endeavored to find out from the Indians living in the vicinity of Abiquiu
if they had any knowledge or tradition regarding the town or burial-places, but none
of them seemed to know anything positive, saying, when questioned, that such towns
had been built during the time of Moctezuma, and that even the oldest people never
remember to have heard from their ancestors that living people had ever been seen
there.
147
There seems bat little donbt that at one time this pttrt of New Mexico was densely
populated, as in the valley of the Chama we have nndAbted evidence of the existence
of the rains of at least six or eight towns which must have been sufficiently large, from
present indications, to have contained a total population of two or three thousand.
General Simpson, in his valuable report already noted, has made mention of his dis-
covery of quite a number of these ruins south of the Jemez range on the Rio Chama, a
tributary of the Rio San Juan, the most interesting being called the Pueblo Pintado.
This town, unlike those visited by our parties in the valley of the Chama, was built of
compact reddish-gray sandstone in tabular pieces. The town is stated by Hosta, chief
of the Pueblos ot Jemez, to have been built by Mootezuma and his people when they
were on their way irom the north toward the south ; that after living here for a while
they dispersed, some of them going east and settling on the Rio Grande, and others
sonth into Old Mexico. It appears that the people must have been very numerous, if
we consider how many of these towns they were able to build. A number of these
were seen by General Simpson, and our own parties have also visited a great nnmber
heretofore undiscovered, particularly those on the Rio San Juau, south and westward of
Tierra Amarilla.
From none of the accounts given of these ruins have I been able to discover that
any human remains were found. In fact, it is not certain they have been sought
for, and it is hoped that interesting discoveries in this regard jnsky prove an incentive
to further exploratory work. It may be mentioned that we also excavated a number
of pits in the vicinity of an ancient pueblo near San Ildefonso, N. Mex., but failed to
find anything of interest. This town had been built on a mesa overlooking the Rio
Grande, and was somewhat similar in character to the one already described.
I should fail in showing my appreciation of favors conferred during the prosecution
of this interesting exploration did I neglect to mention Ithat I first heard of the pueblo
from Dr. Oscar Loew, the mineralogist of the expedition, who very kindly placed at my
service the information he had acquired from Padre Salazaf ; and I should also state
how ably I was seconded in my efforts to obtain the skeletons by Prof. E. D. Cope, and
Mr. R. J. Ainsworth, which latter gentleman unfortunately lost his life only three days
after he made the excavations by the accidental discharge of a revolver in his own
hands.
The following fact is simply stated to show a curious coincidence with the super-
stition of the Mexicans and Indians : At the pueblo near San Ildefonso Mr. Ains-
worth made the excavations for skeletons, I myself not being able to assist, beins ill ;
and at this time he was warned by his Indian guide that those who disturbed the
bones of the dead usually suffered from ill luck, or perished violently. How truth-
fully this prediction was fulfilled is exemplified in his case.
In giving a description of the discovery, I have made no attempt to generalize, but
trust that, as experience accrues and further explorations are made, something may be
found to throw additional light on the habits and customs of the New Mexican lost
races who formerly resided in the neighborhood.
We left Abiquiu September 3, and reached Tierra Amarilla September 4. At this
point we had the misfortune to lose our valued friend and topographer, Mr. R. J. Ains-
worth, by the accidental discharge of a pistol in his own hands^ and I cannot refrain
from stating that his loss to the expedition I consider a most serious one. Ever ready
to offer his services when they could be made available, conscientious and energetic in
the discharge of his duties, he won the respect and love of all those associated with
him.
Considerable collecting was done in the vicinity of Tierra Amarilla in reptiles and
fishes, and valuable ethnological material was obtained from the Capote Utes and
Jicarilla Apaches.
Professor Cope was dispatched to Gallinas Creek to continue his investigations of
the fossil deposits, and the writer joined, at Pagosa, Colo., the main party under your-
self. At Pagosa from September 14 until September 20 much collecting was done by
^ Mr. Aiken and myself, and many interesting fish fxom the San Juan River were ob-
* tained.
The route pursued by Mr. Aiken, with his notes in regard to his work, are hereinafter
given.
Toward the close of May of the present fiscal year, acting under instructions, a party,
specially detached, consisting of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, H. W. Henshaw, Mr. Shoemaker,
and myself, proceeded to the coast of Southern California, in Santa Barbara County,
for the purpose of investigating the so-called grave-mounds on that coast. About a
month was spent in this most interesting work, and very valuable results were
obtained. The graves in question are comparatively frequent on the coast, and prob-
ably extend from north of Moro Bay to San Diego, Cal. They are almost invariably
in the immediate vicinity of former villages, and have, doubtless, been used for ages,
if the number of skeletons found therein are any criterion to judge by. Of the people
themselves who formerly lived upon the coast we have little information. Cabrillo, a
Portuguese navigator in the Spanish service, visited the locality in 1542, and mentions
148
that the entire coast was inhaWted by vast nnmbers of Indians ; at this day no rem-
nant of the tribes remain to teft the history of their former numbers or greatness.
In most of the graves examined, loose bones were found within 12 or 15 inches of the
snrface ; bat it was only after digging in to a depth of 5 or 6 feet that skeletons in
good condition, and sarrouaded by their implements and ntensils, were fonnd.
The inference is, that the same gronnd had been dug over and over again, and ased
as a place of sepnlchre ; the layer of bones near the surface being of older dat« than
those beneath, as the latter were nearly always found carefully deposited in a certain
direction.
From these graves we removed a vast number of articles, consisting in part of large
and small pots, or ollas, sculptured with artistic skill, from the kind of soapstone
known as steatite, or magnesia-mica, quarries of which material exist to the present
day on Santa Catalina and Santa Rosa Islands, in Santa Barbara channel ; mortars
and pestles of sandstone, ornamented with laminsB of the abilone-shell, ( Haliotia spen-
denSf) fastened to the edges by asphaltum— some of these 26 inches in diameter and of
a like depth ; war-dubs, or emblems of authority, of sandstone, 30 and 40 inches in
length ; basins and cups of serpentine, and arrow and spear heads of flint. Many orna-
ments were found of shell, and quantities of glass beads, of European workmanshipj
which show that many of the burials have been subsequent to Cabrillo's appearance
on the coast. I am informed by Dr. Charles Ran that these beads are of Venetian work-
manship. Some few iron articles were also found, confirming the latter fact men-
tioned.
From the graves about 10 or 15 tons of these articles were excavated, and it is
thought they will prove of much value and interest.
A rair representation of crania and bones was also obtained. In the explorations we
were most kindly assisted by the Rev. Stephen Bowers, of Santa Barbara, who for
some time has paid particular attention to the study of the Indian graves of this part
of the Pacific coast, and thanks are due to him for the interest manifested. Grateful
thanks are also due to Messrs. Thomas W. More, Alexander More, and Joseph Park of
La Patera, and to Mr. Welch of Dos Pueblos, upon whose properties the excavations
were made.
It is witli no little satisfaction that reference is made to the extended collections
secured. The constantly improving arrangements made for the better prosecution of
the zoological and botanical work shows more and more how much can be accom-
plished at a trifling expense.
The following scnedule shows the numbers of specimens actually obtained.
SCHEDULE.
List and numlers of zoological specimeJis collected in 1874.
Mammals J comprising alcoholics, skins, and crania 67
Birds, comprising alcoholics, skins, crania, sternaB, nests, and eggs 1, 450
Fishes, comprising alcoholics and skins 1, 660
Keptiles, alcoholics 280
Insects, Orthoptera, (grasshoppers,) 105 lots, probably 2,500 or 3,000
Coleoptera, (beetles,) 60 lots, probably 2,000 or 3,000
Lepidoptera, (butterflies,) including Zygenidce and Bomhycidee 428
Hymenoptera, (wasps and bees,) 90 lots, probably 4, 500
Diptera, (flies,) 17 lots, probably 170
Eemiptera, (jjugs,) 67 lots, probably 1, 500
Nenroptera, (dragon-flies,) 41 lots, probably 200
FormicaricB, (ants,) 30 lots, probably 2,000
Arachnidce, (spiders,) 54 lots, probably 600
Mollusca, (shells,) H lots, probably 500
Worms, Leeches, and Crustacea, 52 lots, probably 600^
In addition, about 200 crania of Indians were obtained, and a large collection of
archaeological and ethnological material ; 55 lots of modern articles, and 57 boxes
of stone and other implements from the graves of Southern California.
Of botanical specimens, about 9,000 were collected.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
H. C. Yarrow, .
Acting Assistant Surgeon U, 8. A,,
Surgeon and Zoologist to Expedition.
First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers U. S. Army, in charge.
149
n. — NOTES UPON THE ORNTTHOLOGY OF THE KEGIONS TRAVERSED.
4
By H. W. HenshaWj omiiholoffical assistant.
An interval of nearly three weeks spent at Santa F6 was occupied in examining the
conntry in the vicinity of the town. The results, however, were comparatively meager
and unsatisfactory, as indeed was to have heen anticipated from the barren character
of the region accessible. Quite a number of birds were secured ; perhaps the most
interesting species noted here being the black-throated gray warbler, {Dendroioa
nigresoenSf) which was probably breeding among the pifions of the foot-hills.
Leaving Santa F6 June 26, our march led to Fort Wingate, very little of interest to
any of the party being observed en route. Birds were found tolerably numerous at
several of the streams crossed, where the brush-lined banks afforded at once places of
Hhelter for themselves and their nests, and also favorable hunting-grounds for food.
Several of the desolate stretches of plain were found to be inhabited by the Rocky-
Mountain plover, (JEgialitis montanuSf) and on two occasions the young just from the
egg were found. The rapid marches, which were made in order the earlier to reach
more interesting fields for work, precluded the making of any extended collections,
and we contented ourselves with observing such facts as came immediately to our
notice.
The same lack of interesting animal-life attended the march from Wingate toward
Apache, little of interest being recorded. A short distance to the south of the Little
Colorado River a very rare vireo, (F. viciniorj) of which but a single specimen iwas
known, was met with, and there secured.
Reaching the Sierra Blanca, a camp was made at Willow Spring, at au'^altitude
of little over 7,000 feet. Here a stay of three days was busily occupied in securing
such collections of both flora and fauna as the brief time permitted. The heavy pine-
timber interspersed here and there, with beautiful groves of thrifty oaks, afforded a
home for many species of birds, of which not a few were represented by many indi-
viduals. The discovery of the Cardellina rubrifrons as an inhabitant of the Territory,
a little bird, combining in its habits peculiarities of both 'the titmice and warblers,
was made. Of particular interest were the birds JuncOf var. dorsaliSj of which a nest
with eggs was secured, and the hepatic tanager, (Pyranga hepaiica.) This latter species
was known only in this Territory, from a single specimen taken several years ago.
Both in 1872 and 1873 it was found from this point to the southern border, and is com-
mon in many localities.
Keeping to the south from Camp Apache, abundant opportunity was found along the
route for making collections, and scarcely a camp or daj's march was made without
some valuable object of natural history being obtained.
Between Camp Apache and the Gila River several species of birds were noticed for
the first time, their extension to the northward in this section finding approximately
its limits. Such are Feucasa ruficeps, var. toitcardi, a near relative of the brown-headed
finch of the Pacific coast, the Feucasa cassini and Setophaga picta, A large fly-catcher,
the Contopvs pertinaXf was found common on the edges of the pine-woods and the rocky
ravines, though this species probably reaches some distance north of Apache. At Ash
Creek, quite a number of fish were taken with hook and line, and also a turtle, which
has proved to be of a rare and little-known species, Cinosternum henrici. Crossing the
Gila, we continued to the south, toward Camp Grant, reaching this point July 28. On
the road the oriole (Icterus cucuUatus) was seen, it apparently not crossing the Gila to
the north. After several days' reconnaissance in the immediate vicinity of the post,
where several small streams make their way down from the adjoining mountain-chain
and lose themselves in the thirsty sands of the barren plain a few miles out, four
days were spent on Graham Peak; and here, at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet,
abundant opportunity was had for collecting. Of birds, many species were noted,
while the number of each species was usually great. Special mention may be made of
three species to which particular interest attaches. The Cardellina rubrifrons was found
to inhabit these mountains in great numbers, the Sierra Blanca, to the north, prob-
ably forming its northern limit. The Mexican snow-bird, (Janco cincreuSf) was a second
species not known to inhabit the Territory, and their numbers were so great here as to
justify the belief that this point by no means marks the limit to their northward range;
and it seems probable that investigation to the north would reveal the fact of the com-
plete coalescence of this form with that of its close relation, the Junco dorsalis, which was
the only variety found in the Sierra Blanca, quite seventy-five miles farther north •
Several fine specimens of the Evgenes fulgens, the large humming-bird, obtained here the
previous season, were secured, and also a nest discovered. Besides the dwarf vari-
ety of the white-tailed deer, mentioned by Dr. Rothrock, and black bear, many of the
smaller mammals, especially several rodents, were numerous. The black-footed gopher,
(T/iomomt/8 umftrinu^,) was present about the lumbermen's camp in astonishing numbers,
traces of their labors in the shape of tunnels and burrows being seen in all directions,
while in the early morning and evening the little animals themselves were frequently
visible as they cautiously emerged from their holes in search of the corn scattered about
150
by the stock. A night's march brought us to Camp Bowie, the tedium of the road being
broken by the souths of the Cassia's finch, {Peuccea cassini,) a small sparrow abounding
in this section, and which at this season has the unusual habit of continuing its plaint-
ive melody through the entire ni^ht.
From August 6 to the 19th the interval was occupied in collecting about Camp Bowie
and also in the vicinity of the neighboring agency. A large number of birds were
obtained, among them a humming-bird, (^Dorioka enicuraj) a beautiful species, known
only from far south in Guatemala. The ground-squirrel (Spemiophilua grammurus) is an
abundant resident of this region, and the curious fact was ascertained here that it has
made itself vt^ry obnoxious to the settlers by its raid on their henneries, proving itself
an adept at stealing the eggs.
From here until we camped at the base of the Santa Kita Mountains work was prose-
cuted chiefly as we marched along, and nothing of especial interest was observed.
Here several valuable .contributions both to our botanical and zoological collections
were made. Three species of birds, new to our fauna, were obtained, viz : Myiodynastes
luteiventrUy Circe latiroatriSf and Picua atricklandi; the evidence sufficiently proving that
all these are summer residents in this region. The Arizona sparrow {Pevcaea wstivalia,
var. arizonce) was found abundant in the neighboring Sonoita Valley.
Retracing our steps, we turned aside to visit Camp Lowell, arriving there Septem-
ber 8. Perhaps on no single point on our long route was the number of birds found
so great as here, and the five days spent in this locality were well rewarded. The des-
ert plains over which our approach to the post was made is the home of several rare
forms of bird-life, that are especially adapted for an existence under conditions which
would appear most unfavorable. The Bendires thrush, {Harporhynchus y var. hendireiii)
a recently-discovered bird the Palmer's thrush, {H. var. piUmerU) and the cactus wren,
(Campylorynchua hrunneicapiUtu,) were all more or less abundant about the various
species of the cacti which are scattered over the plains here in every direction, and
form, indeed, in places almost the only phase of vegetation ; in others being varied
only with the equally desolate-appearing grease-wood and sage-brush. Near the
stream which passes by the post the undergrowth was found alive with feathered life,
many species of birds finding favorable conditions for a winter-resort. Among tbese
were found numbers of the Kufus-winged sparrow, {Peuocea carpaliSf) and pains were
taken to secure a good suite of this little-known species. Returning firom here to
Graham Peak, September 18, a ten-days' camp was made, and, besides a large number
of specimens, two species of birds new to the fauna were found, (^PeuoedramiLs olivaceaj)
and the Mexican cross- bill, (Curvirostraf var. mexioana.) The Townsends and western
warblers {Dendroica townaendi and D. occidentalis were also found quite numerous. Re-
turning to Camp Apache via San Carlos, that post was reached October 10. The oppor-
tunity was now taken to visit the interior and higher parts of the Sierra Blanca,
though the lateness of the season seemed to preclude the probability of much being
accomplished in the line of zoology. Such proved to be the case, the deep frosts being
found to be almost destitute of animal life.
A curious species of owl, which, instead of possessing the usual nocturnal habits, is
abroad only in the earlier part of the morning and during the late afternoon, was
found to be very numerous in the piny ravines, where they appeared to associate in
regular companies, a rather anomalous fact in birds of that family. Dusky grouse
{Tetrao ohscurus) were found to be not uncommon in the high pine ridges, and this is
to be regarded with great probability as about the most southern limit to this species,
DO other of the family extending thus far, or being known at all from Arizona.
With our return to Apache terminated practically the field-work ; the late season,
combined with the rapidity of our subsequent marches to Santa F<§, preventing any
results of importance.
Respectfully submitted.
H. W. Hexshaw.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheelbr,
Corps of Engxneei'8.
III. — XOTES ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OBSERVED BY MR. C. E. AIKEN, ASSISTANT.
My operations for the season of 1874 commenced at Pueblo, Colo., on the 23d of July.
Few mammals were noted from this locality, but several species were very abundant.
Of these, the prairie-dog (Spermophil^ ludovicianus) were most numerous; but co-
yotes, swiftS) badgers, hares, aad rabbits were also common. I was interested to see,
at Pueblo, a cub of the grizzly bear, ( Ursus fei'OXj) which had been captured in the adja-
cent Greenhorn Mountains. This settles the doubts heretofore existing as to the occur-
rence of this bear on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains.
Ornithological collecting at Pueblo was very unsatisfactory. Much of the river-bot-
tom, once cultivated, was now destitute of any vegetation save weeds, and the unfeuced
151
groves of Cottonwood had been stripped of their undergrowth, so necessary to the ex-
istence of the feathered tribe, by the various herds of stock that daily resorted to them
for shelter from the burning rays of the noonday sun. The foliage of the trees was
shriveled by the intense heat and laden with dast, presenting anything but a tempting
resort fbr the timber-loving species.
Two weeks of careful scrutiny in this locality revealed the presence of about fifty
species of birds, all of which had doubtless bred in the vicinity, as in most cases the
old birds were found in attendance upon their young. Owing to the lateness of the
season, no eggs whatever were obtained, and in only three or four instances were birds
found so young as to be unable to fly. Several species were evidently preparing for
their southern migration.
Six or seven species were very abundant, of which were the red-winged and Brewer's
blackbirds ; also the doves and grass-finches. These frequent the more open ground.
In every clump of the larger trees, dozens of the noisy, but handsome, red-headed wood-
pecker made themselves conspicuous ; and in the more sheltered groves, the short-
legged pewee outnumbered all other birds. The kingbirds and Arkansas flycatchers
also were quite common among the scattered timber, the latter uttering its discordant
notes from the tops of the tallest trees. Among the more interesting birds noticed
here were the black-headed and blue grosbeaks, long-tailed mocker {Mimus poluglottis,
var. caudaiu8\ Arkansas-finch {Chryaomitris palustris)^ and the savanna-sparrow, the
last species, which is identical with the eastern pasaerculuSj being here found breeding
for the first time in Colorado. A nest of Swainson's buzzard was found containing
newly-hatched young as late as the 1st of August, being an instance of the irregularity
of breeding in this bird, which frequently lays its eggs as early as the 15th of April.
Of reptiles seven or eight representatives were found, and nine or ten of fishes, but
the insect class was represented in a superlative degree. An examination of the rank
growth of coarse vegetation which is so abundant in the river bottom revealed hymen-
optera,lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, hemiptera, and orthoptera, in varieties and num-
bers that were not equaled at any point subsequently visited.
Leaving Pueblo on the 5th of August, our route lay to the southward, along the
plains at the base of the Greenhorn range to Badito, thence over the Sangre de
Cristo Mountains to Fort Garland, which was reached on the 14th. Among the more
note- worthy birds noticed on the plains, were the mountain mocking-bird, {Oreoscoptea
montanuSj) long-billed curlew, and the burrowing owls, (Speotyto cuniculariaj var.
hypugceuj) the latter being found only in the vicinity of prairie-dog towns. They are
found standing on the mounds of dirt before prairie-dog holes, and are remarkably
sharp-sighted and wary for birds of their family, it being often diflicult to get within
long gun-shot of them. On being disturbed, they rise with a chattering cry, and fly a
short distance, then resuming their watch from another mound. When wounded,
they take refuge in the nearest hole, from which it is useless to try to secure them.
The story so widely circulated, which gives this bird the credit of living peaceably in
the same bole with rattlesnakes and prairie-dogs, must be taken with a liberal grain
of allowance. It is true that owls, snakes, and rabbits live in holes dug by the
prairie-dogs, but only in deserted ones ; and after three seasons of observation of
these animals, I have yet to see a single indication that any two of them live together
in the same burrow. The den of the burrowing owl may be recognized among a thou-
sand prairie-dog holes by the pile of bird-duDg at its entrance. As we entered the
pi&on-clad hills at Badito, a number of birds were seen, which had not been previously
met with; among others, the noisy and restless pifion-jay, (GyniwoAttta cyanocephala^)
which was seen scattering along, from one hill to another, in flocks of fifteen or twenty
birds. In proportion as we advanced higher into the mountains, wild-bird life, dimin-
ished, and at the altitude of 10,000 feet we missed nearly all of the low-land species,
and found in their stead such birds as the long-crested jay, green-tailed and Lincoln's
finches, and the merry little mountain titmice. The 13th of August, spent in ornitho-
logical observations in the vicinity of the Sangre de Cristo Pass only brought to
light about a dozen species of birds; most of these were apparently migrating, and the
entire absence of others from their favorite summer-haunts showed that they had
already left for the south.
Descending to the altitude of about 7,000 feet, at Fort Garland, the scarcity of many
birds that had been common at the same altitude along the eastern foot-hills was re-
marked, among them the black-headed grosbeak, long-tailed chat, lazuli finch, and arc-
tic towhee, which were either rare or entirely wanting. At this place, numbers of the
rufous- backed hummers were observed along the creek-bottoms, where they had doubt-
less halted in their migration southward. The capture of this species at this place is an
interesting circumstance, for, although it has been' reported as occurring here, I think
there is no authentic instance of its capture in the Territory on record. The creeks of
the vicinity, as is the case with nearly all branches of the Rio Grande, are abun-
dantly stocked with trout, {Salmo pleunticuSj) and evidences of beaver are seen every-
where in the stumps of the trees cut down by them. At one point on Ute Creek, within
£L mile of the fort, I noticed a number of trees, from 8 to 12 inches in diameter, which
152
had been felled by thene singular animals, and apparently without design ; for they lay
just where they had fallen, and even the smaller twigs had not been disturbed. Ou
the small streams in the mountains, to the eastward of Fort Garland, where several
days were passed, the devices of the beaver to increase the depth of the water were
constantly seen in the form of dams, which were sometimes so abundant as to form a
succession of small ponds, the water flowing over the dam of one only to fall into the
basin of another.
In these mountains, signs of bear and elk were seeu in different places and numbers
of the mule-deer {Cervas macrotus) were seen. The sprightly little four-lined squirrel
{Tamias striata) scampered before us as we forced our way along the pathless mountain
sides, and Kichardsou's squirrel (Sciurus richardsoni) barked saucily at us from his re-
treat in the thick-foliaged spruce-tree. A weasel and two or three species of mice, among
the latter the curious kangaroo, or jnmpiug-mouse, were also noticed. The scarcity of
birds here was probably due largely to the lateness of the season. Among the willows
that fringe the streams, the green-tailed finch and McGillivray's warbler found hiding-
places, and, as they were now moulting, were more than usually shy. Sometimes the
harsh, grating notes of Clark's nut-cracker, uttered far up the side of the mountain, or the
shrill cry of the red-tailed hawk sailing overhead, broke the death-like silence, and a
troop of mountain tits or ruby kinglets flitting through the forest, and perhaps a flock
of the gray-headed snow-birds, relieved it temporarily of its solitude. On two or three
occasions covies of dusky grouse were flushed, the birds takingjrefuge in the tall spruce-
trees, where they would stupidly sit with outstretched necks until brought down by
the shot-gun.
Such was the character of the country that formed my collecting-field during three-
fourths of the season ; rugged spruce and aspen clad mountains at an elevation of
from 8,000 to 12,000 feet ; and the birds and mammals here noticed were« with few
exceptions, the only forms found in such localities.
My visit to the above mountains was attended with one excellent result, the detec-
tion of the band-tailed pigeon (Colamha fasciata) at the western base of the Spanish
Peaks. This bird, a prize to obtain at any locality, had never previously been obtained,
or its existence even expected in Colorado. Several were seen at this place, and later
in the season, September 20, 1 was fortunate enough to meet with them again in con-
siderable numbers about fifteen miles above the town of Del Norte, on the Kio Grande.
At the latter place, a flock of twenty of these pigeons was found, and I learned
from persons living m the vicinity that the same birds had been noticed throughout
the summer ; so they had doubtless raised their young there. In their habits they
resemble the common wild pigeon, (Ectopristes migratoHus,) They fly in compact flock,
and frequent both the conifers of the mountains and the cotton wood groves of the
river-bottom, though apparently preferring the latter. On the Rio Grande, they were
feeding greedily upon a small white berry that grew abundantly upon the river-bank.
Leaving the mountains in the vicinity of Fort Garland, our party proceeded south-
ward and westward, through the great San Luis Valley, and then ascended the
Conejos River to its source. The sage-plains of the San Luis Valley were frequented
by numerous migrating sparrows, most abundant among which were the little Brewer's
sparrows; and the most interesting, because not previously noticed in Eastern Colorado,
were the Bell's finches, (Poospiza belli, var. nevadensis,) of which two flocks were seen,
though owing to their shyness, and my lack of time, only one specimen was secured.
On a high barren plain near the crossing of the Rio Grande, a single specimen of Baird's
sj^arrovf {Centronyx bairdi) was seen and obtained; an interesting capture, notwith-
standing the fact that this has, during the past two years, been proved an abundant
species in Dakota and Arizona. In the Conejos caiion, Townsend's warbler, a little-
known bird, and new to this section of the United States, was secured. It was' in
company with a flock of California nut-hatches, {Sitta pusilla, var. pygmcea,) in the
spruce-timbers bordering the valley. Although this species was only met with on one
other occasion, I am lead to believe that it is not uncommon during the migrations in
the mountains of Western Colorado.
In the valley of the Conejos River, several forms of animal life were abundant. Foxes
were daily seen, and bands of deer and antelope were on several occasions surprised by
diflerent members of the party. Beaver were very plentiful, as also were minks and
several smaller mammals. The largest trout caught during the season, measuring 21^
inches in length, was taken from the waters of the Conejos.
Far up on Summit Peak, where this river has its source, the commou woodchnck
(Arctomys empestra,) was numerous, living in burrows and crevices among the masses
of loose rocks; and the rocky slides were the homes of conies, {Lagomys princeps.)
Above the line of timber, at an altitude of 13,000 feet, a very interesting bird, the
white-tailed ptarmigan, was found in large numbers. One flock of twenty-five, and
several smaller ones, were seen, from which fourteen birds were killed in a short time.
They were very unsuspicious, and would sometimes run along the grouud before me
like a domestic fowl, but, after being once flushed and thoroughly frightened, they
would lie so close in the scant cover that it was almost impossible to find them.
153
Another interestiDg bird obtained in the same place was Allen's finch, (Leucoetic'e
austraJiH.)
On the 5th of September we arrived at Pagosa Springs, Colo., which point was made
the headqnarters of onr party for two weeks, giving me an opportunity to reconnoiter
the snrrounding country for zoological specimens. About eighty species of birds, in-
cluding those observed on atrip to the Gallinas Mountains, were observed within a cir-
cuit of fifty miles. The country which this short trip covered was more interesting to
an ornithologist thi|n any other of the same extent visited during the season, and it is
to be regretted that, more time could not have been spent there. Nothing new taken,
but the character of the country is well suited to the wants of birds, and both land and
water species were nuuierous.
Abundant evidence Wjas had of bear and black-tailed and white-tailed deer all
through this section, but the smaller mammals were sparsely represented ; even the
little chipping squirrel, which had been so common, and which we had come to look
upon as a component part of the wilderness, we seldom saw here. Owing probably to
the lateness of the season, there were very few insects ; but several interesting species
offish were taken from the waters of the San Juan river.
We left Pagosa on the '2lst of September, and returned to Pueblo by way of Del
Norte and Fort Garland. One day was passed at the San Luis Lakes, a series of
marshes and alkaline ponds about thirty miles north of Garland, which ofiier attractions
to water-birds unsurpassed by any other spot in Colorado. At this season, October 3,
I found large numbers of water-fowl congregated about them. Along the sandy shores
of the larger ponds, flocks of Baird's sand-pipers and avocets found abundant food, for
in all these alkaline waters are myriads of small marine insects. The marshes swarmed
with ducks, of which there w-ere nine or ten species, and on the open water rafts of
beautiful snow-geese floated serenely. Besides the snow-geese, three others were com-
mon, which, although seen only from a distance, I have little doubt were respectively
Avser aJbifrona, var. gamhelli-Brenta canadensis and Brenta canadensis j var. hutchingsi.
On the shores of the largest lake, which is four or five miles in circumference, I saw a
singular sight — the bleached skeletons of numerous ducks, mainly of the species Eris-
matvra ruhiday half buried in the diy sand. I can only account for this phenomenon
by supposing that an epidemic had prevailed among the ducks during the previous
spring.
The jourm y from Fort Garland to Pueblo being by stage, few opportunities for col-
lecting were afforded after leaving the former place.
The results of my season's collecting, as a whole, were perhaps as good as could have
been expected under the circumstances. Our party being more particularly a topograph-
ical one, and natural-history collections a subordinate consideration, the collector labored
under disadvantages, and it was impossible to give any particular locality full atten-
tion ; and usually the only time available for the preservation of specimens obtained dur-
ing the daj-'s march was at night, by a candle's dim light. In addition to these obsta-
cles, the country surveyed this j^ear was an elevated mountainous tract, which, although
well watered and rich in vegetation, was, owing largely, I think, to the lateness of the
season, almost destitute of animal life in many places.
Eespectfully submitted.
Chas. E. Aiken.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Coi'ps of Engineers,
Appendix 1 2.
annotated list of the birds op arizona, by h. w. henshaw, ornithological
assistant.
The following list comprises all the birds known to have been taken or observed
within the territorial linuts of Arizona. In its compilation several sources have been
drawn upon. A large proportion of the whole number were either collected or passed
under the observation of the author or others of the expedition during the seasons of
1873 and 1874.
The portion of Arizona visited by the survey was the eastern section, from a point a
little to the north of Camp Apache south to the border-line. In 1873, the time inclus-
ive from July 15 till late in October was spent in this portion of the Territory, and in
1874, from early in July until the last of November, opportunity being thus afforded to
investigate pretty thoroughly the summer fauna embraced within the line of opera-
tions, as well as to acquire information regarding the winter-residents.
In addition to the material thus gathered, I have freely availed myself of the pub-
lished notes of others, chief among these being the list of Arizona birds published by
Dr. Cones in 1866, which embraced, besides the birds observed by him at Fort Whipple,
LL— 11
154
in the west-central portion of the Territory, all others collected earlier hy the various
Government exploring expeditious, as well as those of Dr. J. G. Cooper, made at Fort
Mojave, on the Colorado River; thus affording a complete index of the fauna up to that
time. Since then many interesting facts have been brought to light by the labors of
Captain Bendire, principally in the neighborhood of Tucson, where he found several
species new to the fauna. To him I am also indebted for a list of the species found in
the vicinity of Tucson in 1872, indicating those breeding and such as winter and are res-
ident. The list may thus be regarded as affording a pretty complete idea of the Ornis
of the Territory, and it is not likely that many species remain to be added, except
along the southern border. Of Mexican birds, that extend across our lines, and find
their northern limits within our areas, there, doubtless, yet remain quite a number to
be discovered, and these not mere stragglers, but such as exist in considerable num-
bers. These will probably be found principally in the southeast, as there the mount-
ains, continuing in an unbroken range from the table-lands of Mexico, afford a high-
way, as already ascertained, for quite a number of otherwise extralimital forms, which
will be still further swelled by additional research.
In order to afford means of comparison between the species occurring in the eastern
part and those found at Fort Whipple and in the Colorado Valley, attention is called to
the differences in relative abundance, as also to the time of year when this difference
occurs. When no especial locality is given, the remarks will be understood to apply to
the Territory generally. An asterisk prefixed to the number indicates those that breed
within the Territory.
Respectfully submitted.
H. W. Henshaw.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers,
TURDIDJE. The Thrushes.
* 1. Tardus migraiorius Jj. Common Robin. Quite numerous during migrations. Not
very common in summer. Resident.
* 2. Tardus pallasi Cab., var. auduhoni Bd. Audubon's Thrush. An abundant sum-
mer resident in high mountain districts.
3. Tardus pallasi Cab., var. nanus Aud. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. "Rare; spring
and autumn migrant; some breed'' (Cones). None, it is thought, remain during
summer.
4. Tardus ncevius Gmelin. Varied Thrush. Obtained on Colorado River by Lieu-
tenant Ives's expedition, where, however, it was probably accidental.
*5. Oreoscoptes montanus (Towns,). Sage Thrasher. Common ; resident. "Winters
about Tucson" (Bendire).
*6, Mimus polyglottush. Mockingbird. Common ; summer resident. Very numer-
ous at localities in the southeastern part of the Territory.
*7. Haiporhynchvs dnereus Xantus, var. hendirei Cones. Bendire's Curve-billed
Thrush. So far as known, confined to extreme southeastern part of Territory, where
it is common, especially about Camp Lowell. ** Breeds, and is resident" (Bendire).
*8. Harporhynchus curvirostris (Sw.), var. palmeri, Ridgway. Palmer's Curve-billed
Thrush. More numerous than preceding, and, like it, an inhabitant of the arid plains.
"Resident" (Bendire).
9. Harporhynchus redivivus (Gambel), var. lecontd (Laws.). Le Conte's Curve-billed
Thrush. Type from Fort Yuma. A second specimen taken by Dr. Cones near Fort
Mojave. Probably resident. Apparently not occurring in the southeastern portion.
* 10. Harporhynchus crissalis (Henry). Crissal Thruwi. Occurring in all the region
south of the Gila River ; generally preferring rocky hills. Resident.
CINCLID^. The Dippers.
* 11. Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. Water Ouzel. Detected only in the White Mountains
where it is resident.
SAXICOLID^. The Saxicolas.
* 12. Sialia mexicana (Sw.). The Mexican Bluebird. Abundant; resident from the
plains to high mountainous localities.
13. Sialia arciica, Sw. The Arctic Bluebird. Perhaps only a winter visitant ; though
not unlikely the mountains of the northern part may afford it a summerhome.
SYLVIIDJE. The Sylvias.
* 14. Eegulus satrapa Licht. The Golden-crested Wren. Stated by Dr. Coues to have
been taken in the Territory, though not met with by himself. Probably very rare.
155
* 15. Begulus calendula (L.). The Riiby-crowned Wren. In the southeastern part, a
rather common summer inhabitant of the mountains. As a migrant, very abundant.
Some probably winter.
* 16. Poliopiila cosrulea (L.). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. " Rare ; summer resident "
(Fort Whipple, Cones). In summer, sparingly, though quite generally, distributed in
eastern part. " Winters in Colorado Valley " (Cooper).
17. PoUoptila plumbeaf Bd. Lead-colored Gnatcatcher. Have never met with it.
Said by Dr. Coues to be " generally distributed throughout Arizona, though nowhere
very abundantly". "Winters in Colorado Valley" (Cooper). Resident about Tucson
(Bendire).
*18. Polioptila melanura Lawr. Black-capped Gnatcatcher. Fort Yuma (Ives); Pima
villages, Southern Arizona (Heermaun). Breeds and is resident about Tucson (Bendire).
PARID^. The Titmice.
*19. Lophophanea inomatiu (Gamb). Gray-tufted Titmouse. Common resident.
Frequents the pifion-covered hills^ and in the south the oaks, never the pine woods.
*20. Lophophanea wolliveberi Bon. WoU Weber's Titmouse. Common ; permanent
resident at Fort Whipple (Coues). In the southeastern part quite abundant, affecting
chiefly the oaks.
'21. Parus nwntanus Gamb. Mountain Chickadee. A common resident of the pine
woods of the mountains throughout the Territory. The Western Black-cap Titmouse
(P. var. aeptetitrionalis) remains to be discovered in Arizona. It occurs both in Utah
and Southern Colorado (Fort Garland, Aiken ; Henshaw), and probably reaches into the
northern portion, at least, of Arizona.
*22. Paaltriparus minimaa (Towns.), var. plumheua Bd. Lead-colored Tit. An
abnndant resident. Inhabits the pinons, or the brush of the canons and ravines.
*23. Auriparus JlavicepB {f^Mnd,). Yellow-headed Titmouse. "Abundant in the Col-
orado Valley, where it is a permanent resident" (Cooper). "Breeds about Tucson"
(Bendire). Apparently not very common in the southeastern part, where it is confined
to the warm valleys.
SITTID^. The Nuthatches.
*24. 5i</a caro2men«i8, Gm., var. acitlfkx^a Cass. Slender-billed Nuthatch. Resident.
Common snmmer inhabitant of the pine tracts of the mountains, moving low down
in winter.
25. Sitta canadensis L. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Fort Yuma (Ives). Probably rare,
yet may occur even in summer in the northern portion of Territory, as it was not
uncommon in mountains of extreme Southern Colorado.
* 26. Sitta pusilla Lath., var. pygmcea Vig. Pigmy Nuthatch. Most abundant of
the family. Resident in the pine region.
CERTHIIDJE. The Creepers.
*27. Certhia familiaris Vieill., var. americana Bon. Brown Creeper. Of not un-
common occurrence in the mountains to the Mexican border, where probably resident.
The Mexican creeper (var. mexicana), though known from the high table-lands of Mex-
ico, has not yet been detected within our limits.
TROGLODYTID^. The Wrens.
•
* 28. Campylorynchus hrunneicapilhts (Lafr.). Cactus Wren. Of common occurrence
in the region south of the Gila River; also on the Southern Colorado. The cactns
plains are their favorite resorts, though they also frequent the thickets and shrubbery.
Resident.
*29. Salpinctes ohsoletus (Say). Rock Wren. In many sections very abundant.
Resident. A true rock-dweller.
*30. Catherpes mexicanus (Heerm.), var. conspersus Ridgway. White-throated Rock
Wren. " Generally distributed over the southern and western portions of the Terri-
tory " (Coues). Also in eastern and sontheastern parts ; never found in large numbers
as the preceding. Resident.
* 31. Thryothoriis bewicM (And.), var. leucogaster Ridgway. "The most abundant and
characteristic w ren of Fort Whipple " (Coues). Generally, but rather sparingly, distrib-
uted in the eastern and southeastern portions. Resident.
* 32. Troglodytes asdoti Vieill., var. parkmani And. Parkman's Wren. Very common
everywhere, from the mountain tops to the plains. Winters about Tucson (Bendire).
*33. Cistothorus palustris {Wi\a.) Lon^-billed Marsh Wren. A common summer resi-
dent in all localities snited- to its palustrine habits.
156
MOTACILLID^. The Wagtails.
34. Anthus ludovicianue (Gm.). Titlark. Occurs in varying numbers as a winter vis-
itant.
SYLVICOLID^. The Warblers.
35. Relminthophaga rnficapilla (Wils.). Nashville Warbler. Quite common about
Camp Crittenden, in southeastern part of the Territory, during latter part of August.
*36. Helmi7ithophagavii'giniai Bi\. Virginians Warbler. Apparently more numerous to
the north, especially in Colorado ; not uncommon, however, in the White Mountains of
the eastern part of Territory in August, where it probably breeds. "Very rare; sum-
mer resident " at Fort Whipple (Coues).
*37. Helminthophaga lucice Cooper. Lucy's Warbler. Summer resident; breeding
at Fort Whipple; arrives the second and third weeks in April ; remaining until latter
part of September (Coues). " Breeds also about Camp Lowell, in southeastern portion
of Territory" (Bendire). Seems to be absent from the eastern part generally.
* 38. Helminthophaga celata Say. Orange-crowned Warbler. From records appeal's to
be quite generally distributed throughout the Territory, as it certainly is in the eastern
portion, though nowhere common.
*39. Dendroica a'dtira (Gm.). Yellow Warbler. Common summer resident.
*40. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). Audubou's Warbler. In the eastern portion
at least a common summer resident among the pines of the mountains, where it breeds.
Very abundant everywhere as a migrant.
* 41. Dtndroica graciw Coues. Arizona Warbler. "Common among the pines of Fort
Whipple in summer (Coues). Numerous also in the White Mountains in Eastern Ari-
zona. Breeds in the pine region.
*'42. Dendroica nigresccns {To\vn%.). Black- throated Gray Warbler. Quite an abun-
dant species among the pines of Eastern Arizona, where they breed. " Common at
Fort Whipple; chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but a few breed" (Coues).
43. Dendroica townsendi (Nntt.). Townsend's Warbler. . Common during fall migra-
tion in Southeastern Arizona: chiefly affect the spruce-woods of the mountains ; some,
however, are found lower down in the valleys. A few possibly breed.
*44, Dendroica occidentalis (Towns.). Western Warbler. Same as preceding. Given
by Dr. Coues as very rare summer resident at Fort Whipple.
45. Peucedramus olivacea (Giraud). Olive-headed Warbler. Three specimens taken
at Mount Graham, in Southeastern Arizona, in September. Probably breeds.
46. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gm.). Water Thrush. A single individual found near
Camp Crittenden, in the southeastern portion of Territory, the last of August. Prob-
ably small numbers pass through during the migrations.
*47. Geothljipxs trichas (L.). Maryland Yellow throat. Noted as a rare summer resi-
dent at Fort Whipple by Dr. Coues, as it appears to be elsewhere. Seen in the eastern
portion only once or twice. " Breeds about Tucson " (Bendire).
*4d. Geothlypis mdcgilHvrayi (And.). McGillivray'sJWarbler, Common summer resi-
dent ; inhabits the thickets of the streams : also the mountains up to 9,000 feet. " Win-
ters about Tucson " (Bendire).
*49. Icteria virens (L.), var. longicauda (Lawr.). Long-tailed Chat. Common sum-
mer resident. Frequents the brush-lined streams of the low-lands generally.
*50. Myiodioctea pusilltLS (Wils.). Wilson's Blackcap. Very abundant during the
fall migration. "A summer resident at Fort Whipple" (Cones). "Breeds about Tuc-
son" (Bei dire).
*51. Setophaga picta (Sw.). Painted Flycatcher. Occurs in the mountainous districts
of the southeastern portion, from Camp Apache southward. Summer resident.
* 52. Cardellina rubtfrons Giraud. Red-faced Warbler. Occurs as a summer resident
at least as far north as Camp Apache. Very numerous at Mount Graham in August ;
inhabits the pine region.
HIRUNDINID^. The Swallows.
*53. Progne subis (L.). Purple Martin. Abundant summer resident of the mount-
ains. Breeding in colonies in the holes of trees.
*54. Petrochflidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow. Abundant wherever they find
suitable cliffs for nesting purposes. Summer resident.
*55. Hirundo horreorum Bart. Barn Swallow. "Numbers seen migrating through
Fort Mojave", May 25, 1861, (Cooper). " Breeds at Tucson" (Bendire). I do not now
remember to have seen this swallow in Eastern Arizona, although it occurs in New
Mexico close to the line, and doubtless is interspersed in small numbers here and there
in Arizona.
*56. Hirundo bicolor VieiU. White-bellied Swallow. "Breeds about Tucson" (Ben-
dire).
157
*57. Hirundo thalaasina Sw, Violet-green Swallow. Abundant. Breeding usually
in colonies of greater or less numbers in the mountain districts.
*58. Stelgidopteryx aerripennis (And.). Rough- winged Swallow. A quite generally
distributed summer visitant. Abundant in some localities.
*59. Cotyle riparia {h.). Bank Swallow. "Rare summer resident at Fort Whip-
ple" (Cones). " A summer visitor near Tucson" (Bendire).
VIREONID^. The Vireos.
* 60. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.), var. swainaoni Bd. Western Warbling Vireo. Common
summer resident of the Territory generally ; in the mountains up to 10,000 feet.
61. Vireo solitarius (Wils). Solitary Vireo. Quite numerous in the pine region at
Mount Graham, in the southeastern portion of the Territory, the latter part of Sep-
tember.
62. Vireo solitarius (Wils.), var. (f) cassini Bd. Cassin's Vireo. Quite numerous at
Camp Crittenden during the latter part of August, where they frequented the decidu-
ous trees. Also found in fewer numbers at Mount Graham in September, among the
pines. Apparently occurs in Arizona only as a migrant from the north.
* 63. Vireo solitarius, Bd., var. plumbeuSf Coues. Lead-colored Vireo. Common. Gen-
erally found in summer among the pines of the mountains, where they breed.
64. Vireo belli Aud. BelPs Vireo. A single specimen of this species, of which the fol-
lowing may be but the western variety, was taken on the Gila River September 16.
*65. Vireo pusill us Cones. Least Vireo. Fort Moj a ve (Cooper). " Breeding abun-
dantly fifty miles south of Fort Whipple'' (Coues). Many were found breeding on the
brush-lined creeks near Camp Grant. Apparently confined to the low regions, where
it inhabits the brushy thickets.
* 66. Vireo vicinior Coues. Arizona Vireo. Rare, but quite widely distributed in
Eastern Arizona. A summer resident. The type was from Fort Whipple, where it
was *' very rare."
AMPELID^. The Chatterers.
67. Ampelis garrulus (L.). Northern Waxwing. "A winter visitant from the north to
the more northern portions of the Territory" (Coues). "Fort Moj ave, January 10,
1861" (Cooper).
* 68. Ampelis c^drorum (Vieill.). Cedar Bird. Met with but once, near Camp Apache.
The condition of this specimen, a female, indicated that it had bred in the vicinity.
* 69. Fhcenopepla nitens (Sw.). Shining Crested Flycatcher. "At Fort Whipple; a
summer resident, and rather uncommon" (Cones). Permanent resident in the south-
ern part of Territory. Very local in its distribution, being abundant at some points
and entirely wanting in others.
*70. Myiodestes townsendi (And.). . Townsend's Solitaire. Apparently much more
abundant as a resident bird of New Mexico than of Arizona. It occurs, however, over
most of the latter Territory, and among the pinons of certain localities in the eastern
part they have been found quite numerous.
LANIID^. The Shrikes.
71. Collurio borealis (Vieill.). Great Northern Shrike. Visits the Territory rarely
in winter. A single specimen was taken by Dr. Coues as far south as Fort Whipple.
* 72. Collurio h^ovicianm (L.), var. excubitoroides (Sw.). White-rumped Shrike. Ap-
pears to be much more numerous in New Mexico than in Eastern Arizona, where I con-
sider it to be very rare. " Resident about Tucson" (Bendire) " Rare, and probably
resident at Fort Whipple" (Coues).
73. Certhiola bahamensis Reich. Bahama Creeper. Mentioned by Dr. Coues in
his list, but I am not aware that it has actually been taken within the limits of the
Territory. Has been found in Texas and also at Cape Saint Lucas.
TANAGRIDJE. The Tanagers.
*74. Pj/ranga ludoviciana (Wils.). Louisiana Tanager. Common summer resident
in the pine woods of Eastern Arizona. " Rare at Fort Whipple" (Coues).
*75. Pyranga hepatioa Sw. Hepatic Tanager. Common; more so than the pre-
ceding species in Eastern Arizona from Camp Apache to the south. To some extent
an inhabitant of the pines, but prefers the oak timber below. Summer resident.
*76. Pyranga csdtiva (Gm.), var. oooperi Rldgway. Cooper's Tauager. Apparently
prefers the deciduous timber of the warm valleys in the southern part of the Territory.
"Numerous along the Gila and San Pedro Rivers as a summer resident; Fort Mojave'^
(Cooper). "Perhaps at Fort Whipple" (Coues).
168
FRINGILLIDiE. The Finches.
*77. Heeperiphona veapertina (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak. Breeds abundantly in
the pine woods near Camp Apache. Met ^with at various other points in Eastern Ari-
zona. ''Winters about Tacson^' (Bendire); and very probably in the extreme south
of Territory generally. Not defected at Fort Whipple.
* 78. Carpodaou8 ccusini Bd. Cassin's Purple Finch. Of this species, the center of
abundance appears to be farther to the north ; it being common in Utah and Colorado.
It probably is pretty well diffused over Arizona, though in the eastern part at least
rare. ** A common resident abont Fort Whipple" (Coues).
*79. Carpodacus frontalis (Say). House Fincb. Abundant. Resident. Numerous
in many of the towns, where half-domesticated, and also inhabits the wilderness.
80. Chrysamitria triatis (L.). Goldfinch. "Summer resident; breeding at Tucson"
(Bendire).
* 81. Chrysomitris psaltria, Arkansas Finch. Perhaps the prevailing form through
the more northern portions of the Territory. " Abuudaut ; summer resident at Fort
Whipple" (Coues).
* 82. Chryaomiiris paaltria (Say.), var. arizoncB Coues. Arizona Goldfinch. In sum-
mer replacing the former in the south. Probably a resident.
83. Chryaomitria lawrenci (Cass.). Lawrence's Goldfiuch. I have never met with
this species in the etistern part of the Territory, wher« very probably it is wanting.
"Abundant at Fort Whipple where probably a resident" (Coues).
** 84. Chryaomitria pinua (Wiis.). Pine Finch. A not uncommon inhabitant of the
mountains, breeding among the pines at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, at least as
far south as Mount Graham.
85. Loxia curviroatra (L.), var. americana Wils. Red Crossbill. Specimens from the
^ southern Rocky Mountains generally are referable to this form.
86. Loxia curviroatra (L.), var. mexicana Strickland. Mexican Crossbill. A series of
Crossbills collected at Mount Graham in September are quite typical of this variety.
Quite numerous here at this time, and quite likely are resident.
87. Plectrophanea ornatua Towns. Chestnut-collared Bunting. Very numerous
throughout the plains of Eastern Arizona in fall, making their appearance the last of
September. They occur, I think, only in winter. /
88. Plectrophanea maccowni Lawr. McCown's Bunting. Like the preceding, occur-
ring in large flocks in Eastern Arizona in fall and winter.
89. Cenironyx bairdi (Aud.). Baird's Bunting. Occurs in great numbers over the
plains of Eastern Arizona, where seen as early as August 16. I found no positive ctI-
dence that they breed within the Territory, though their condition suggested this.
* 90. Paaaerculua aavanna (Wils.), var alaudinua Bon. Western Savanna Sparrow.
Abundant as a summer resident.
* 91. PooccBtea gramineua (Gm.), var. confinia Bd. Western Grass Finch. "Abun-
dant summer resident ; winters about Tucson " (Bendire), as probably the southern
section generally.
* 92. UotumiculiLa pajtaerintia (Wils.), var. perpallidua Ridgway. Western Yellow-
winged Sparrow. "Numerous on the grassy plains, south of the Gila River; Bill
Wilfiams's River" (Kennerly).
* 93. Chondeatea grammaca (Say). Lark Finch. Tolerably numerous in Eastern
Arizona. At Fort Whipple, "chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; many breed, and
a few remain all winter " (Coues).
94. Zonotrichia leucophrya (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. Not so numerous as the
succeeding species, but found in considerable numbers in the eastern part of the Ter-
ritory in the fall, where also they doubtless winter. All apparently go north to
breed.
95. Zonotrichia leucophrya Forster, var. intermedia Ridgway. Western Ridgway's Spar-
row. Visits the eastern part of the Territory in throngs in the fall ; frequenting the
undergrowth along the streams. Without doubt, many winter. Said by Dr. Coues
to be resident (?).
96. Junco hyemalia (L. ). Common Snowbird. " Rare and accidental " at Whipple ;
three specimens secured (Coues).
97. Junco oregonua (Towns.). Oregon Snowbird. An abundant fall and winter
visitant.
98. Junco cinereua (Sw.), var. canicepa (.Woodh.). Red-faced Snowbird. Given by Dr.
-Cones as a not very abundant winter resident at Fort Whipple. I am inclined to
think, however, that his specimens are all referable to the var. doraalia ; canicepa being,
however, a bird of Southern Colorado, and thus may in winter occur in Arizona.
*99. Junco cinereua (Sw.), var. doraalia Bd. A very abundant species in summer in
the mountains of Western New Mexico and the White Mountains of Arizona ; presum-
ably not reaching to the south of the Gila River, where replaced by the next species.
*100. Junco dnereua (Sw.). Mexican Snowbird. Very abundant at Mount Graham
and in the Santa Rita Mountains, where it is probably resident.
159
*101. Pooapiza hilineata (Cass.). Black-throated Sparrow. Common in the east-
em part of Territory, becoming exceedingly numerous in the south, where resident.
" Very abundant also in western parts" (Cones). Inhabits the open country and the
bmsh-lined streams.
102. Poospiza belli (Cass.), var. nevadensis Ridgway. Artemisia Sparrow. Common
in the fall in the eastern sections, where it winters. Frequents the sage-brush i)lain8
and the mequite thickets.
103. Spizella monticol'a (Gm.). Tree Sparrow. *• Colorado Chiquito River in win-
ter" (Kennerly); **also about Tucson in winter" (Bendire). Probably rare.
*104. Spizella socialis (Wils.), var. arizonw Coues. Arizona Chipping Sparrow.
Abundant over the Territory as a summer resident. ** Winters about Tucson" (Ben-
dire).
105. Spizella pallida (Sw.). Clay-colored Bunting. Given by Kennerly from Bill
Williams's River; also from Tucson and Pima villages by Heermanii. These citations
liave been referred to S. Irewerij and with much likelihood; pallida does, however,
occur in the southeastern part of Arizona, where, at old Camp Crittenden, we found it
rather common in September. Probably winters.
*106. Spizella breweri (Cass.). Brewer's Sparrow. Through the eastern section very
numerous in summer, and wintering in great numbers in the southeastern part. '* Rare
eammer resident at Fort Whipple " (Coues).
*107. Spizella atrigularis (Caban.). Black-chinned Sparrow. "Rare; summer resi-
dent " at Fort Whipple (Cones). In the eastern parts it appears to be entirely wanting ;
was not seen by any of our parties nor by Captain Bendire during his residence near
Tucson.
"108. Melospiza mel-odia (Wils.), var. fallax Bd. Western Song Sparrow. Rather
common and generally distributed. Resident.
109. Melospiza melodia (Wils.), var. heermanni Bd. A single specimen was collected
in Western Arizona by Mr. F. Blschoff, where it is probably but a 8trag;j;ler from the
Sierra Nevadas.
110. Melospiza lincolni (And.). Lincoln's Finch. Exceedinglynumerous in the eastern
sections in the brush of many of the streams. Probably winters in the Gila Valley ;
none, it is thought, pass the summer there.
•111. PeucoBa cestivalis (h\G\\t.)yYa.r. arizono! Ridgw&y. Arizona Sparrow. Abundant
in several of the valleys in the southeast. Perhaps resident.
112. Peuccea cassini (Woodb.). Cassin's Sparrow. A very abundant inhabitant of
the plains from the Gila River to the South. " Winters about Tucson" (Bendire).
*113. Peuccea ruftceps (Cass.), var. boucardi Sclat. Boucard's Sparrow. A common
inhabitant of the submountaiuous.sections from Camp Apache southward. Remains
principally in rocky localities among the oaks, without venturing far into the pine
region. Resident.
•114. Peuccea carpalis Coues. Rufousf wing d Sparrow. Apparently restricted to the
extreme southeastern portion, whore it is an aliuudant resident. Confined to the low
regions, where it is a frequenter of the brush and mesqnite thickets.
115. Passerella townsendi (And.), var. schistacea Bd. A single specimen was captured
a little south of Camp Apache in September of 1871. I can find no other instance of
its occurrence.
116. Calamospiza hicolor (Towns.). White- winged Blackbird. A very abundant resi-
dent in Southeastern Arizona, congregating on the p'aius in immense flocks late in the
fall. Not noticed about Fort Whipple by Dr. Couesi
117. Euspiza americana (Gmei.). Black-throated Bunting. Occurs in small num-
bers in Southeastern Arizona in fall.
*118 Hedymeles melanocephalus (Sw.). Black-headed Grosbeak. Abundant summer
resident ; generally distributed. Common in the pine woods near Camp Apache at ele-
vation of 8,000 feet. Wintt-rs about Tucson.
*119. Guiraca ccerulea (L.). Blue Grosbeak. Common summer resident from Camp
Apache south. Frequents the timbers of the streams of the low-lands. "A single speci-
men taken near Fort Whipple" (Coues).
•120. Cyanospiza amcena (Say). Lazuli Finch. Rather common in Eastern Arizona
as a summer resident. Not abundant at Fort Whipple (Coues), " In winter about
Tucson." (Bendire).
*121. Cyanospiza dris (L.). Nonpareil. Present about Camp Bowie, and also in the
Sonoita Valley as a summer resident. Found also by Captain Bendire near Tucson,
where it breeds and also winters.
122. Pyrrhuloxia ainuata (Bp.). Texas Cardinal. Obtained by Mr. F. Bischoft" in 1871.
Found also at Camp Grant by Dr. E. Palmer. About Tucson it occurs in winter, and
very probably may here be a n^sideut.
*123. Cardinalis virginianus (Briss.), var. igneus Bd. Cape Cardinal. Occurs rather
sparingly in Arizona in the southeast. "Breeds and is resident at Tucson" (Bendire).
*124. Pipilo maculatus (Sw.), var. megalonyx Bd. Very common; resident in the east-
era section. "Very abundant; permanent resident at Fort Whipple " (Coues).
160
*125. PipiIofu8cua (Sw.), var. meaoleucus Bd. Canon Bunting;. Especially numerons
in the southern and southeastern part of Territory, but also quite generally distributed.
*126. Pipilo dherii Bd. Abert^s Towhee. In the valleys of the Gila and San Pedro
Rivers; an abundant resident; also ^'resident about Tucson'' (Bendire); also very
abundant in valley of Colorado. *' Common at Fort Mojave, and particularly so at
Fort Yuma," (Cones). ^
* 127. Fipilo chlorurus (Towns.). Green-tailed Finch. In the eastern part of Territory
a common summer resident. About " Tucson in winter" (Bendire). At " Fort Whipple
only as a spring and fall migrant" (Cones).
ALAUDID^. The Larks.
*128. Eremophila alpeatris Boie, var. chrysolcmna (Wagl.). This variety occurs as a
resident) and in localities is quite common. In fall the numbers are increased by
the arrival of immense numbers from the north ; quite likely the northern alpestria
occurs in winter.
ICTERID^. The Orioles.
129. Molothrus pecoria (Gmel.). Cow Bunting. Generally distributed as a summer
resident. " Winters abundantly in the Colorado Valley (Cones) ; also found at ** Tuc-
son in winter" (Bendire).
* 130. Mohthrus peooris (Gmel). Y&T.ohacurus^CaLQS.). Dwarf Cow Bunting. Occurring
in the southern parts of Arizona, though seemingly not very common.
"'ISl. AgelcBus phcdniceua (L.), Red-winged Blackbird. Common ; resident in all suit-
able localities.
"'132. Xantkooephalua icterocephalua (Bon.). Yellow-headed Blackbird. Very abun-
dant in certain localities in the east, as the marshes of the San Pedro River, where resi-
dent. Generally diffused over the Territory in summer.
*133. Stumella magna (L.), var. neghcta ( Aud.). Western Meadow Lark. On account
of a very general lack of favorable localities, not common. Resident.
*134. Icterus pai^orum (Bon.). Scott's Oriole. Not uncommon in extreme south-
eastern part in summer. "Breeds about Tucson" (Bendire).
*135. Icterus cucullatua (Sw.). Hooded Oriole. Rather numerous in the region south
of the Gila. Nests in the deciduous trees along the streams.
*136. Icterus hullockl (Sw.). Bullock's Oriole. Common summer sojourner. Breeds
in the pine woods from about 10,000 feet to the deciduous trees of the lowest streams.
*137. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brevy^ei-'s Blackbird. Perhaps the most
abundant, as it is the most generally distributed, of the family. Permanent resident.
CORVID^. The Crows.
*138. Corrus coraoc (L.), var. camiDOTMS (Bartr.). American Raven. Very abundant
everywhere. Permanent resident.
*139. Corvus ctn/ptoleucus (Couch). White -necked Crow. Reported by Captain Ben-
dire as much more common about Tucson than the Common Raven. He also found it
breeding in the region. None of our parties met with it, nor has it been reported
from other portions of the Territory.
140. Corvus aviericanus Aud. Common Crow. Numerous about Camp Apache in
November, where it winters, and is said to remain in the adjoining mountains through
the summer.
141. Pidcorvus columbianuSy (Willi.) Clarke's Crow. Found in the White Mountains in
August, and 1 think it breeds there. "Abundant at Fort Whipple at irregular intervals
during the winter months" (Cones).
"142. Gymnokitta cyanocephala Pr. Max. Maximilian's Jay. I found this species
numerous in Western New Mexico, and presume it also occurs in Eastern Arizona,
though none of our parties obtained specimens. Given by Dr. Ci»ue.s as an abundant
resident at Fort Whipple, breeding in the mountains.
*143. Pica caudata Flem., var. hudsonica Bon. Magpie. "Sparingly distributed
throughout the Territory." (Coues).
*144. Cyanura stelleri (Gmel.) y var. macrolopha Bd. A quite common, generally distrib>
nted, species. Resident In summer coudued to the pine woods of the mountains, be-
coming more widely diffused in fall.
*145. Cyanodtta Jioridana (Bam.), var wood hou^ei Bd. Woodhouse's Jay. Present
in small numbers in the eastern part ; in the northeast seemingly replaced to a great
extent by the next species. " Resident, and exceedingly abundant, at Fort Whipple"
(Coues).
*146. Cyanocitta nltraniarina Bp.,var. arizonw Ridgway. Blue Jay. A common resident
in the southeast, extending to the north nearly to Camp Apache. Shuns the deep forests,
and lives in the oak-groves.
161
147. Ferisoreus canadensis (L.), var. capiialis Bd. Rocky Moustain Gray Jay. Pres-
ent in considerable numbers in the White Mountains, where I presume it is a permanent
resident. I find no record of the species from elsewhere in Arizonaj though the high
mountains of the northern part probably furnish it a home,
TYRANNID^. The Flycatchers.
*148. Tyrannus verticalU Say. Arkansas Flycatcher. Present in Eastern Arizona in
small numbers, though generally replaced in this section by the following species.
Breeds at Camp Grant, and even as far south as Tucson, where noted by Captain Ben-
dire.
*149. Tyrannus vociferans Sw. Gassings Flycatcher. Abundant and apparently dif-
fused all over the Territory.
*150. Myiarchus crinitus lh.)yYSkT, cinerascens LiSkWT, Ash -throated Flycatcher. Com-
mon summer resident through the eastern section. " Resident about Tucson'^ (Bendire).
" Common in summer at F rt Whipple." (Coues.)
*151. Myiodyndstea lui^iventria Sclat. Four specimens secured in the Santa Rita
Mountains, Southeastern Arizona.
*152. Sayornia nigricans (Sw.) Black Pewee. Common and generally diffused over
the Territory ; resident in the more southern portions.
*153. Sayornis sayus (Bon.). Say's Pewee. Common. '* Summer visitant at Fort
Whipple " (Coues). Winters in the southern part of Territory generally.
*154. Contopushorealis{Sw.& Rich.), Olive-sided Flycatcher. Quito common in snm-
mer in the mountainous districts in the eastern portions. May winter in the south.
*155. Contopus pertinax Cab. Mexican Olive-sided Flycatcher. "Very rare; sum-
mer resident at Fort Whipple (Coues).'' In the mountainous sections in the east and
southeast, from Camp Apache down, quite common; one of the most so of its tribe;
may perhaps winter.
*156. Contopus viretis (L.), var. Hchardsoni (Sw.). Richardson's Pewee. Abundant
summer resident over the Territory generally. " Resident about Tucson " (Bendire).
*157. Empidonax fraiZi (And.), var. jjk^Wiw (Sw.). Least Flycatcher. More or less
abundant throughout the Territory.
*158. Empidonax Jlaviventris Bd., var. difficilis Bd. Western Yellow-bellied Fly-
catcher. Not very common, though generally distributed in the mountainous sections,
of which it is a summer resident.
*159. Empidonax obscurus (Sw.). Wright's Flycatcher. Of not uncommon occur-
rence as a summer resident Found both in the low valleys and higher up in the aspen-
groves of the mountain-sides.
*160. Empidonax hammondi (De Vesey). Hammond's Flycatcher. Perhaps the
most numerous of the small Empidonacds in Eastern Arizona, especially in the fall,
when, in migrating, it descends from the high altitudes, where it spends the summer.
*16l. Mitrephorus fulvifrons (Giraud), var. pallasc-ens Coues. Yellow-headed Fly-
catcher. Occurring at intervals throughout Eastern Arizona, as far north, at least, as
Camp Apache, but quite rare. An inhabitant of the mountains. '* Rare at Fort Whip-
ple." (Coues).
*162. Fyrocephalus rubineus Lawr., var. mexicantiSf Sclat. Red Flycatcher. In
Eastern Arizona, not reaching to the north of the Gila, in which valley and to the
south ic is of common occurrence, and in some of the river-bottoms abundant. "Resi-
dent about Tucson" (Bendire) ; and I am inclined to think along the southern border
generally, extending on the Colorado to a higher latitude. " Camp Mojave" (Cooper).
ALCEDINID^. The Kingfishers.
'*1G3, Ceryle alcyon (L.). Kingfisher. A resident of the streams here and there, as
these are stocked with tish.
164. Ceryle americana (Ginel.). Texas Kingfisher. " Observed at several points on
the Colorado River between Forts Mojave and Yuma" (Coues). v
CAPRIMULGID^. The Goatsuckers.
•165. Chordeiles popetue (Vie'i]\.)f YSkT, henryi CsLBB. Western Nigh thawk. Abundant
everywhere as a summer resident.
* 166. Chordeiles acutipennis (Bodd.), var. texensis Lawr. Texas Nighthawk. In the
east, as far north at least as the Gila Valley. In the Colorado Valley, as high as Camp
Mojave, where noted by Dr. Cooper. A summer resident.
* 167. Antrostomus nuUalli (Aud.). Nnttall's Whippoorwill. Very numerous every-
where as a summer sojourner. " Resident in the neighborhood of Tucson" (Bendire).
* 168. Acanthylis saxatilis Woodh. Rocky Mountain Swift. Found in colonies here
and there through the Territory, aud in localities very numerous. Summer resident.
162
TROCHILID^. The Hummingbirds.
169. Stellula calliope (iJould). Calliope Hummingbird. Very abundant in the White
Mountains in August, and observed at various other points in Eastern Arizona.
''170. Trochilua alexandri Boarc. & Wils. Black-chinned Hummingbird. In East-
ern Arizona, a summer resident, from Camp Apache south. Very numerous; in fact,
the prevailing species of the family in the southeastern portion. Not reported from
the western section.
171. Calypte anna (heas.), Anna Hummingbird. Tolerably numerous at Camp Grant
in September. Perhaps only a migrant.
172. Caly pte oostas (Bouvg). Costa's Hummingbird. '* Chiefly in southern and west-
ern part of the Territory" (Coues). "Bill William's River" (Kennerly). "Camp
Mojave" (Cooper).
* 173. Selasphorua rufus (Gmel.). Rufous-backed Hummer. " Summer resident at Fort
Whipple; breediug abundantly" (Coues). Exceedingly numerous throughout the
eastern section in fall. No evidence obtained of it breeding.
*174. SeUi8phai*u8 platycercus (B\y.), Broad-tailed Hummer. Summer resident over
all the Territory, remaining in the mountains through the summer.
* 175. Eugenes fulgena (Sw.). Refulgent Hummer. More or less common in
summer at Mount Graham. Perhaps an inhabitant of the mountains throughout
Eastern Arizona.
* 176. Circe latrirotria Bourc, Circe Hummer. Three specimens secured in the Santa
Rita Mountains, near the border line, where presumably not an uncommon summer
resident.
177. Doricha enicura Vieill. Slender Shear-tail Hummingbird. A single individual
taken at Camp Bowie, August 8.
CUCULID^. The Cuckoos.
*178. Geoooccyx californianus (Less.). Chaparral Cook. "Rare at Fort Whipple"
(Coues). In the east as far as the Gila River it is common, becoming less so to the north,
but reaching into Southern Utah. Resident.
* 179. Coccygus americanue (L.). Telle w-billed Cuckoo. Quite common in the south-
east as a summer resident.
PICID^. The Woodpeckers.
* 180. Picus villosys L., var. harrisi And. Western Hairy Woodpecker. Perhaps the
commonest as well as the most generally diffused of the group. Resident.
181. Picua puheacens L., var. gairdneri And. Gairdner's Woodpecker. One or
two seen along the Gila River in October. Very rare.
*182. Picus scalane Wagler. Ladder-backed Woodpecker. "Not a very common
summer resident at Fort Whipple " (Cones). In the south and east as far up as the
Gila River of common occurrence, chiefly in the river-bottoms and mesqnite-thiokets.
"Resident about Tucson" (Bendire).
* 183. Picus stricklandi Malh. Strickland's woodpecker. Numerous in the Santa Rita
Mountains, where probably a resident.
*184. Picaides americanns Brehm, Y&T. dorsalis J Bd. Western Banded Three-toed Wood-
pecker. Not uncommon in the White Mountains, Eastern Arizona, in October. Prob-
ably resident.
•185. Sphyrapicus varius (L.) fY AT, nuckalis J Bd. Red-naped Woodpecker. Numerous.
Resident.
•186. Sphyropicus thyroideus (Cans.). Black-breasted Woodpecker. Not very common.
Probably all through Arizona as an almost exclusive resident of the pine region.
* 187. Centnrus uropygialis Bd. Gila Woodpecker. In the southeast below the Gila
River, common, and resident. "Rare, and perhaps accidental, at Fort Whipple"
(Coues). Common in the Colorado Valley.
•188. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.). Lewis Woodpecker. Rather common, and dis-
tributed over the Territory generally. In summer an inhabitant of the monntains.
Resident.
* 189. Melanerpes fomudvorus (Sw.). California- Woodpecker. " Exceedingly abund-
ant at Fort Whipple" (Coues) ; as also at Apache and elsewhere to the south. Resi-
dent.
** 190. Colaptes mexicanus Sw. Red-shafted Woodpecker. Rather common, frequent-
ing all sorts of localities. Resident.
191. Colaptes chrysoides (Malh.). Cape Fhcker. "Two pairs seen at Camp Mojave"
(Cooper). "About Tucson in winter" (Bendire.).
STRIGIDJE. The Owls.
•192. Strix flqmmea (L.). var. pratincola Bon. Barn Owl. Common ; resident.
" One of the most abundant owls of the Territory" (Coues). " Resident about Tucson "
(Bendire).
163
*193. 0^118 vulgaris It., var. iciUonianus Less. Long-eared owl. Not nncoinmon.
BesideDt.
194. Otus (Brachyotus) braehyoius (Gmel.). Short-eared owl. "Common throaghont
the Territory" (Cones). " Breeds about Tucson" (Bendire).
*195. Symum ocddentale (Xantus). Western Barred Owl. Breeds and is resident
abont Tucson (Bendire).
*196. Soops asio (L.), var. Tnaocalli Cass. Western Mottled Owl. Numerous in the
eastern section. Kesident.
197. Scops fiammeola Licht. Flammnlated Owlet. A single specimen secured by
Dr. C. 6. Newberry a short distance south of Camp Apache in September. Doubtless
a resident.
198. Bubo virginianus (Gm.), var. arcticus 8w. Western Oreat Homed Owl. Com-
mon ; resident.
*199. Glaucidiump€isserinum(L.), var. califamicum Sclat. The Californian Pigmy Owl.
Very numerous in the White Mountains; probably very generally distributed. Resi-
dent.
200. Glaucidium ferrugineum (Max.). Red-tailed Owl. "Resident about TudSon"
(Bendire).
*20I. Micrathene whitntyi (Coop.). Whitney's Owl. A single specimen taken by Dr.
Cooper at Camp Mojave in April. Found breeding near Tucson by Captain Bendire.
* •202. Speotyto cunicularia (Mol.), var. hypitgcea ( Bp.). Burrowing Owl. Quite numer-
ous at many localities in £a8tern Arizona. Resident.
FALCONID^. The Falcons.
* 20.3. Falco lanarius var. polyagrus Cass. American Lanner. Not common. " Colo-
rado Chiquito River" (Kennerly). Observed on quite a number of occasions in Eastern
Arizona. Resident.
*204. Falco communis Gmel., var. anatum Bon. Duck Hawk. Not uncommon in
Northeastern Arizona. " Resident about Tucson" (Bendire).
*205. Falco columharius L. Pigeon Hawk. "Common resident at Fort Whipple"
(Cones). Occurs also in the eastern portion of Territory.
*206. Falco femoralis Temm. Aplomado Falcon. Southern Arizona, along the
border ; probably found in the east as high as the Gila Valley.
* 207, Falco sparverius Li, Sparrow Hawk. Numerous everywhere. Resident.
*20H. Polyborus tharus (Moll.), var. auduboni (Cass.). Caracara Eagle. " Colorado
River" (Kennerly); (Mollhansen). "Breeds about Tucson and is resident"
(Bendire).
*209. Pandion kalicetus L. var. carolinensis (Gmel.). Fish Hawk. Occurs on all the
larger streams. Resident.
210. Nauclerus forficaius (L). Swallow-tailed Kite. Not personally met with by Dr.
Cones, but given by him on the strength of reliable authority.
*211. Circus cyaneus, (L.), var. hudsonius (L.), Marsh Hawk. Numerous. Resident.
* 212. Nisus fuscus (Gmel.). Sharp-shinned Hawk. Of common occurrence. Resident.
*213. Nisus cooperi (Bon.). Cooper's Hawk. Generally distributed and common.
Resident.
*214. Asturina nitida Ca«s., var. j7^^iato (Schleg). Mexican Hawk. Rather com-
mon in the neighborhood of Tucson, where probably resident.
*215. Urubutinga anthi'odnaNitzBch. Observed by Captain Bendire in 1872, and eggs
procured ; seen twice by myself in Southeastern Arizona in 1874, where it seems to be
not an uncommon species.
*216. Parabuteo unidncius (Temm.). var. h-arrisi. (And.). Harris Buzzard. A single
specimen procured by Kennerly and Mollhansen oii the Colorado River.
*217. Buteo swainsoni Bon. Swainson's Hawk. A widely-distributed resident of the
Territory, and numerous.
*218. Buteo zonozercus SclateT. Band-tailed Hawk. "A single specimen procured on
the Gila River September 24, 1864" (Coues). Doubtless rarely straggles within our
borders in summer.
*219. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.), var. elegans Cassin. Red-bellied Hawk. A single speci-
men taken on the Little Colorado by Dr. Kennerly.
*220. Buteo borealis (Gmel.), var. ca^urus Cassin. Western Redtail. Quite com-
mon. In summer mostly confined to the mountains. Resident.
Harlan's Hawk (B. harlani) is, with but little doubt, an inhabitant of the Territory ;
but though specimens have been obtained in New Mexico, none are as yet known from
Arizona.
* 221. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.). California Squirrel Hawk. "Quite abundant
about Fort Whipple, especially in winter " (Coues). Probably most numerous toward
the northern border, though it has been found breeding near Tucson by Captain
Bendire, where it is resident.
222. Archibuteo lagopus Brum., var. sanctijohannis (Penn.). Rough-legged Hawk.
164
' A siDgle specimen taken at Fort Whipple in winter; rare'' (Cones). Found about
Tucson in winter by Captain Bendire.
223. Jquilachryea!iv8{'L.)jyfiT. canadensis (Jj\T\n»). Golden Eagle. ^^ Rare, but occasion
ally observed at different seasons^ warranting the belief that it is a permanent resident
of the mountains about Fort Whipple'' (Cass.).
*224. Bali(Btu8 leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. Present about Fort Whipple.
Quite a number noted by us at different points in Eastern Arizona. Resident.
CATHARDIDJE. The American Vultures.
*225. Pseudogryphua calif omianus (^h&w). Callforuian Vulture. ''Resident in South'
ern Arizona" (Coues).
*226. Rhinogryphus aura (L.). Red-headed Vulture. Numerous, more particularly
near the settlements. Resident in the southern portion.
COLUMBIDAE. The Pigeons.
*227. Columha fasdata (Say). Band-tailed Pigeon. Rather common ; summer resi-
dent of the mountains in the eastern part, at least from Apache to the southward.
" Rare about Fort Whipple" (Coues).
*2Q8. Melopelia leua^tera (L.), White-winged Dove. Not uncommon as a summer
re sident of the extreme southern and southeastern portions. '' Rare at Fort Whipple "
(Coues).
* 229. Z^aidura oarolinenna (Bon.). Carolina Dove. Very abundant ; summer resi-
dent ; wintering in the extreme southern portion.
230. Scardifella inca (Bon.). Scaly Dove. A single individual taken at Tucson by
C aptain Bendire, where he considers it resident.
*231. Chamwpelia passerina (L.). Ground Dove. Very numerous in the extreme
8 utheast part, about Camp Lowell ; summer resident.
MELEAGRIDIDJE. The Turkeys.
* 232. MeUagris gallopavo (L.), Mexican Wild Turkey. Numerous in the White
Mountains in Eastern Arizona as well as at other points. Permanent resident.
TETRAONIDiE. The Grouse.
* 233. Canace ohacurus (Say). Dusky Grouse. A not' uncommon resident of the
White Mountains, which probably mark its tixtrenie southern limits. The Sage Cock
was met with by our parties quite far to the southward in Utah, and I have no doubt
but that it reaches into Northern Arizona, though it has not yet been reported froul
the Territory.
PERDICIDuE. The Partridges.
* 234. Lophorlyx gamheli Nutt. Gambel's Quail. Numerous, probably extending
over all the Territory. Very abundant in the southeast. Resident.
* 235. Callipepla squamata (Vigors). Scaled Partridge. In the east, as far north at
least as the Gila; also. Lower Colorado. Not numerous. " Resident about Tucson"
(Bendire).
*236. Cyrtonyx massena (heas.), Massena Partridge. Not numerous in. the White
Mountains and in the elevated regions to the 'south. Winters in the river-bottoms
and warm valleys.
CHARAIJRIID^. The Plovers.
* 237. JEgialilis vociferus (L.). Killdeer Plover. Common ; generally distributed near
the water-courses. " Winters about Tucson " (Bendire). ^
238. JEgialiiis aemipalmatua (Bp,). Ringueck. Colorado River, September and Octo-
ber, 1865.
*239. JEgialitU montanus (Towns.). Rocky Mountain Plover. *' Sparingly distrib-
uted throughout Arizona" (Coues).
RECURVIROSTRIDiE. Stilts and Avocets.
240. Recarvirostra americana (Gm.). Avocet. "Seen in largo flocks on the sand-bars
of the Colorado" (Coues).
241. Himantopus nigricollis V. Stilt. "Common on the Colorado, in flocks with
the preceding" (Coues).
PHALAROPHIDJS. The Phalaropes.
242. Sieganopua wilsoni (Sab.). Wilson's Phalarope. Numbers seen in Southeastern
Arizona iu August, migrating.
165
SCOLOPACID^. The Snipes.
843. Gallinago mUoni (Temm.). Wilson's Snipe. Not ancommon during the migra-
tions.
244. Macrorhamphus griseua (Gm.). Red-breasted Snipe. '* Sparingly distributed
tbronghout the Territory " (Cones).
245. Ereunetes pusillus (Li.), Semi-palmated Sandpiper. More or less common daring
the migrations.
246. Tringa minutilla V. Least Sandpiper. Same as preceding.
247. Tringa baii'di Coues. Baird's Sandpiper. Quite numerous daring the fall at
various points in Eastern Arizona ; probably found over the Territory at large.
248. Totanus semipalmatm 6m. Willet. '^ Sparsely distributed throughout the Ter-
ritory" (Coues).
249. Totanus melanoleuciia Gm. Greater Yellowlegs. ''Abundant on the Colo-
rado" (Coues). A few occur here and there in Eastern Arizona. Its near relative, the
Lesser Yellowlegs (T. flavipes), also without doubt occurs.
250. Toianus soHtariua Wils. Solitary Tattler. Numerous in Eastern Arizona in
fall.
251. TiHngoides mckcularius (I^.). Spotted Sandpiper. Common and general in its
distribution.
252. Actitiirus bartramius (Wils.). Field Plover. A single individual procured at
Sulphur Spring, Southeastern Arizona, August 18.
253. Numenins longirostns Wils. Long-billed Curlew. " A single specimen taken
in August, 1864, at Foot Whipple" (Cones).
TANTALID^. The Ibises. .
*254. Tantalus loculator Jj. Wood Ibis. "Very common on the Colorado, at least
as high as Fort Mojave, but especially abundant ou the lower portions of this river
and of the Gila" (Coues).
255. Ibis thalassinus Ridgway. A single individual taken at Camp Lowell by Dr.
Roth rock.
ARDEID^. The Herons.
256. Ardea h^rodias Li, Great Blue Heron. Found on all the streams of the Ter-
ritor3\
257. Ardea egretta Gm. Great White Egret. " Abundant alon^ the Colorado" (Coues).
Numerous on the San Pedro.
258. Ardea candidissima JsLcqniu, Little White Egret. " Very abundant through-
out the valley of the Colorado" (Coues). •
259. Ardea viresoensLi. Green Heron. Common on the streams generally.
260. Nyctiardea grisea (L.), var. ncevia (Bodd.). Night Heron. Occurring here and
there throughout the Territory.
261. Botaurus minor Gm. Bittern. Generally distributed.
262. Ardetta exilis Gm. Least Bittern. " Generally distributed on the streams and
Henegas of the Territory ; common on the-Colorado" (Coues).
GRUID^. The Cranes.
263. Grus canadensis (L.). Sandhill Crane. Numerons on the large streams.
RALLID^. The Rails.
264. Ralhis virginianiis L. Virginia Rail. Several seen in the eastern part of
Arizona. Probably occurring regularly in all places suited to its habits.
265. Pcfrzana Carolina (L.). Carolina Rail. One seen near Camp Apache by Dr. C. G.
Newberry. " Colorado River" (A. Schott).
266. Fulica americana Gm. Coot. Abundant on many of the streams and sienegas,
ANATID^. The Ducks.
267. Cygnus americanus Sharpless. Whistling Swan. "Colorado River" (Coues).
"Fort Mqjave" (Cooper).
268. Anser albifrons Gm., var. gambeli (Hartl.). White-fronted Goose. "Abundant
on the Colorado" (Coues).
269. Anser hyperboreiis Pall. Snow Goose. " Common on the Colorado " (Coues).
270. Branta canadensis (L.). Canada Goose. " Colorado River" (Coues).
271. Branta canadenms (L.), var. hutchingsi. Hutchins's Goose. One of the most abun-
dant geese of the Colorado Valley.
272. Dendrocygna fulva (Gm.). Fulvous Tree Duck. "A pair taken in November
about twenty miles from Fort Whipple" (Coues).
273. Anas boschas L. Mallard. Abundant.
166
274. Dafila acuta (L.). Pin Tail. Numerous.
275. Chaulelasmus strepervs (L.). Gad wall. Mareca americana (Gm.). Widgeon.
Spatula clypeata (L.). Shoveler. "All three found on the Colorado River" (Couea).
276. Querquedula carolinensis (Gm.). Green-winge^ Teal. Quei^quedula discars (L.).
Blue-winged Teal. Both species abound on all the water-courses.
277. Querquedula cyanoptera (V.). Red-breasted Teal. " Found on the Colorado and
San Francisco Rivers in October" (Coues).
PELECANIDiE. The Pelicans.
278. Pelecanus trachyrynokua Lath. White Pelican. "Abundant on the Gila and
Colorado Rivers" (Coues).
PHALACROCRACIDiE. The Cormorants.
279. Graculus dilophus (Sw.). Double-crested Cormorant. " Gulf of California and
Lower California" (Cooper).
LARID.^:. The Gulls.
280. Larua delawarenaia Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Seen by Dr. Coues on the Colorado
in fall.
281. Larua atricilla L. Laughing Gull. " Colorado River, particularly its lower
portion " (Cones).
282. Larua Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. " Very abundant on the Colorado "
(Coues).
283. Sterna forateri Nutt. Forster's Tern. " Occurs on the Colorado " (Coues).
284. Sterna hirundo L. Common Tern. A single specimen taken on the San Pedro
River in October.
285. Hydrochelidon fiaaipea Ja, Black Tern. Numerous at Sulphur Spring in " Colo-
rado River" (Coues). Mojave River (Cooper).
COLYMBIDiE. The Loons. ^
286. Colymhua torquatua Bninn. Loon. " Winter resident on the Colorado River ;
common " (Coues).
287. Colymhua arcticua L. , var. pa^fious (Law.). Pacific Diver.
PODICIPID^. The Grebes.
288. Podioepa ocoidentalia Lawr. Western Grebe. Gila River in November, one spec-
imen.
289. Fodicepa cornuiua (Gm.). Horned Grebe. " Colorado River" (Cones).
290. Fodicepa auritua (L.), var. californicua (Heerm.). American Eared Grebe. " Colo-
rado River ; abundant." (Coues).
, 291. Podilymbua podioepa (L.). Pied-billed Grebe. "Colorado River; abundant"
(Coues).
Appendix J.
ETHNOLOGY, PHILOLOGY, AND RUINS.
1. Report on the remains of population observed on and near the Eocene Platean of
Northwestern New Mexico.
2. Report on the ruins of New Meltioo.
3. Report on certain ruins visited in New Mexico.
4. Report on the Pueblo languages of New Mexico : their affinity to each other and
to the languages of other Indian tribes.
J 1.
BBPORT ON THE REMAINS OF POPULATION OBSERVED ON AND NEAR THE EOCENE
PLATEAU OF NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICX). BY PROF. E. D. COPE.
Haddonfield, N. J., June 30, 1875.
Sir : While encamped on the Gallinas Creek at the point where it issues from the
Sierra Madre, with the party detailed by you for purposes of geological and paleon to-
logical exploration, I occupied intervals of time in the examination of the traces left
by the former inhabitants of this portion of New Mexico. Had time permitted, the
exploration of these remains might have been much extended, but under the circum-
stances a mere beginning was made. The observations show that the country of the
Gallinas and the Eocene Plateau to the west of it were once occupied by a numerous
population. Now there are no human residents in the region, and it is only traversed
bj bauds of the Apache, Navajo, aod Utn tribes of Indians. The indicatioDS of this
ancient popntatioD coDsUt of ruineil btiilrtiOKs, jiotlery, flint iniptemeDts, and bnniaa
bones. Broken veHselh of baked cla.v are freqnenily found, and thu troKments oconr in
all kindfi of BitnaliouB tbrougbout Itie cuuutry. The; are unnall; most easily discov-
ered on the slopes of the bills and bug-backs of Cretacecius and Tnrtiary age, and,
where abandaot, Renerall.T lead to a ruined building standing on tfae elevation above.
Tho-^og-back ridges, described in geological report, (App. G 1,) eiteod in a gene-
ral north and Bonth direction on the western side of the Sierra Madre, south of
Tierra Aniarilta. They vary from two to four in unniber, and stand at distances of
^m half a mile to three miles from the mountatu range. The Gullinas Creek flows
between twoof tbeni near tbeir aoutbern extremities fur perhaps Sfteen miles. At one
point the bog-backs of Cretaceous, Xos. 3 and 4, approach near together, and the creek
flows near to the foot of the eastern front, or escarpment, of No. 3. The rock of this
ledge is a hard eandstone, and resists erosion ; hence its outcrop forms continnone
sharp ridgee, with distant intermptioiis, which are termed by the Mexicans the onchil-
las, or cristonea. The hog-back of No. 4, being composed of softer material, is worn by
My attention was first called to the archieulogy of the region by observing that the
conic hills just mentioned appeared to be in many instances crowned with stone
B8, which, on examination, proved to be rained buildings. These are round or
, ivith rounded angles, and from 15 to 35 feet in diameter. The walls are 'i and
□ diameter, and composed of stones of moderate size, which have been roucbiy
dressed, or bnilt witho at dressing, into solid but not very closely-fitting masonry. The
walla remaining measure from lU feet high downward. The floor inside is basin-shaped,
ir like a shallow bird-nest, and frequently supports a growth of sage-brnsh {Artemuria)
square, ?
^ n the plains below, and otlier sbrubsi
trees {Finag cembroidee) of 1 and 2 feet in diameter,
•,U} which they grow on the adjacent ridges and plateaus,
nts of pottery abound, while flint implements are less
o all the localities examined, they will be subseqnently
>r less exactly agreeing with this description was found ou
conical fiirin io the vicinity. Their form is probably doe
a the level hog-backs. None of
)re any traces of such buildings
of the same size and character i
Sometimes they contain pini
which is the average and full s
Within and about them fraci
commoo. As these are simill
described. A building mora •
the summit of every hill of a
to the shape of the hill, as they were differently built u
the circular buildings were found to be divided, nor w<
observed on lower grouud.
The hog-bauk of Cretaceous No. 3 is the locality inquestiou,onlyone or two hundred
yards distant from the eastern of the bills just described, from which it is separated
stratigraphically by a bed of lignite. At some points this stratum has l>een removed
by atmospheric erosion, leaving a ravine between the hog-backs. Near the middle of
a section of the hog- back No. 3 a portion of this formation remains, forming a narrow
caaseway connecting it with the ridge just behind it. The eastern face is aperpendio-
nlar wall of sandstone rock of al nut 300 feet n ele at'on the western face ts the true
surface of the stratum wh ch here d ps about 4o° to .>5° west by north. The top of the
ridge varies in w dth irom 4 to II feet
Fro 1 — Gronnd plan of honsa Ho J
it the foot of the prec p oe I observed what appeared to be stone walls
mm t Exam nat on of the ndge disclosed the foct that a village form-
nDdSaurlpriitlluar No. 4
iD^ a aingln line of thirty bonBes, exteuded &loDt;.it.a narrovr crest, twenty-two of Ihei
being south uf the caasewa;, and eight north of jt. The oioitt HoutherD in sitaatioa .
uC some distance from the aonlhuru extremity of the hog-baok. I selected it as a pos
id plan of bonse Iio 6
soith and west. (See GeoioEical
a slope of the rock, a wait of 12
feet in height Happorting It on that side while the narrow ledge furniing the sam-
M' '!'
"*/':
T
1
HUE
\1
4^
X.7 ^
\
-J
vmr
Lyr*^
Fia. <.— GrooDd plan of toBgo No. 7.
mit of the ridge ia its Lack wall. It is square, ^.355 meters on a side, and has a floor
leveled with earth and Htonea. Two stout cedur-poats probably once supported the
roof; their stumps remain, well cracked and weathered. Bushes of sage, similar in
size to that of the sarrounding plain, are growing within the walls. The second house
is immediately adjoining, and Is snrronoded by an independent wall, that on the lower
side of the ridge being atill IS feet in height. The lenRth o( the inolosure is 4.69
meters, and the width 'i.S>i meters; full sized scmb-oak and -sage-brush ore growing In
it. The stumps of two cedar posts remain, one 5, the other Ij iuches in diameter. The
third honse adjoins No. 2, but ia anrroDnded by a distinct wall, e\cept at tbo back or
side next tbe precipice, where a ledge of rock completes tbe incloenre. The latter is
4.02 meters loDg ; it contains a acrub-oak of 3 inches diameter, which ia an average
size for the tree.
LL— 12
170
Beyoud tlieaeniiuB is a,a titerval of 69 meters, where the Biimrnit of tbe rock ia nar-
row and BDiootli, and the dip on the west ^ide 55°. The walla of an oval building fol-
low, (Fig. I,) which inclose a apace of 4.69 meters. They are 3 to S} feet in thiokneaa,
and stand 8 feet lii)(h on the western side ; the eastern wall stands on the sheer edge
of tbe precipice. A baildinfc adjoiua, with the dividing-wall common to the preceding
honae. Ita east and west watia stand on parallel ledges of the aandatone strata, whoae
strike doea not exactly coincide with the axis of the hoK-back. Diameter of this in-
cloaure 5.37 nietere. A space of 15.4 Dieters follows, with precipices on both sidea,
when we reach honae No. 6. The eastern wall stands 5 feet high on the snmmit of the
precipice, from which a stone miKht be dropped to tbe gronnd, perhaps 350 feet below.
Only 8 feet of the western wall reniaiaed at the time of my examination. The incloaare
is 6.04 meters long, and not qmte so wide, and is divided transversely by a wall, which
cats oS'less than oue>thlrd the tength of tbe apartment !□ one of the opposite cornera
of the larger room is the stump of a cedar-post 5 inches in diameter. This honse can
only be reached hy climbing over narrovr ledges and steep faces of rock. Honse No. T
follows an interval of 42.30 meters. Its foundation -wall incloses an irregular sq n.ire
space 4.70 meters long and 3.69 meters wide; it is II feet high on the western aide,
and very regularly bailt and well preserved ; on the east aide it ia 8 feet high, and is
interrupted by a door-way of regnlnr form. From thia a narrow Ussare offers a pre-
carious hold for decent for a considerable diatant^e down the face of the precipice, but
whether paasniile to the bottom I could not ar — '-''
a slope
The crtst of the ridge s witho t ns for o2 34 n ters farther tl on a buildiug fol-
lows whose inclosed space s a rr g ilnr c rcle of 4 70 meters I ameCer A transverse
smam it-ledge forns ta so fhern wall 1 ut the rema n ng | ort o is remarkably mas-
sive, measaring 3 feet in tiiickneas. Its western wall is I'i feet high, and contains
roouy huge atones, which four or five men conld not lift unaideil by machinery. Sev-
eral scrub-oaks of 3 inches in diameter crow in tbis chamber, and atuinpa of the eedar-
poeta that supported the ro(^ remain. Herf follows a row of ten similar mined houaes,
meaauting from 3.35 to 6,24 mctera in length. Of this number, thirteen are remarka-
ble for containing a scrub-oak of 13 inches in diamet-er, the largest that I h
the country, and the apecies is an abundant one. In No. 14, the remaini
wall is 15 feet in height. There was a gnod ileal of pottery lyiug on the we
of the rock, hat of Qint implements and chips I found hat few, AH of these
tain full-grown sage-bushes. Xo. IS is the largest niin ; the length of ita inclosure is
8.63 meters, and the width 6.71 meteiii ; ita west wall is 6 feet liigh ; the floor is over-
growu with sage of the largest size. Thia building atooil 51 meters from No. IT; I3,B0
meters northward the ridge descends slightly to the level of the causeway already
mentioned. Here are five more ruined buildings of the same average size as the others,
iutermpted by but one short interval.
From this depression, that part of the hog-back which is north of the cansewny rises
aliruptl.v in a perpendicular face. It is composed principally of two layers of the sand-
stone, dipping at 45° W., which are separated by a deep cavity from a point 15 feet
from the base upward. Tbis niche has been appropriated for a habitatloD, for it is
walled to a height of 8 feet from its base. The foot of the wall is quite inaccessible.
171
bnt by climbing round tbe eastern face of tbe precipice a ledge is found at tbe base of
the projecting stratum, which forms ihe east wall of the inclosure. This was scaled
by means of a staircase of stones, a number of which were in position at the time of my
visit. The remaining portion of the hog-back is elevated and smooth, and the founda-
tion-stones only of several houses remain. One of these contains two stout posts, of
which four feet remain above ground ; the last house is near the end of the ridge, and
is bounded by a wall of 10 feet in height, which forms its western side.
The walls of these houses are built with a mortar of mud, mixed in many eases at
least with ashes, judging from the abundant specks of charcoal which it contains. It
is not of good quality, and has weathered much from between the stones. I could not
discover any indications of the destruction of the houses by fire either on the stones
or the cedar-posts. The latter doubtless lost by weathering such indications had they
existed, and the combustion of the entire contents of such small domiciles could have
effected their stone walls but little. I found no remains of bones of animals or men
about them.
This town I called Cristone. The same hog-back recommences a little more than
a mile to the north, rising to a greater elevation, say 600 or 700 feet above the valley.
The east side is perpendicular, while the dip of the West side is 60^, and sometimes
even a higher angle^ On this almost inaccessible crest I could see from the valley the
walls of ruined stone buildings, such as I have just described ; but unfortunately my
limited time prevented me from making a detailed examination of them. In the op-
posite direction I observed a similar ruin on an outlying hill adjacent to the southern
portion of the southern hog-back. This one is of larger size than any of the others,
but I was unable to visit it. *
Tbe position of these buildings is susceptible of the same explanation as that of the
still inhabited Moqui villages of Arizona, so interestingly described by Lieutenant Ives
in his report on his survey of the Rio Colorado of the West, and of the route from its
cafion to Santa F^. They were doubtless perched on these high eminences for pur-
poses of defense, and they were conveniently located near a perennial stream, which
permitted them to carry on a system of agriculture no doubt similar to that now prac-
ticed by the Moquis. The inhabitants of Cristone felt, however, one disadvantage not
known to the Moquis ; they were, so far as present indications go, without water on
their elevated rocks, but were dependent for their supply on the Gallinas Creek. I
found no indication of cisterns which should furnish such supply in time of siege,
although they doubtless could depend for a considerable length of time on rain-water,
which they caught and preserved in the many vessels of pottery, whose fragments are
now so numerous abont the ruins.
At this point tbe bluffs of the Eocene bad-lands are from nine to ten miles from the
Gallinas Creek. Here also the slopes are in places covered with broken pottery, and on
tbe summits of some of the less elevated buttes circular walls indicate the former
existence of buildings similar to those crowning the conical hills along tbe creek. The
latter contains the nearest water to these ruins. In other localities ruined stone
buildings occupy the flat summits of mesa hills of tbe bad-lands, often in very elevated
and well-defended positions. It was a common observation that the erosion of tbe
faces of these bluffs had undermined the foundations of the houses, so that their wall-
stones, with tbe posts, were mingled with the pottery on the talus below. At one point
foundation-walls stand on an isthmus, connecting a bntte with the mesa, of which a
width of 20 feet remains, bnt which is furrowed with water-channels. Here Eocene
fossils and crockery, including a narrow-necked jug, were confusedly mixed together.
At another point the nan ow summit of a butte, of nearly 200 feet elevation, is covered
with remnants of stone. buildings which extend for a length of 200 yards. The greater
part of them bad been undermined, and the stones were lying in quantities on the talus
at the time of my visit. At one end of the line the bases of two rectangular walls,
perhaps of towers, appeared to have been placed as supports to the terrace. Very dry
cedar-posts occur among tbe ruins, and three such, standing upright on the summit ot
the bntte, mark a spot as yet unaffected by tbe disintegration of the cliff. In another
portion of tbe ruins a row of large earthenware pots was found buried in tbe earth.
Tbe slow movement of tbe marl-changes of level had already fractured them. At
another locality I took from a confused mass of ruins the temporal bones of an adult
person, tbe ilium of a child, ribs, and other bones. At a remote portion of the ruins, on
a remaining ledge, I found a square inclosure formed of stones set on edge, three stones
forming each half of tbe inclosure. I excavated this for tbe depth of a foot without
flnding any indication of its use. In some of these localities chips, arrow-beads, and
thin knives of chalcedony and white flint were found, with similar implements of
obsidian. Tbe obsidian knives are similar to those which I have seen as commonly
found in Mexico.
At tbe bead of tbe Cailon cito de las Vegas there are numerous low hills of the
Eocene marl, covered with pinon forests of adult trees. On a low slope of one of these
I found the burial place of one of the inhabitants, as indicated by his bones, and
trinkets doubtless buried with him. His tibia was a marked example of the platycnemio
172
type. Close to tliem wern.Honie goo<l qnartz-cr^stalH, of conrae iDtriiilera \a Riichafor- ■
malioD, a piece of clialchuill, an appsreDtly traDSportuil Bcaphite. soiue iiDplemeDtB of
obeidian, Ulut, &c., aod a single perfect lower molar of a lar^ mammal of the genua
iJa (Am Off oil, attached t« a piece of tbe jan, wliich looked M tbougb the ancient proprie-
tor bad not litea iRnomnt of the peculiar products of the neifEbboring btulfn.
Iq traversing ibe bigh and dry-Eocene plnteno wettt of the bad-land bluffs, I noticeil
the occurrence of crockery on the denuded bills for a distance of many milee. Some
of these locatities are fifteen and twenty miles from tbe edge of the plateau, and at
least twenty-live miles from tlieOaltinasCreek, the nearest permanent water. In some
of these localities the summits of tbe btlls bad been eroded to a narrow keel, destroy-
ing the foundations of tbe former buildings. In no locality did 1 observe inscriptions
on Ihe Tooks or other objeota, which were, probably, tbe work of the bnilders of these
stone towns ; bnt 1 give a copy of Itguri^s whioh 1 found on tbe side of it ravine near
to Abiqiiin.on tbe river Cbama, They are cnt in Juransic Handstomt of niedi urn hard-
ness, and are i]uite worn and overgrown with the small lichen which is abundant on
tbe face of the rock. I know uotbinjr respecting their origin.
It is evident that tbe region of theGallinas wasonceasUiickly inhabited as are now
the more densely populated portions of tlie Eastern States. The naniber of birildings
in a square mileoftliat region is equal to if not greater than the number now existing
in the more densely populated rnrnl distriota of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Whether this is the cnse to the sont h and west, I do not know, as 1 was nnable to de-
vote the necessary' lime to the examination. 1 found, however, that without investi-
gation, it is very easy to pass the ruing by nnnoticed, since their elevated positions,
luinons condition, and concealnfentby vegetation, runder them almost invisible to tbe
passing traveler. In general, I may say that the nnmber of ruins 1 funnd was in
direct proportion to tho attention I gave the matter ; where 1 looked for tlieni 1 inva-
riably found them iusnitabloai'
Perhap'4 the most remarkable fact n connect on w th these ruins is the remolenesa
of a large ] n^ort oi of them from water rhe> occ r everywhere in tbe bad lands to
a distance of twenty-five miles from any terrtstrjal source of supply. Tbe climatic
character of the counliy there has either undergone material change, or tbe mode of
securing and preserving a supply of water employed by these people differed from any
known to us at the present time. 1 found no trncea of cisterns, and the only ■water-
holders observed were the earthenwnro pots buried in tbe ground, which did not ey.-
ceed eighteen inches in diameter. There is, however, no doubtthat these people manu-
factured great numbers of these narrow-uecked globular vessels, whose principal use
must have been the holding of finids, snd chiefly of water. Nevertheless, it is scarcely
conceivable that the inhabitants of tbe bouses now so remote from water could have
subsisted under the present conditions. Professor Newberry (Ives' Ueport) is of tbe
opinion that a diminution in the amount of rain-fall over this region has taken place
at no very remote period in the past, and cites the death of forests of pine-trees which
stilt stand as probably due to increasing drought. It fs, of course, evident that ero-
sive agencies were onco mucb more active in this region than at present, as the numer-
ous and vast canons testify, but that any change siifilcicnt to affect this process should
have occurred in the human ];eriod, focms highly improbable. In other words, the
173
process of cutting caTious of snch depth in rocka of sucli horduess is so slow that its
early staii^es, which were associated with a different distribation of surface-water sap-
ply, must have far antedated the human period.
Nevertheless if we yield to the supposition that during the period of residence of the
ancient inhabitants the water-supply from rains was greater than now, what evidence
<lo we possess which bears on the age of that period f There is no ditference between
the vegetation found growing in these buildings and that of the surrounding hills and
valleys; the pines, oaks, and sage-brush are of the same size, and to all appearances
of the same age. I should suppose them to be contemporary in every respect. In the
next place, the bad lands have undergone a definite amount of atmospheric erosion
since the occupancy of the houses which stand on their summits. The rate of this
erosion, under present atmospheric influences, is undoubtedly very slow. The only
means which suggested itself at the time as available for estimating this rate was the
calculation of the age of pine-trees which grow near the base of the bluffs. These
have of course attained their present size since the removal of the front of the stratum
from the position which the trees now occupy, so that the age of the latter represents
at least the time required for the erosion to have removed the bluff to its present
position, but how much time elapsed betweeu the uncovering of the position now
occupied by the tree and its germination, there is of course no means of ascertaining.
My assistant, an educated and exact man, counted the rings in a cut he made into the
side of a piuon (Phms cembroides) which stood at a distance of 40 feet from a bluff, not
far from a locality of ruins. In a quarter of an inch of solid wood he found sixteen
concentric layers, or 64 in an inch. The tree was fully twenty inches in diameter,
which gives G40 annual growths. The pihon is a small species, hence the closeness
of the rings in an old tree.
At present it is only possible to speculate on the history of the builders of these
houses, and the date of their extinction. The tribes of Indians at present inhabiting
the region at irregular intervals, can give no account of them. But it is not necessary
to suppose that the ruin of this population occurred at a very remote past. On the
Rio Chaco, not more than thirty miles from the Alto del Utah, are the ruins of the
seven cities of Cebolla, the largest of which is called Hiinyo Pavie. These have been
described by General Simpson, (Report of Lieut. James H. Simpson of an expedition in
the Navajo country in 1849, Ex. Doc. 1st sess. 31st Congress,) who shows that each of
the towns consisted of a huge communal house, which would have accommodated from
fifteen hundred to three thousand persons. Their character appears to have been sim-
ilar to that of the existing Moqui villages.
The "cities of Cebolla" were visited by the marauding expedition of Coronado in
1540, which captured them to add to the viceroyalty of Mexico. In his letter to Meu-
doza, the vicero3% Coronado states that the inhabitants on the fourth day after the
capture " set in order all their goods and substances, tlieir women and children, and fled
to the hills, leaving their town as it were abandoned, wherein remained very few of
them."
There can be no doubt that the Eocene plateau and hog-backs of the Grallinas offer
hills of the greatest elevation in the entire region, and it is highly probable, if the ac-
count quoted be correct, that some at least of the exiled Cebollians found a refuge in
this region, and may have been the builders of Cristone. This would place the age of
the ruins described at three hundred and thirty-five years. Of course it is possible
that they represent villages contemporary with and tributary to the seven cities.
The inhabitants of the rock-houses of the Gallinas necessarily abandoned the com-
munal type of building generally employed by their race, and appear only to
have considered the capacities of their dwellings for defense. Yet the perils of life in
Cristone due to the location alone, must have been considerable. Infant sports must
have been restricted to within doors, and cool heads were requisite in adults to avoid
the fatal consequences of a slip or fall. Intoxication must have been rare in Cristone.
There is no trace of metal in any of the ruins of the Gallinas, and it is evident that
the inhabitants were acquainted with the use of stone implements only, as was the
case with the builders of the cities of Central America. I have already alluded to
their potterj*. It is usually of a bluish-ash color, but is occasionally black, brown, and
more rarely red. It is never glazed, but the more common kind is nicely smoothed
so as to reflect a little light. This pottery is ornamented with figures in black paint,
which are in lines deci^sFating or at right angles, ur closing triangular or square
spaces. Sometimes colored and uncolored angular areas form a checker-board pattern.
The coarser kinds exhibit sculpture of the clay instead of painting. The surface is
thrown into lines of alternating projections and pits by the use of an obtuse stick, or
the finger-nail, or it is thrown into imbricating layers by cutting obliquely with
a sharp flint-knife. Thus the patterns of the ornamentation were varied accord-
ing to the taste of the manufacturers, although the facilities at their disposal were few.
With these observations, I close this sketch of a glimpse at one locality of the
earliest civilization known on the American continent.
Respectfully submitted. E. D. Cope.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wiieelek, Coi'ps of Engineers.
174
J 2.
report on the ruixs of nrw mexico, by dr. oscar loew.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
Waahingtony D, C, April 24, 1875.
Among the few regions that were fonnd, on the discovery of this continent, inhabited
by civilized people. New Mexico, no doubt, occupies a leading place. The first notices
of these people were published by Cabeza de Yaca, (1536,) who, during his adyeuturous
and most remarkable wanderings from Florida to the Gulf of California, traversed New
Mexico from east to west. All the Spanish records, though sometimes very untrust-
worthy, agree in one point — the large number of inhabited towns. If the statements
of the Spanish writers are founded on truth, the number of these towns was teu times
that of the present pueblos, or Indian towns, while, by a close examination, we would
arrive at a number about four times as great. Some Spanish writers estimated the
whole pueblo population at about 50,000; others, however, that of a single province
at 25,000. As a proof of Spanish exaggeYation, however, I may mention Castane-
da's description of Acoma, a town which, according to his estimate, was inhabited
by 5,000 persons, and was built in three parallel rows of houses. Now, I have vis-
ited this town and found the three rows of houses still existing ; thej^ extend from
one side of a steep precipice to the other end of the rock, and occupy the entire
width of the precipitous bluffs, about 200 feet above the plain. But these rows, which
could never have been any longer, could not have held more than about 1,000 people.
At present the population of the town is 800. Still it is an undeniable fact that New
Mexico had a much greater Indian population formerly than now — a fact clear to any
one on viewing the numerous ruins. If asked how this reduction was brought about
we can give but three reasons, viz, 1st, the change of climate that prompted emigra-
tion from certain parts of the country ; 2d, the wars with the Spaniards, whereby
wholesale slaughter was often ordered by the Spanish generals ; and, 3d, a gradual
mixture of Spanish and Indian blood, whereby the Indians lost their customs and
language ; Abiquiu, for instance, is such a town, where the characteristic Indian type
still prevails, although they call themselves Mexicans. Such Mexicauized towns often
received the name of a saint. Not only these, however, but also the names of the un-
mixed pueblos were in a number of cases abolished and those of saints substituted
through the pious zeal of Spanish priests.
Looking over the names of towns mentioned in the Spanish reports, we find our-
selves in many cases unable to locate them, not even ruins being found where, from
the description, we would suppose they existed. But not only is this the case with
the towns; we often encounter the same diificnlty with the provinces, the Spanish
using the name of each town in the province in turn to name the latter; often the
province is named after the valley of rivers or after mountains. The truth is, the
pueblos had no provinces, each town having its own government ; the maire being
elected every year. But if w^e would distinguish provincec, the language alone should
be used as a criterion.
Maratay Acus, Totantealt Acha, Tahasas^ Sumeis, JumaneSy ConchoSy Passagiiates, Jerez,
Piros are names of provinces which to locate is rather difiicult ; the most of them
were in Southern New Mexico. At present, there is no pueblo existing there, except
perhaps, Isleta below El Paso, which now belongs to Texas. But ruins are found here
and there on the Kio Grande, £io Gila, Rio Francisco, Kito Blanco, Rito Bonito, etc.
RuhateSy Tanos comprise the region of the Placer and Zandia Mountains and a portion
of the Rio Grande Valley below Albuquerque. Ruins are quite numerous in these
regions, for instance those of Shi-na-na, San Lazaro, Guika, San Marcos, San Jose, Los
Tanques, Guia, and of some buildings in the canon of the Rio de Santa F6 near Ciene-
guilla.
Cicuyey Quei^ez, Cunames seem to signify one and the same region between the Rio
Jemez and Rio Grande. At present five pueblos still exist here, but ruins of extinct
towns also are seen near Silla and San Felipe. Diego de Vargas also applies the name
Querez to Acoma. ^
Taos and Picuris; these two provinces are represented by two pueblos of the present
day.
Tuiahaco. Castaneda mentions (1542) eight cities of this province, the position of
which is southeast of Mount Taylor. At present, there still exist five pueblos, also
several towns in ruins, on the Rito San Josd west of Laguna. TJie Mexican town
Cebolletawas probably formerly an Indian pueblo. Mr. G. Marmon, school-teacher at
Laguna, informed me that ruins of a fortified place exist on the foot-hills of Mount
Taylor near the pueblo of Pojuate, or Povate. The name Tutahaco used by the
Spaniards for this province is not known there by the Indians, nor are the names
175
TigneXj CunameSj and Cicuye. They call themselves Tse-mo-d or Si-tsi-md ; the pueblo
of Lagiina, however, uses the name Kan-ay-ko to sif^uify the inhabitants of their town,
(Ko-8t^t^,) while the pneblo of Acoma is called A-ko. I may mention here that there
are two parties in this town (Laguna.) the Ka-paits, who cling to their old rites and
ceremonies, and the Kayo-masho, who have progressive, liberal, Protestant ideas
They are antagonistic to each other, and would ouce have come together in battle
had not Mr. Marmon interfered at the right moment. The four other pneblos all
belong to the Ka-paits.
Tiguet was a province in the valley of the Rio Puerco, northeast of the former, and
was twice nsed by Coronado's army (1540-1542) as winter-quarters. At present, no
pueblo exists in this region ; ruins only — Poblazon for instance — are seen here and
there. Castaneda reports twelve cities in this province, and that it was rich, and fer-
tile, and full of fine grass. At present, the valley of the Rio Puerco looks poor and
barren.
Tekuttj or Tegua^ is a province which, if the Spanish reports are correct, must have
been situated in the Rio Grande Valley, about eighty miles south of the present seat of
this tribe. A Tehua town, Puara, is often mentioned, but of which nothing is known
at the present day; some old ruins near San Felipe might be related to it. There are
still seven villages belonging to this tribe, six in the Rio Grande Valley and its vicin-
ity, and one upon the Moqni mesas in Arizona. How this emigration was brought
about was explained to me by Hosti, the former governador {maire) of Jemez. These
Tehnas had inhabited San Cristobal in the vicinity of the Placer Mountains, but were
driven off by Mexicans some hundred years ago, whereupon they, the Tehnas, were in-
vited by the Moquis to live with them. Three miles above the Tehua town Tesuque is
a town buried 3 feet below the present surface of the river-bank. This stream, usually
but a small rill, was once, several years ago, increased to a tremendous torrent by a
cloud-bnrst, whereby much of the former river-bank was carried off, and exposed a
number of buried houses in the vertical wall of about 20 feet in height. The houses
were of two stories, built of adobes, of double the thickness used nowadays. The fire-
places were easily recognized. All the wood found was charred, and it would appear
as though the houses first burned before they were gradually covered with sand. It
may be that a neighboring hill had fallen in and thus covered the houses. In the
vicinity, about two miles northeast of there, I discovered a mass of charcoal 6 feet
below the ground, in a narrow gorge.
Quivira. — This province occupies the territory adjacent to the Maazana Mountains.
Here we find the ruins of Abo, Quivira, Quarro ; also several Mexican towns, which, ac-
cording to the Spanish writings, were probably once pneblos, (Manzana, Chichiti, Tor-
eon.) At Quivira also are seen the ruins of the former Jesuit mission and of former
habitations of Spanish miners. When Coronado visited this province, it was, as he
described it, very fertile ; at present it resembles a desert.
Cebola, — This province embraces the Zuni towns, of which seven once existed ; at
present there are four in ruins. These ruins were visited by you in 1873.
Tusayan embraces the six Moqui towns in Eastern Arizona. >io ruins of towns are
seen here.
Aztlan. — This province embraces a portion of Northwestern New Mexico, the valley
of the Rio San Juan and its tributaries. No pueblos exist there at the present
day, but ruins of former fortified towns are quite numerous. The discoverer of the
ruins in the Cafion de Chaco is Lieutenant Simpson, who made a reconnaissance in
1849, while we are indebted to Lieutenants Whipple and Rogers Birnie, both of your
expedition, for the discovery of a number of interesting ruins on the Rio Mancos, Rio
de las Animas, Rio San Juan, Canon Largo, and Canon del Governador. Some of the
fortified structures had as many as five hundred rooms. Over the surrounding plain,
solitary round buildings were profusely scattered. Lieutenant Whipple describes one
of these ruins as being fifteen miles distant from any water : the climate, then, appears
to have changed and become drier. Among the pneblos of New Mexico there exists a
tradition in regard to these ruins. Hosti, a very kind, intelligent old Indian, denies
that these ruins were the result of Spanish wars, remarking that, the rain falling less
and less, these people emigrated to the southward long before the Spaniards arrived
in the country, being led by Montezuma, a powerful man, who was born in Pecos, and
had settled with the Pueblos on the Rio San Juan. Montezuma was to return and lead
the rest of the Pueblos also to the south, but he failed to come back.
The Pneblos had been ordered by him to keep the eternal fire alive until his return,
but generation after generation had looked for him in vain. At present, however, the
fire in their estufas is by no means an eternal one, being kindled only at certain limes.
This whole tradition accords well with another held by Aztecs in Old Mexico when
Cortez entered the country of Anahuac, namely, that their forefathers came (most
probably at the end of the twelfth century) from the north, and their description
answers very well for Northwestern New Mexico. Alexander von Humboldt, without
any knowledge of the existence of ruins, supposed that the Aztecs came from the same
part of North America. This explorer maintains also that some ruins on the Gila
River, the so-called "Casas Grandes," (and probably also '' Pueblo Viejo,") are remnants
176
of the Aztecs, some of whom remained on the Gila, while the majority marched on
farther south. Some writers maintain that the Pueblos of New Mexico know nothing
of Montezuma. In this they etr ; the Pueblos worship him next to the sun ; at least I
was so informed in Jemez. It is true that, with the Moqui Indians of Arizona, I conld
make out nothing on this point, a negative answer being given on my asking them
whether they knew anything of Montezuma; but the pantomimes between the interro-
gated persons led me to suspect that in so answering they did not tell the truth. These
Indians are very careful in regard to communicating their beliefs, fearing that tliereby
they may have inflicted upon them another Jesuit Mission, of which they have had
a sufficiency : they therefore outwardly appear as Catholics, although they heartily
hate this religion.
The fact that the Aztecs in Old Mexico had a monarchial government, while that
of all the Pueblos of New Mexico was republican, is certaiuly not an argument against
the theory that they came from New Mexico. Changes in form of government are
more easily accomplished by some people than by others, and are especially easy when
a single great man knows how to successfully lead the masses. The Aztecs might
have confided their government to the family of Montezuma from feelings of gratitude
or adoration. Nor does the fact that the Aztecs in Old Mexico had some customs and
a style of building different from the Pueblos of New Mexico suffice as a proof against the
above assertion^ since the Aztecs on entering Old Mexico found tribes already there,
with whom they mixed, and, as a consequence, lost some of their original features.
During your expedition of last year I had occasion to visit the ruins ot Pueblo
Bonito, at the head of Cafion de Chaco. The desolation of the surrounding land is in
keeping with that of the habitations of the pueblo, while lizards and ants roaming
amid the rubbish of the past, the crying crow nestling between the walls, and the
fallen stones tell of the flight of time ; but silent and mute is the ruin, no inscription
telling the tale of former joys or sorrows within these crumbling walls. The ruins
consist of one large building with a yard surrounded by a wall, which forms a square
whose sides are nearly 200 feet long ; the doors of the building open on this yard. The
walls are 1^ to 2 feet thick, and are built of plates of sandstone, like those found in the
immediate vicinity. The south and west sides of the square form the three-story build-
ing which descends in terraces toward the interior of the square, the second series of
rooms forming two stories, the third series one story. The lowest story is 7 feet high,
the middle one 9, and the uppermost 6. The most exterior row has ten rooms in the
length, and therefore thirty in the three stories ; these rooms measure 20 feet long by G
feet wide. Theroomsof the upper story of second (two-story) roware of the same length,
but double the width of the former, while those of the first story of this row are subdi-
vided, thus making twenty rooms, and, therefore, thirty altogether, in the second row.
Into the apartments of this lower story no ray of light could enter, and they were
probably larders, or rooms for provisions. The rooms of the most interior, or one-story,
row were 20 feet long by 9 wide, and thus we have on one side fifty habitable rooms,
or altogether one hundred, as there are two sides of the square forming the building. If
we take it as probable that every room was inhabited by a family of four persons, the
former population would have been 400. The rooms were all connected by openingg
in the walls 3 feet by 2; the window-openings were of about 2 square feet. The wood
used for the construction of the doors and windows was juniper, which grows profusely
on the sandy mesas, requirini; but little moisture; it is in a good state of preservation.
As no steps were found leading to the upper story, the ascent was probably made by
ladders, as is still the custom among tbe Pueblos of New Mexico. In the southern cor-
ner of the yard are the walls of two cylindrical buildings, 20 and 30 feet in diameter,
having six pillars on the periphery, equidistant, most likely remnants of tbe estufas^ or
temples, in which the sun was worshiped. The bottoms of these buildings were about
3 feet lower than the surrounding yard. Pieces of painted pottery, an article seen in
exceedingly many localities in New Mexico, were found scattered about profusely ; frag-
ments of this were also found by yourself and parties even on the heights of the Sierra
Blanca in Arizona, on the Mogollon mesa in the San Francisco Mountains, on Mount
Taylor in the Cafion de Chell<5, and, in short, everywhere, iu deserts as well as on the
forest-covered peaks.
I searched the surrounding ground for the former bnrying-place, but in vain. The
discovery of a few skulls would have been interesting for examination. No trace of
former irrigating-ditches can be found in the neighboring valley of the Chaco, but
there are traces of a former road to Abiquiu, sixty miles off, where ruins have also
been found, two in the immediate vicinity and three between Abiquiu and El Rito.
Dr. Yarrow (\n charge of division No. 6) made excavations in these ruins, and in the
old buryiug-ground about four miles below Abiquiu, on the Chama.
The province of Jemez,— Onei ot th^ mo^t interesting pueblos is Jemez, on the river
of that nnme, sixty miles southwest of Santa Y6. This town has a language of its
own, and one which is unintelligible to any other trijt)e. About forty years ago the
then existing pueblo of Pecos, on the Rio Pecos, used the same dialect, but tbe inhabit-
ants, becoming reduced iu number, joined the pueblo of Jemez, which is one of the
177
most prosperous in New Mexico, having fine fields, lar^e irrigating-ditches, and exten-
sive flocks of sheep. " If you wish to see/' said the kind old Hosti, ex-governador of
the town, " what a great people we once were, {que gran pueblo lo8 Jemez eran,) you
must go upon the mesas and into the caiions of the vicinity, where ruins of our fore-
fathers are numerous. Our people were a warlike race, and had many fights not only
with the Spaniards but also with other Indian tribes, the Navajos and Taos for instance,
And were thus reduced to this pueblo of Jemez, which now forms the last remnant.''
Hostl's son led me to some ruins in the vicinity. A ride of six miles up the river
brought us to the junci^ion of the two great canons, Guadaloupe and San Diego.
Where the mesa between these canons narrows itself to a point are the ruins of two
pueblos, one upon the lower prominence of the mesa, named Batokv^, the other upon
the mesa proper, called Ateyala-Keokvu, and only approachable by two narrow, steep
trails, the mesa everywhere else being nearly perpendicular and 750 feet high. The
view from the mesa is picturesque and imposing in the extreme ; far beneath, to the
right and left, a stream makes its way between the colossal walls of sandstone, which
are penetrated by trachytic dikes ; upon the narrow width of the mesa, near frightful
precipices, are the ruins of a town of eight3' houses, partly in parallel rows, partly in
squares, and partly perched between the overhanging rocks, the rim and surfaces of
which formed, at the same time, the walls of rooms, gaps, and interstices being tilled in
4irtiticially. Nearly every house had one story and two rooms ; the building material
was trachytic rock, as found upon the mesa. Broken pottery, charred corn, and mill-
•stones for grinding corn, were found in some of the rooms. The roofs had all fallen in,
■and so also had many of the sidewalls, in the construction of which wood was but little
used. Piilon-trees have taken root within many of the former rooms. Upon asking my
Indian guide whether the former inhabitants of this town were obliged to descend the
■Steep and dangerous pathway eveiy day to the creek to procure water, he replied that
there were cisterns on the mesa, in which rain, formerly plentiful, was caught. He then
•called my attention to some conical heaps of stone along the rim of the precipice, which
was the material for defense. Although the position upon this mesa appears impreg-
nable, the Spaniards succeeded in taking it, probablv forcing the inhabitants to sur-
render by cutting off water and provisions. " When tne Spaniards came up," said this
Indian, " the despair of the people was great ; many threw themselves headlong into
the frightfal depths below, preferring suicide to humiliating death at the hands of
their conquerors. Suddenly the Spirit Guadalupe, who is the custodian of the canon,
made his appearance, and from this moment the people could jump down without any
<langer, and since this remarkable episode the image of Guadalupe has been upon the
rocks." On descending, I viewed this image, which is a white figure, about ten feet
in length, painted high up on the vertical bluffs, apparently a difficult task for the un-
known artist. The only place from which the spot could be reached is a narrow prom-
inence 30 to 40 feet below the picture. As there is a sort of halo around the head, such
^s we are accustomed to see in pictures of saints, I believe this image to be the
work of a Spanish priest who desired to impose upon the people, for which purpose he
might have secretly made this picture, which to them is a miracle. Again, in the valley,
the Indian called my attention to a number of peach-trees along the river-margin, which
be said were planted by the former inhabitants of Ateyala-Keokv^, and, from the fact
that these trees still blossom and bearfniit, it would seem that the impositions on the
credulity of these people by the Spanish priests are not of a very remote period.
The reports of the Spaniards frequently mention Jemez. Capstan ade, who accom-
panied Coronado on his marches through New Mexico, as early as 1541-'43, speaks of
two great provinces in that vicinity, Jemez, and north of it Juke-Yunke. He also
speaks of strongly-fortified places difficult of access, and of a town, Brdhay that was
called by the Spaniards Valladolid on account of the resemblance of its situation with
that of this Spanish town. I think that from this word is derived the name Vallatoaf
<ised at the present day by the inhabitants of Jemez to signify their town. In the
years 1692 and 1693 two war expeditions took place, under General Diegode Vargas,
against the Jemez, who had destroyed the churches, murdered the priests, and declared
themselves free from the Spanish yoke. In the Spanish account of these occurrences,
it is mentioned that the Indians fled to a high mesa and there bombarded the Span-
iards with a shower of stones. Trustworthy Mexicans told me that there are ruins of
twenty-five or thirty towns upon. the neighboring mesas and in the cafions, and those
•of five large churches. In the vicinity of the Hot Springs, (Ojos Calientes,) twelve
miles above Jemez, in the Canon de San Diego, are the ruins of one of them. The walls
are fully 7 feet thick, and the interior space 100 feet long by .35 feet wide, with a tower
attached on the north side. The destruction of this church building probably took
place in 1680, at the time of the great Pueblo revolution against the Spanish piiests
and soldiers.
It may be added, with regard to the Pueblos of the present day, who hardly number
more than 8,000 souls, that, takiug difference of language ** as a base, there are eight
tribes, which occupy the following towns:
* Vocabularies of all the Pueblo languages, except the Zufii, were collected by the
members of the expedition, each vocabulary embracing about two hundred words.
178
Zufiia. — Zuiii, Natrias, Ojo de Pescado.
Moquia. — Hnatl-vi, Tsi-tsume-vi, Mashangene-vi, Shongoba-vi, Sbe-baulavi, Oray-vi^
Tanoa. — Isleta, below Albuquerque; Isleta, below El Paso; Zaudia.
Taoa. — Taos, (Indian name, Takhe,) Picoris.
Querez, — Santa Ana, (Indian name, To-Mia,) San Felipe, San Domingo, Silla, (Indian-
name, Tsi-a,) Cocbiti.
Kan-ayko or Si-atai-m^. — Acoma, (Indian name, A-Ko,) Laguna, (Indian name, Kan-
Ayko,) Povate, (Indian name, Kvi-sbti,) Moguino, Hasatcb.
Te/iMa«.— Namb^, Tesuque, Ildefonso, Pajoaque, San Juan, Sauta Clara, Tehua, (with,
the Moqui-Pueblo in Arizona.)
Jemez, — Jemos, (Pecos extinct.)
The language of the Kan-Ayko tribe resembles closely tbat of the Qaerez tribe ; and^
on the other liand, the languages of the Tanos and Taos tribes are closely allied to
each other. With these two exceptions the languages of these tribes differ so much
that, in order to understand each other, those speaking them have to take recourse to
the Spanish language. Buschmann, who made a specialty of the study of Indian lan-
guages, denies the existence of any relation between the different Pueblo languages,
and also any relation between these and the Azt-ec language; but he evidently had.
only the scanty material then known of these lauguages — vocabularies not containing
over forty words, (Zuiii excepted, of which in 1856 Lieutenant Whipple collected a
long list) — from which to form his conclusions. In order to show that there are really
relations, although limited, between not only the Pueblo languages, but also with the
Aztec idiom, I take the word for '^ hand'' as an example :
Qnerez and
Kanayko.
Sbka-mdstsi
Tehaa.
Moqais.
Taos.
Tanos.
M4
Makhde
Mane-na
Man
Jemez.
Md-tasb.
In Aztec ma-itl means hand ; in Yuta, mu. No one would assert that the repetition
of the syllable ma is a mere accident. No doubt these Pueblo languages were derived
from a common origin, like the widely-differing European languages from the San-
skrit; but time, measured by centuries and not by single years, has gradually effected
changes, and to such a degree that to one who does not examine these lauguages very
minutely, they appear devoid of any relation to each other.
Respectfully submitted.
O. LoEW.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corpa of Engineers,
J 3.
REPOIIT OX CERTAIN RUINS VISITED IN NEW MKXICO BY LIEUTENANT ROGERS BIRNIE,
JR., THIRTEENTH UNITED STxVTES INFANTRY.
United States Engineer Office,
Geographical Explorations and Surveys
West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
Washingtonf D. C, Jpi-il 30, 1875.
The evidences that there were former inhabitants in localities now entirely depopu-
lated were numerous, being observed along the Caiion Cerresal, Canon Largo, Canon
de Chaco, and the San Juan and Las Animas Rivers. Traveling through the Canon
Cerresal, they were first observed as rude walls built upon the rocks, at the top of the
walls of the cafion, where these latter were from 1.50 to 200 feet in height.
On September 16, 1874, 1 visited, with Mr. Rowe, a topographical station at the head
of one of the branches of the Cafion Cerresal, where we found some very perfect speci-
mens of old pottery, though uo signs of any habitation. It is one of the highest points
in quite a large area, a small-topped sandstone mesa about 100 by 40 feet, the upper
terrace as it were of a series, and well-nigh inaccessible. It is difficult to conceive for
what purpose this place could have been frequented, in the present aspect of the
country, situated as it is probably twenty miles from any permanent source of water,
unless, with the positions of the dwellings, it may tend to corroborate the idea that
these people were driven out of the country by roving tribes of Indians, and sought
refuge in these naturally-fortified places.
Returnini^ to the party from this station, we visited one of the stouA: houses bu-ilt
179
upon the rocks above the side of the cafion. The ascent to the rock upon which it is
bailt was by two pieces of wood about 10 feet long, with notches cut for steps and
forming a rude ladder. There were six rooms, some nearly perfect, the walls of rough
stone and roof made of pieces of cedar stretched horizontally and covered with earth ;
patches of planter remained upon the walls, but much of the roof had fallen in ; the
ceilings low, not more than 7 feet above the ground ; doors very small ; broken pieces
of crockery seen scattered about.
On the next day (September 17) I visited another of these ruins, making the ascent
of the rocks with considerable difficulty. Several small dwellings were found, nearly
covering the space upon the rock, which descended very abruptly on every side. In
one of these houses, just above a fire-place, and upon sticks sfcretching across the room,
supported by being embedded in the wall on either side, I found the leg-bones of a
man's skeleton ; the remainder must have been carried away, as I could not find any
of the other parts. Near the dwellings were several cavities in the rocks suitable for
holding supplies of water, although they seemed to be natural formations. The rub-
bish on the floor was an inch or two thick.
In the Cafion Largo, a few miles from its junction with the San Juan River, we found
a curious mound in the valley, that had every appearance of having been constructed
by man, from the heterogeneous substance that composed it as well as its shape, roof-
like, with sloping ends, being about 100 feet long by 50 feet wide at the base, and 2&
feet high. At either end were little circles of stones, and digging down through the
sod, a quantity*- of black earth was found as though the place had been frequently used
for fires.
The most extensive ruins met with were on the right bank of the Las Animas Biver,
about twelve miles above its junction with the San Juan. J had been previously
informed of this, my informant stating that he had counted 517 rooms in one pueblo.
On visiting the ruins we found what had once been, apparently, quite a town, with
two main buildings and numerous small ones about them. One of the main buildings,
situated nearest the river, extended to and was bailt into a blufi;' separated a few
hundred yards from the river by a flat. The plan was rectangular with a small
court on the south side, the court flanked on either side by two circular rooms or
towers at the corners of the building; two more of these rooms at the other
corners, and three through the center and parallel to the longer side of the building;
the walls supporting the towers on either side of the court were square-cor-
nered, but had re-entrant angles. The remainder of the building was divided into
rectangular compartments apparently of three stories, the two upper ones nearly in
ruins, on two sides of the building, which was about 150 by 100 feet ; the wall
was quite perfect and in places 25 feet in height still standing. (See Plate IX.)
Entering a room nearly altogether in ruins, it was found connected with an interior
one by a door- way 4 feet 4 inches and 2 feet 4 inches, cased with nicely-dressed soft
sandstone about the size of an ordinary brick ; the walls were 2 feet 4 inches thick,
many of the stones being marked with crosses, (-f-) &c., and some with inscriptions,
though these latter were nearly obliterated. The interior room was 14 feet 4 inches
by 6 feet 4 inches, and the roof fallen in. An entrance was found to a lower room,
apparently one of the lower story, through a door of about the same dimensions as the
other mentioned ; the lintel was composed of small round pieces of wood well cleaned,
fitted, and bound together with withes ; the dimensions of the room 14 feet 4 inches
by 6 feet, and 7 feet high ; the walls had been well plastered, and remained nearly
intact, though covered on all sides with curious figures and signs scratched upon them.
The floor must have been of earth ; the ceiling was supported primarily by clean pine
or spruce beams about 6 inches in diameter, and 30 inches apart ; these were crossed by
smaller ones of the same kind, and across these latter were split pieces, small and half-
round, and fitting closely together, supporting the earth above. The room was in
good condition, though sand had washed in and partly covered the floor. No entrance
could be found to the numerous other rooms constituting this floor, except in one case
where an interior wall was found broken through. This room was like the other, but
higher and without plaster, the floor covered with debris fallen from above. Near the
center of the building was a rectangular shaft about 8 feet by 6 feet. Through a hole
already broken in the roof and by means of a rope I descended this about 12 feet to a
flooring, the beams supporting which had given way and only part remained ; a little
below loose earth filled the shaft, but whether resting on another floor, or the ground,
I could not tell. No connection was found between this and any of the rooms. I re-
gretted that I could not reach the bottom, as I had here hoped to find entrances to
those rooms which appeared to have none from the outside. Holes, as if for ventila-
tion, but not large enough to admit a man, and now filled with dirt, seemed to extend
through the exterior walls of the building in places.
The other main building, which is the larger of the two, is about 200 yards <lo the west
of this, and quite remarkable in plan. What was probably the principal part is on
the north side, the roof fallen in and much debris about the exterior. We found a
number of much larger rooms than in the other building, and interior walls at least
180
;30 feet higl). This poitiou of the building is about 200 feet long and regularly sup-
ported on the exterior by buttresses ; from either end two wings connect and run out,
making the interior angles about 100^ ; these wings extend about 150 feet, then their
extremities seem to have been connected by a circular wall, now entirely in ruins
but showing the remains of a gate-way. Above the buttresses on the exterior wall of
the main portion the wall is quite perfdct, and shows some very pretty architectural
design. The masonry is not only built with courses of different thicknesses of stone,
but, also, of difiereut colors. There is seen a projecting cornice, plain, composed of
three or four courses of very thin reddish sandstones, and again a course of nearly
white stone, perhaps a foot thick, both very even, and then other courses of different
shades and thicknesses alternate. In. this building there are remains of three circular
rooms, one at each of the angles above referred to, and one in the center of the court.
A great deal of broken crockery was about, but confined to certain portions of the
building, principally the extremities of the wings. Want of time prevented me from
making measurements and obtaining much accurate data that I desired.
Many years must have elapsed since these buildings were in ruins, but some of the
walls, where supported, are well preserved. Very heavy sage-brush was growing in
many places upon the mounds of the ruins. The remains of a circular building were
found midway between the two main buildings, and it has been supposed that these
circular rooms were places of worship. But little analogy could be observed between
these and the Indian pueblo at Taos that I afterward visited ; but stone ruins seen at
Nacimiento and near other (now occupied) Mexican towns were very similar, except
as to plan, to those described, the ruins about the towns being entirely different from
any of the present habitations.
In many places along the San Juan River, pieces of old crockery were observed and
remains of several small stone houses. In one of these I'found a very line specimen of
a stone hammer, oval and of natural shape, with the ordinary groove cut about it for
attaching the handle. A number of important ruins were also observed along the
Canon de Chaco. None of those so minutely described by Lieut. Simpson in 1849
were visited by us, as we did follow his route only perhaps a very short distance. The
Navajo Indians ascribed some of the figures and signs seen in the lower room of the
ruins to Apaches and Comanches ; but their explanations were very vague, princi-
pally from the difficulty of understanding them.
Bespectfully submitted.
Rogers Biknie, Jk.,
First LieuieuatU Thirteenth Infantry,
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers.
J 4.
REPORT ON THE PUEBLO LANGUAGES OF NEW MEXICO, AND OF THE MOQUIS IN ARI-
ZONA ; THEIR AFFINITY TO EACH OTHER AND TO THE LANGUAGES OF THE OTHEK
INDIAN tribes: BY ALB. S. GAT8CHET, PHILOLOGIST.
New York City, April 24, 1875.
Although the vocabularies of the Pueblo languages collected by Lieutenant Wheel-
er's parties are more complete, and contain more material than any others so far
submitted for investigation, still the data obtained are not such as to admit of a com-
plete report upon the grammatical structure of these interesting idioms ; they are,
however, at least copious enough to give us an idea of their utterance, phonetic char-
acter, and a glimpse at their affinities. But, being as yet debarred from sufficient
materials to derive grammatical rules and paradigms, we «annot be too careful in
drawing conclusions on the pedigree of the half-civilized tribes who use these dialects
as their means of intercommunication.
The*most decisive criterion for the affinity of one language to another is the simi-
larity of their inflectional terminations and the equality of their terms for degrees of
consanguinity, as father, mother, son, sister, <&c. ; for numerals and personal pronouns ;
for denominations of the diverse parts of the human frame ; the fnost common ani-
mals and plants; the colors; a man; woman; sun; moon; star; fire; water; and
the seasons. When a majority of these terms agree, there is a strong probability that
'both languages compared are but dialectic variations of the same stem, and that in
former times a mother-language has existed for both. A close comparison of the above
terms in all the Pueblo idioms spoken in New Mexico and Arizona has prompted me to
classify them in four distinct families, as follows :
First famihf, with four subdialects : Isleta, (with Zandiain New Mexico and Isleta in
Texas near El Paso;) Jemez, (with Pecos;) Taos, (with Picuris;) Tebua, spoken in
San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojoaque, Namb(S, Tesuqne, San Ildefonso, and on one of the
Moqui mesas.
181
Second J or Qtteres family : Spoken in San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cocbiti, Santa Afia,
Cia, Acoma, Laguna, Povat<o, Hasat'Cb, and Mogino, w'ith some dialectic variations.
Third, or Zuni language : Spoken in Zufii, Ojo de Pescado, and LasNntritas.
Fourlhy or Moqui language : Spoken in six villages situated on four high blnifs north
of the Colorado Chiquito, Arizona.
The vocabnlaries collected by Dn Oscar Loew (the Taos was collected by Dr. Yar-
row) exhibit an almost equal number of vowels and consonants, and a predominance
of vocalic sonorous terminations of syllables and words. Their utterance thereby
becomes harmonious and pleasant to the ear. In this they differ largely from their
neighbors, the nomadic and hunting tribes of the Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and
Utes. All Pueblo idioms, perhaps excepting the Zufii, seem to have a monosyllabic
basis, and words having more than two syllables are probably compounds. Hiatus of
vowels often occur, as in ki-^, bear, (Tehiia ;) tsa-an, pine tree, (Taos ;) ho-ana-an, eye,
(Quires.) Nasalized vowels are scarce in the Quires dialects and in Taos, but are
abundant in Moqui and Tehua, (^lAhfid, hot, Moq./) and often occur in Jemez and Is-
leta, (hula, goose, Jem. ; te, belly, Isl.) We often find words interrupted in their midst
by an abrupt coughing effort of the mouth, as in p^-e, sun, Jem.; ga'-e, Indian corn,
Moq. ; p' ay ade, dead, Isl.
Pueblo words often undergo similar changes and substitutions as we observe in the
Aryan languages when they make their re-appearance in cognate dialects. The tran-
sition observed between Latin and Greek pater and the English /a^yin* is recalled spon-
taneously to our mind when we behold the following consonantic substitutions :
Tehua : po-oyo, fly ; Jemez : fu ya.
Teh : p'-ho ; Isleta : p'a, hair ; Jem : fola.
Isl : pu5ai, nose ; Jem : fose
Isl : adpa, beard ; Jem : tafu.
Transitions of the tennis into the corresponding media occur quite as often :
Teh : p6, squash ; Taos : ba-a.
Jem : pe-el, heart ; Isl : b^a.
Teh: po-oye, three ; Taos: blhi.
Teh:henti, black; Taos: funte; perfectly coincides with the transition from e or-
&7]c to Latin reslia, garment, and similar consonantic changes may be observed in —
Taos: pulyu, friend; Zuiii: Kiiayi, (like koIo^ and roiog)
Teh : htia, egg ; Moq : ne-h^ ; Isl : ba-gu^.
Teh: ko-oa, leaf; Jem: ha-a.
Acoma: hotsen, chief; Quires: hdtchen.
Ac: 1-atch, boy; Qu: i-uas.
Ac: tchoshk, coyote wolf ; Qu: shotsond.
Isl : gaindsl, horse ; Teh : shaniya.
Taos : bihio, three ; Isl : batchoa.
Teh : tchi-e, bird ; Moq : t>si-i ; Jem : seye ; Isl : shira. ' »
Consonantic mutations, unusual or unheard of in Indo-Germanic languages, are th&
following :
Ac : tatla-e, good ; Qu : rautttsa, rati a.
Ac : and Qu : kagan, wolf ; Taos : kalen.
Isl : tlo-a, arrow ; Jem : sh-tia.
Isl : tle-e, tobacco ; Jem : tio ye.
Isl : tl6rida, rain : Jem : toka.
(Span : burro, mule ; Teh : bunto.)
Up to this time we have quoted only instances of consonantic mutations. Consider-
ng at the same time the vocalism and the consonantism of these idioms, and supposing
that the words compared' formed parts of one and the same language, we observe alter-
ations which might be called as follows :
Prothesis or Aphceresis :
Teh : gasua, to drink ; Isl : asui.
Isl : ahoi, to kill ; Taos : hoyar.
Jem : to-u-a, wind ; Isl : na (= id^).
Teh. II : naki'e, strong ; Teh. I :t akiele.
Jem : hd, bone ; Isl : ^.
UpentJiesiay Ekthlipaia, or Syncope :
Teh. I : epile ; Teh. II : eple.
Isl : kiye, feathers ; Jem : kea (-ta).
* fi=a, nasal sound between u and o. e=a nasal e.
1 1 call Tehua I the subdialect spoken in San Ildefonso and on one of the Moqui
Mesas ; Tehua II the dialect in use in the other Tehua settlements.
182
•
Acoma: f-atch, boy ; Qn : l-a-as.
Ac : h^ni, pioe tree ; Qa : ha-ani.
Ac : m^tse, blood ; Qa : ro^-atse.
Isl: tloa, arrow; Jem: (sb-) tia.
Teh: ko-oa, leaf; Jem: ha- a.
Isl : panto, five ; Teh : pano.
Epiihesis or Apocope :
Teh: hua, egg; Moq: (ne=) bii.
Jem : pe-el, heart ; Isl : bda.
Jem: nono, here; Isl: uuu.
Xasalizing :
Tsuque: au\ foot : Teh. I: iiu^; Teh. II: a; Isl: en.
Isl : opep, girl ; Jem : umpe (— -kule).
Teh. II: gasua, to drink ; Isl: asui.
Most Pueblo languages are deficient in some of the sounds occurring in Aryan and
'Semitic tongues; ga, ks (jc), and ds^ ta (z), seldom occur, the latter being generally
replaced by tch. In Quires, ich replaces 8 and ts ; sh and k are very often met with ;
tlj so frequent in Aztec, we find only in Isleta and Taos.
Though the Pueblo languages exhibit many mutual affinities in etymology, they are
nevertheless totally differing among themselves, and on examination not one of the
decisive terms mentioned above will be found to agree in all. The numeral three disa-
grees only in Qudrcs, /owr in Moqui. Names of colors all terminate in -t in Isleta, (as
do many adjectives,) most of them in Tehua, and in -vi in Moqui. Words that agree
in the majority of the Pueblo dialects are: the pronouns I and mine; the numerals
two, three, four ; wafer, bird, stone, leaf ; sun, head, squash. It is very probable that sun
and squash were compared to a head on account of their circular shape, and were called
by the same word.
All Paeblo languages are in possession of a large stock of words entirely of their
own, which do not allow of any comparison with terms of equal or similar meaning in
other Pueblo idioms, or in Yuma, Pima, Ute, Apache, Shoshone, or any other neighbor-
ing idiom. But the number of words in which an affinity is traceable is perhaps as
large ; and if we had sufficient material from which to construct grammars, we should
probably find many close and striking affinities. We subjoin a number of lexico-
graphic correspondences between aboriginal and Pueblo languages and their respect-
ive headings.
The Pueblos have borrowed very few terms from the Spaniards, French, and other
European settlers, and even objects, as horse, rifle, gun, gunpowder , money, coffee, soap, bread,
■sugar, are in many instances rendered by Indian and not by imported terms. In this
respect the vocabulary of the Comanches published by Buschmaun ( Volkerund Spracheny
Xeu Mexicos) is of great interest, for notwithstanding their continual intercourse w^ith
Mexicans, they have adopted almost no words from them, (ex. : casa, buffalo lodge.)
The cause of this is probably the intense hatred of all the southwestern tribes for the
Mexican people. The Pueblos adopted from them karayOf horse; ten gi, tongue, (Moq;)
binto, wine; bunto, mule; pa/omo,- pigeon, (Tehua;) and some others.
ISLETA.
The dialect of this Pueblo is most closely related with that of Jemez, somewhat less
•with that of Taos, and still less with that of Tehua. In some instances, Isleta exhibits
more complete and probably older forms than Jemez ; agrees with it in most terms for
parts of the human body and for degrees of consanguinity, in a few names of plants
and in most minerals, but differs in names of animals and in colors. With Tehua it
coincides in five numerals, in most colors, and terms for limbs of the human body.
With Taos, the coincidence in the numerals is more striking than in the terms for parts
of the body, but both dialects exhibit for the latter, and for the degrees of consanguinity,
an ending which seems to be of a common origin, (-idJ{,-oda, in Isl.; -(!, -H, in Taos,) and
certainly has an emphatic and demonstrative signification. A similar ending is found
among the Dakotas and other northern tribes. Isleta has very few words in common
with Apache, Yuma, and Quires dialects, apparently none with Moqui, but some with
Zuiii, and many important ones with Kiowa. It abounds with the sounds sh, tch, t1,
and with nasal vowels ; / occurs less often than /, and r is rarely met with.
Zuiii words cognate to Isleta :
tlate, canoe; Z: thl61oni.
pan id(i, snow ; Z: upinaive.
ka-av, moccasins; Z: mokuovi.
to-uinidJt, winter ; Z : to'anaye, autumn.
Kiowa words related to Isleta : ,
natuai, town; K: tu6i.
183
-parSk-idHf fire ; K : pia.
k'-auva, neck ; K : k'-anl ; Shosh : kviu.
c'-atui, white ; K : -*tai.
p'-aiade, dead; K: peto.
tchori-i, yellow ; K : cdrta.
The nameral one, uima, agrees with Pima yumako.
JBMEZ
Has a dialect closely allied to that of the Isletas, (see Isl.) The vowels in words
which are common to both often appear protracted or lengthened in Jemez, (and in
Tehua;) for instance :
Isl : hi-aU; rock, stone ; Jem : kea-a.
Isl: kai, leaf; Jem: ha a; Teh: ko-o-a, ko-a ; Tes Kuko-na.
Jemez is replete with nasal vowels, especially 3, but lacks the coarser gutturals and
»*, which is replaced by L (r occurs in foreign words.) For its relations to Taos and
Tehua, see Isleta. There are only a few, but striking, similarities between Jemes and
Dakota :
tota, neck; D: dote, tahu.
kiune, flesh, mea: D: konika.
hu, bone ; D : hn, huhu.
valo, bear ; D : varark = sika.
Some others, equally important, are found between Jemez and some languages of
Southern California belonging to the Shoshone family :
caboye, elder brother; £echi: pop^t.
p'-a, water; Kizh : bar; Netela: pal; (ath apask*pa.)
pa=kva, river; Kizh: p=khait.
no-osh, cold ; Kizh : otcbo, otso.
pa, one, (num.;) Kizh. and Netela : puku.
With the Comanche there exists a remarkable coincidence in the pronouns J, thouj
fie : ne, uugva, na-a; Cora : nn, nnoso — eunes, and in a few other words ; but with Yuma
DO affinity seems to exist. In Zufii the following terms should be compared :
be-i, people; Z: ho'-ite.
ba-a, leaf; Zuni : ha've.
yakva, fire ; Z : rafiki.
hoshnlo, red ; Z : shilova.
kea-a, rock ; Z : ave.
keapa, dead; Z: bdppa.
Kiowa shows affinity to Jeuiaz where Isleta mostly disagrees in the words :
nia-tash, hand ; K : m6rta.
p^-e, sun ; K : pai.
I)'-a; moon ; K : pa.
ta-^-l> winter ; K : tub.
pu, one, (num.;) K: imhco.
pen to, five ; K : onto.
Icuine, meat; K: ti.
<p'-a — )shtyo, sea; K: se-itzo.
doyo, house : K : tu.
peta, valley ; K : pi'-sti.
mieshtyo, six ; K : m6sso.
For aflfinitics with Moqui, see Moqui.
TEHUA.
The three dialects of Tehua of which we possess vocabularies do not show any marked
<lilference8, and even many of these might be accounted for by the Individ a ali ties of
their transcribers and their dissenting graphic systems. Tesuque seems to hold a mid-
dle position between San Ildefonso (Tehua I) and San Juan, (Tehua II;) and all three
do not differ as much as Scotch does from English. Their differences and similarities
.appear from the following table :
Tehtia i. Tehua II, Tesuque,
ia (=kom), blood 5 \\^-
toya, chief tuy6 to-uya
shu'— , arrow su tsu
sha, tobacco sa sah
V-o, moon p^-o p'-ho
tavente, spring ta-and6 to'-ondih
va, wind na mua-o
kueko, iron goako kuanku
184
To derive any phonetic laws from these and other words for the three dialectiS would
be premature as yet. The vocabulary of the Tesuque Indians, collected by David V,
Whiting, will be found in SchoolcrafVs Indian Tribes, vol. hi, p. 446.
From a few sentences transmitted by Dr. Loew, we can safel^^ deduce the following
^grammatical rules for the Tehua idiom :
The verb is not inflected. The particle indicating the past tense is -n-; the future
tense, ka . . . ta' k'- . . . ta. The personal pronoun is generally placed after the verb ;
/ hear, is not na oto, but oto na — ** hear /." The negative particle used in sentences is-
ve . , , hefV\ . . , he. A personal pronoun can be substituted for the substantive verb
to he, or else the position of the words can supply it. Adjectives, even when used as
predicates, and numerals, generally precede their substantives. There is one set of
demonstrative pronouns for animals and another for inanimate objects ; but the exist-
ence of distinct cases and numbers is doubtful. Every Tehua dialect has words of its
own; but in numerals and personal pronouns all of them agree pretty well.
A distant relationship with the Wichita can be observed in five words : with Central
America in tata, father, (tat in Guich^ ; t^ta in Palin ;) with Quires in woman, bird, and
bear. But there are many important affinities with Zufii, Moqni, Kiowa, and the lan-
guages spoken in the southern part of California. Tehua agrees with Apache and its
kindred idiom, the Navajo, in many important terms, as /re, water, bow, bird, mng,
salt, nose, but disagrees entirely in the personal pronouns and numerals. Of all these
relationships, the one with Kiowa is the most conclusive, and we are forced to admit
that at one time both nations must have lived in close contiguity and prolonged inter-
course. The name ^^Kiotva" seems to be derived from the Tehua ka-i, far distant,
(khu-au-ay in Isleta,) thus designating their roving bands as coming from afar; the
name of the Tehnas (or Teguas) from a word of their^ own language, (tdhua, house ;
tu in Kiowa.)
TAOS.
Attentive readers of the Taos vocabulary will perceive at the first glance its numer-
ous affinities with Tehua, Jemez, and especially with Isleta, and the many important
words in which it differs from them may, nevertheless, belong to a common stock of
Pueblo roots, of which our knowledge is yet so restricted. The Picuris are said to
differ somewhat in their dialect from Taos, and to have adopted many exp^ressions from
their neighbors, the Jicarilla Apaches.
In Taos, r and kh are scarce ; tch and ts numerous ; /often occurs, and alternates with
p and h in Tehua words. Verbs often terminate in -a, which is probably a suffixed per-
sonal pronoun. Most terms for animals and plants, also water, ice, (and salt, enye,) ter-
minate in the accentless endings -an, -ane, ana, -nen. For the ending -^ see Isleta.
With the Acoma dialect of Queres and Taos there is more affinity than between Aco-
ma and the much nearer Isleta. With the Apache dialects and that of the Tonto Apa-
ches, who call themselves Gohuns, and belong to the Yuma stock, I found .the follow-
ing terms resembling each other :
tchum (-o-vay6), heart ; Ap : itchi. (Whipple : tchu-li.)
kana, moon ; Ap : Kli-una-ai ; Gohun : k'-l^.
tsuden, dog: Ap: (li-)tchane; Gohun: ts-ta; Aztec: tchitchi.
tchuli, yellow; Ap: tlitsu; N^v: sitsu.
With the Caddo, (Texas,) I finda fortuitous coincidence in the word yuyeyJf, to march ;
C : yoytl ; and the three affinities occurring in Otomi (Central Mexico) are perhaps just
rtuitous :
kana, moen; Ot: tsana.
(ba-) tchista, star; Ot: tstse.
kiahea, leg ; Ot : Khiut^.
Taos approaches to Zuni in the following terms :
Sapana, beard ; Z : siponive ; Kiowa : sSnpo.
puiyu, friend; Z: Kiiayi.
tnvan, evening ; Z : tevani.
ilap, feathers ; Z : Idve, feather.
ho-en^, no ; Z : hol6 ; Kiowa, hoaiii.
With Kiowa many more affinities are traceable, but they are not of so important a
character as those observed in Tehua. A few of them are :
papand, elder brother ; K : papie.
bihio, three; K: piio, (Moqui puhio ; Kizh and Netela : pahd, pai.)
etuha, to speak ; K : emtiimki.
QUIRES.
There is so little variation between the dialects of this Pueblo language that they can
fairly be considered as one and the same tongue. It stands for itself, and shows very
few and no conclusive affinities with other families. Even in their tall stature, the
Qndres differ conspicuously from their smaller neighbors.
Quires abounds in sibilants, gutturals, and spirants (h), but lacks b, d,f, and I. r is
185
almost entirely wanting, and is not replaced as elsewhere by I ; itoccars in randtsa, rand,
good, where Acoma has tan^, Kiowa tti (-senan), and in the name of the people itself,
(Qn^res, K^res,) which has probably been bestowed on it by other tribes. The termi-
nations of words and syllables are not so vocalic as in Moqni and Isleta, and we often
find them ending in -m, -n, -tch, -t.
Mine is rendered by the prefixed s-, sa-, Bh= ; va seems to be the negative particle. No
distinct sign of a plural can be discovered. For phonetic differences between Qn^res
and Acoma see onr table, p. 6, (Epenthesis, &.c.)
There are many terms in Qn^res congruing with equivalent Zafii words, viz :
hatch tche, man ; Z : 6tsi, quiche, atchi.
kne, woman ; Z : 6kia, dkare ; Teh : kni, kvi.
hdpin, forehead ; Z : h^nin.
stslnmi, arm ; Z : tchtitiove.
8h=tsaa-itcfa, mails ; Z : shatintchiove. *
ishiane'-e, flesh, meat ; Z : shile.
yomatse, cold ; Z : t^tse.
tsina, turkey ; Z : tdna.
With the Apache dialects, we find afSnity in the terms for nose and hot, (ka-atche,
hot; Nav: khotsto,) with Moquiin Ac: (m^-)tsia, small, little; Moq: tcbai-o.
Qu : (8hka=) matchatch4, fingers ; Moq : malatchi.
Ac : shni; Qn : shu-ui, snake ; Moq : tcbn-ash.
The idiom of the nomadic Eiowas furnishes the greatest number of correspondencies
also with this Pueblo family :
ko, kuc, woman ; E : kiting, woman ; kt$, mother.
sh-katii, neck ; E : k' oul ; Utah : koloh, knravh ; Teh : k' -^.
hdaka, sky ; K : ki ^ko.
Ql^ka, bark ; E : touko-i.
shu-ui, snake ; E : saoni.
k ay^tauish, Ac: bird; K: ktiatch.
ko-otchioi, yellow ; E : k6rta.
ztjSi.
The ZuQis, who call themselves Shi-ouf-i, possess a language built up mostly of poly-
syllabic stems, and entirely peculiar, though showing many words held in common by
the Pueblo and other Indian languages of the southwest. Eaton's vocabulary will be
found in Schoolcraft, vol. iv, p. 416-431 ; Lieutenant Whipple's in Senate Doc. No. 78,
Survey Pacific R. R., vol. iii, p. 91.
The accent generally rests on the first syllable, which leads to the supposition that
many of the appended endings are pronominal or other suffixes. In numerals, the
quinary counting method obtains, and the numbers from 6 to 9 are formed out of 1 to 5
by adding likid^ 'Hhe other," meaning evidently the fingers of the other hand. No
other Pueblo follows this counting method, but we observe it also in Yuma, Gohun, and
in Tonkawa, (Texas.) All words and most syllables end in vowels; the parts of the
human body generally terminate in-im,-tin,-quin; the degrees of consanguinity in-i,
(-li,-shi;) the terms for implements in -li,-di; i being probably the pron. poss. mine.
Adjectives, especially when designating colors, end in-ni,-na. Observe the following
significant groupings of words with siiuilar endings :
Plants: srass, (and valley,) p^ve; leaf, h^ve; tree, taneaive; Indian com, mive;
(feather, lave.)
Inorganic objects : rock, stone, ^ve; water, klave; land, s(5vi; salt, m^ve.
For corresponding terms in the Pueblo, Eiowa, and other languages, see supra.
MOQUI.
In spite of the isolated geographical location of the four inhabited Moqui mesas in
the midst of an ocean of sand, rock, and debris, and of the antiquity of these Moqui
settlements, we can discover many points of resemblance between their idiom and
those of the neighboring Indians, which prove an ancient intercommunication. Nasals
are of frequent, d and I of scarce occurrence; /is wanting. Sentences are negatived
by means of the particle ka; the particle for the preterit is na. Personal pronouns
precede the verb, which is not infiected, and the negative ka is inserted between the
pronoun and the verb. Most words for colors, numerals, and consanguinity are pecu-
liar to the Moqui. The terms of animals and of some plants termiu ate in -e. The terms
for parts of the human frame are not connected with the pronoun miit«, as they are in
the other Pueblo Idioms; and in this Moqui agrees not with Comanche, but with the
eastern Shoshone languages.
Buschmann, who knew only the thirty words of Marcy's vocabulary, pointed out of
their number five terms cognate with Sonora words, and five others occurring in Aztec,
and directed attention to the termination -pe,-pi, in quape, kvapif (neck,) which, in Azteo,
LL— 13
186
forms BubstantiveSi and oooars also in the Comanche word nuuh-paf hand. Congru*
encies with Comanche, which is related to some Sonora langaages, are very nnmeroas,
indeed:
tahua, snn; C: tabih, tabikan ; Shosh: tava.
mniyane, moon ; Kizh : mOar ; C : mea, crescent,
^muegi, thunder; C: tomoyake.
koltsa, white ; C: tochtsa.
mh'XLf pron. I; C: un.
fai, no; C : kai.
tfili&-a, hot ; C : urate,
vuete, woman ; C : vlepe.
pushi, eye ; C : pui ; Shosh : pui.
dama, teeth; C: tama.
makhde,hand; C: mash-pa.
shuki, nails; Com: (techtse=) tsuke.
Terms equivalent and related to Kiowa words are also very numerous and important
and are not at the same time related to Comanche :
taka, young, boy ; K : tuquois.
liugya) blood; K: nm. •
And the terms for friend, morning, arm, belly, day, wind, duck, three, thou.
With the Yuma dialects, Moqui agrees in the following terms :
gaskavi, yellow ; Cnchan : aquesque ; Goh : kuase.
vne pa, large, great ; Qoh : ve'te.
shuki, nails ; Goh : sha-la-hu6^ (la, hand.)
shehevi, green ; Goh : ilvi.
We also discover congrnencies with the following works from the Apache dialects,
which form the southern branch of the Athapascan or Tinne family of languages :
tsi-i, bird; Nav : tsiti; Teh: tchi-e; Ap: tchisuki, crow.
shohe, stav ; Nav : so ; Ap : ss5s ; Kizh : surn.
bihe, female breasts ; Nav : be ; Ap : ibit ; Com : pitsi.
makhde, hand ; Ap : la, Ida, n- la, lata.
tchaio, small ; Nav : alt chisi.
Affinities with Jemes are found in :
peshe, valley ; J : peta.
tfit^vi, mountain ; J : tota.
kvohe, wood ; J : kvie ; Isl : ka-i.
Affinities with Tehua we discover in the following words :
aba, buffalo lodge ; Teh : b^-.
tevae, pine tree ; Teh I : ta-u, ta-au.
ga'-e, Indian corn : Teh I : ko-ote.
lengi, tongue ; Teh : heng, (perhaps Spanish.)
makhde, hand ; ma-ata', arm ; Teh : mSb, mang.
tahua, sun ; Teh : tang, tan ; Tesuque : ta.
kucne, coyote ; Teh : koyo ; Aztec : coyotl.
kvah!i, wing ; Teh : kfikfi.
kokala, strong ; Teh : akiele.
To these we may add some personal pronouns, the numeral three, and a few words
mentioned above. The large number of Tehua words admitted into Moqui explains
itself readily by the presence of a Tehua village on one of the eastern Moqui mesas.
To these reference was made by Francesco Garces in 1775, when he averred the exist-
ence of ^Hwo nations and two diJSerent tongues in the Moqui pueblo," (Buschmann,
Pima Language, p. 323.)
I conclude by mentioning some similarities between Moqui and the ZuM language :
kiti, water ; Z : klave.
t6tchi§, ice; Z: 'tchathle.
t^vua, earth, land ; Z : sdvi.
shikvi, meat ; Z : shfle.
tchaio, small ; Z : tsllnna.
ovin,yes; Z: aiai.
p^Mo, three ; Z : hihi,
nina, to kill; Z: a^ina.
Moqui is found to agree with Otomi (Mexico) in terms, as giigS, foot; Ot: gua
nagviya, warrior; Ot: magagui, war; with Palln (Central America) in u6nangva,
heart ; P : vnanuma ; koltsa, white ; P : sak.
Many of the word-resemblances quoted in the preceding pages are perhaps uncertain^
187
fortnitons, and not based on real affinity. They cannot be thoroughly verified and .
sifted before we possess a safficiency of reliable material, good grammars, and copious,
accurate dictionaries of all these languages. The conclusions which can be safely
drawn on the origin of the Pueblo Indians, from a purely linguistic standpoint, and an
accurate scientifi.c study of the material presently available, may be summed up in
the following items :
1. The fonr groups of Pueblo languages in New Mexico and Arizona are languages
originally independent of each other.
2. The three first groups do not show any marked and convincing affinities to other
aboriginal tongues, although they have borrowed extensively from Athapascan, Yuma,
and Shoshone languages. The fourth, or Moqui tongue, is so largely interwoven with
Comanche and Kiowa words that a common origin must be admitted.
3. Affinities exist with the Dakota, Azt-ec, and Central American tongues; but they
are too scanty to prove a common origin. The important affinities which all Pueblo
vocabularies show with Kiowa, each of them in diffisrent words, prove that the Kiowas
are a medley of roving tribes and Pueblo Indians, who probably gathered around a
Comanche stock, and recruited themselves from other hunting tribes in whose vicinity
they roved.
4. The polysyllabic nature of the Zufli words and their quinary counting system
differ entirely from what we see in other Pueblo languages, and prompt us to look out
lor a distant, perhaps southern, relationship of this interesting tribe.
The momentous problem, *' Which countries have included the former seats of the
Pueblo tribes prior to their settling down in the valley of the Kio Grande and the adja-
cent deserts T'' cannnot, we think, be solved from purely linguistic data or apparent
word-affinities. Archeology and ethnology are more apt to remove the veil which
«nvelopes this mystery, for it can probably be cleared up only by a careful study of the
migrations of the other American tribes. Linguistic researches seem to be in &vor of
a southern origin.
KespectfuUy submitted.
Alb. S. Gatschbt.
Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler,
Corps of Engineers,
Appendix K.
publications, maps, reports, photographs.
MAPS.
At the close of the past fiscal year, a 2,000-copy photolithographic edition of the
Topographical Atlas Sheets Nos. 50, 58, 59, and 66, together with several preliminary
«heet8, had been issued. All of this edition has been distributed during the year. A
second 2,000-copy photolithographic edition of the same sheets has been ordered,
increased by sheets Nos. 49, 57, 65, and 67. Authority has been granted and contracts
executed for a 2,000-copy photolithographic edition often additional atlas-sheets ; three
upon a scale of 1 inch to 8 miles, the remainder to a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles. Proofs
have been received of Atlas Sheets 50, 58, 59, and 66, executed by the crayon-process
at the establishment under Mr. Julius Bieu, New York City, and contracts entered into
for Sheets 49 and 67, making a set of six connected sheets thus represented.
Proof-sheets of four of the Geological Atlas Maps have been received, based upon
such of the published Topographical Sheets as have been sufficiently surveyed geologi-
cally to warrant publication, and during the year originals of Sheets 49, 67, 75, and 83
have been added. The Lake Bonneville Chart is also in hand and approaches publica-
tion.
The following topographical maps are in course of completion, or completed : On a
scale of 1 inch to 8 miles, Nos. 75, 76, 83, and portions of 77 and 84 ; on a scale of 1 inch
to 4 miles, Nos. 52 (D), 53 (C), 61 (B), (C), and (D), 62 (A) and (C), 69 (A), (B), (C), and
(D), 70 (A) and (C) ; also, a special map of the San Juan mining re^on, in South-
western Colorado, upon a scale of 1 inch to 2 miles.
The geographical work of the season of 1875 will comprise those portions of Nos.
77 (B) and (D), 78 (A) and (C), 72 (B) and (D), and 73 (A), (B), (C), and (D), that can
be completely surveyed during the year ; and, by the special party sent to the valley of
the Colorado, detailed topography , approaching its banks from near the foot of the
^'Grand Cafion " to the " Needles," will be observed.
There is a steadily-growing appreciation of the value of accurate geograptiical infor-
mation of sections of country even so remote from the present loci ox settlements as
those visited by the several expeditions in my charge, evinced by the repeatedly-
increasing calls lor maps and other publications of the survey. That the want of such
accurate information will lead to further and more extensive application of the geo-
188
graphical resnltfi of the survey is sot to be doubted, while each uew geographical fact
added, from year to year, is au increase to that combiou stock of knowledge that may
finally be valuable to any and all human activity, and in which everybody is or should
be interested.
BEPORTS.
Since my last annual report the followlnf^ special reports have appeared :
1. Preliminary Report of reconnaissance in Southern Nevada in 1869.
2. Progress report of 1872.
3. Keport upon the Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico.
4. Preliminary report upon the collection of invertebrate Fossils, for 1871, 1872, and
1873.
By act of June 23, 1874, ^,000 was appropriated for engraving and printing the
plates to illustrate the quarto volumes recommended in annual report for 1873 as the
form for the expression of the matured results of the survey.
By an amendment to the above act, approved February 15, 1875, the number of
copies of each of the six volumes authorized by Congress to be published for the use of
the War Department was two thousaud.
The MS. of two of these volumes, viz, Vol. Ill (Geology) and Vol. V, (Zoology,) has
gone forward to the Government Printer.
The greater part of the MS. of Vol. II (Astronomy and Meteorology) is ready ; of
Vol. IV, (Paleontology,) the report upon invertebrates is complete, and that upon ver-
tebrates is well advanced. Vol. VI (Botany) will be delayed, to embrace the results of
the season of 1875. Vol. I is well advanced, The many plate-illustrations for these
reports are in the hands of the lithographers. A catalogue of mean declinations of
stars from 10° to 80° north declination, and for use in the determination of latitudes
between the limits of 20° and 50° north latitude, is approaching completion in the
hands of Prof. T. H. Safford.
The only special report suggested for publication at an early date within the ap-
proaching fiscal year will comprise a collation of data giving routes, distances, geo-
graphical positions, altitudes, &c., over large areas in Colorado,,New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, Nevada, and California.
The following maps and reports pertaining to the survey have been published since
its inception :
MAPS.
Preliminary map to accompany 1869 .Report.
Preliminary map to accompany 1871 Report.
Skeleton map to accompany Progress Report for 1872.'
Progress map to accompany annual report for 1873.
Progress map to accompany annual report for 1874.
General Topographical Map, Index Map, Basin Map, Sheet of Conventional Signs,
Legend Sheet, Atlas Sheets 49, 50, 57, "58, 59, 65, 66, 67, Crayon Atlas Sheets 50, 58, 59,
66, Geological Sheets 50, 58, 59, and 66.
REPORTS.
Preliminary Report, 1869; Preliminary Report, 1871; Camp Distances, 1871; Camp
Distances, 1872; Progress Report, 1872; Astronomical Report, 1873; Annotated list of
the birds of Utah, 1873 ; on the PlagopteriusB and Ichthyology of Utah, lcj73 ; Astro-
nomical Report, 1873 ; Catalogue of Plants, 1874 ; Report upon Ornithological Speci-
mens, 1874; Report upon Vertebrate Fossils discovered in New Mexico, with descrip-
tion of new species, 1874 ; Preliminary Report upon Invertebrate Fossils, 1874 ; System-
atic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico, 1875.
PHOTOGRAPHS.
A few selected stereoscopic and landscape photographic subjects have been printed
during the year for the use of the War Department, Engineer Bureau, and this Office.
Since valuable material embodying a description and partial history of the ancient
and present aboriginal tribes of the southwestern portion of the United States has been
and is still being gathered. I have the honor to recommend that a seventh quarto
volume be authorized to be devoted to the subjects of archseology, ethnology, and
philology. In order to carry out the projects contemplated in the publication oi maps
and reports for the ensuing fiscal year, I have the honor to recommend that an appro-
priation of $25,000 be asked.
The probable distribution of the same will be as follows :
For preparation and engraving and printing topographical atlas sheets .. $12, 500 00
For preparajbion, engraving, and printing /y:eological atlas sheets 5, 000 00
For preparation, engraving, and printing of plate, photographic, and other
illustrations 7,500 00
25,000 00
I]N^DEX.
TSDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS.
d'Ahaddie, 113.
Aiken, C. E., 6, 32, 45, 139, 140, 147, 150,
153.
Ainsworth, R. J.,6,7, 140,141, 144, 147.
Atkinson, W. R., 6, 37, 38, 39.
Amy, Hon. W. F. M., 68.
Bates, Mr., 44.
Bates, B. W., 43, 55.
Bendire, Captain, 154.
Bergland, Lieut. £., 4, 6, 21, 36.
Bert, Mr., 137.
Bien, Julius, 187.
Birnie, Lieut. R., jr., 3, 4, 5,13,15,33,36,
41,43, 49, 175, 178,180.
Birnie, G. H., 6.
Bischofr, F., 159.
Blount, Wm. , 45.
Blunt, Lieut. S. E., 3,5,6, 13, 15,43,44.
Boviky,Dr.E.. 106.
Bowers, Rev. Stephen, 148.
Brockdorff, F., 6.
Brown, T. V., 5, 49. 57.
Carpenter, Lieut. W. L,, 4, 6,36.
Carpenter, F., 5,6,40,41.
Carson, Kit, 99.
Castenado, 174.
Clark, F. A.. 5, 6,13,42.
Clark, J. H., 6, 7, 8, 36, 42.
Conklin^, A. R., 6, 31.
Cooper, Dr. J. G., 154.
Cope, Prof. E. D., 3, 4, 5, 6, 15, 30, 33, 6,1,
72, 73, 83, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 109,
140, 141, 144, 147, 166, 173, 175.
Coronado, 173, 175, 177.
Couos, Dr.E.,7, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
161,162, 163,164, 165, 166.
Cowles, W. A., 5,6.
Cresson, Professor, 7.
Davis,T. R.,37.
Du Bois, H. G., 43, 44.
Dunn,G. M.
Eastman, Prof. J. R., 8.
Edwards, W. H., 7.
Elkins, Hon. S. B., 135.
En pieman. Dr., 124.
Gatschet, A. S., 33, 180, 187.
Genth, Dr. A., 106.
Gervais, Prof., 69.
Gilbert, G. K., 6.
Gilpin, B., 6, 37, 38.
Gregg, Brevet Major-General, 144.
Green, A., 136.
Hagen, Dr., 7.
Hance,L. H., 40,112.
Hartz, Major, 64.
Hasson, J. A., 6.
Hayden, Dr., 64,66,77.
Hays, Dr., 73.
Henshaw, H. W., 5, 6, 32, 117, 139, 140,!147,
149, 150, 153, 154.
Herman, Chas., 5, 7.
Holland, F., 6.
Hoxie, Lieut. R. L., 13, 30, 39, 47.
Humboldt, Alex, von, 113, 136,175.
Humphreys, Brig. Gen. A. A.. 70.
Hurlston, A., 45.
Ives, Lieutenant, 97, 171.
Joy, D. A.,6, 31.
Kampf, Dr. F., 3, 5,. 6, 7, 15, 42.
Kennerly, Dr., 161.
Klett, F., 5, 6, 7, 15, 36, 68, 75.
Kurtz, J. W., 42.
Ladd,A. C, 6, 42.
Lang, J. C, 5, 7.
Lartet, Edouard, 68.
Le Conte, J. L., 110.
Lee, F. M., 5. 6, 49.
Leidy, Dr. , 68, 73.
Lockwood, Geo. M., 5, 7, 36, 108.
Loew,Dr. O., 6, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 41, 97,
129, 139, 147, 174, 178, 181, 184.
Macomb, Captain, 19.
McChesney, J. D., 5, 7.
Marcou, Prof. Julius, 6, 31, 77,97.
Marmon, G., J 74.
Marshall, Lieut. W. L., 3, 4, 5, 13, 15, 19, 20,
30, 36, 37, 40, 47, 50, 54.
Maxson,F. O., 5, 6, 13, 43, 44.
Mead, T.L., 7.
Mears, D. Y., 45.
Meek, F. B., 81.
Minnick, J. B., 5,6, 7.
Moberg, 105.
Moffatt, Dr., 64, 131.
More, Alex., 148.
More, F.W., 148.
Morley, Mr., 43.
Morrison, Lieut. C. C, 4, 5, 6, 21, 36, 41.
Mudge, Professor, 79.
Muller, Mr., 141.
Nell, Louis, 5, 6, 13, 37, 38, 39.
Newberry, Dr., 97,172.
Niblack, W.C, 6.
Ord, Gen. E. O. C, 22.
Osten-Sacken, C. R., 7.
O'Sulllvan, T. H., 5, 6, 34.
Palmer, Dr.E., 159.
Parish, S. F., 47.
Park, Joshua, 148.
Pike, Lieutenant, 18.
Price, Lieut. P. M., 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 40, 41, 45.
Rau, Dr. Charles, 148.
Rohlfs, 132.
Rothrock, Asst. Surg. J. T„ 3, 4, 5, 15, 30,
32, 36, 117, 129, 131, 135, 140, 147, 149.
Rowe.W. H., 5, 6, 42, 178.
190
Ruffuer, Lieut. E. H., 8, 42, 143.
Rntter, J. M., 117, 140.
Salazar, Padre, 146, 147.
Safford, Prof. T. H.,37,41, 188.
Sanchez, Mr., 66.
Sehoti. C. A., 127.
Shedd, W. G.,6, 140, 141-144.
Shoemaker, C. T., 6, 147.
Simpson, Lieutenant, 146, J73-175.
Simpson, Col. J.H., 40, 147, J73.
Sommer, E. J., 5, 6, 13, 43, 44.
Spiller, J.C., 5, 6,13,45.
Stevenson, J. J., 19.
Stretch, R. H.,7.
Thompson, G.,r),6, 13, 40. 41.
Thomas, Professor, 7.
Tillman, Lieut. S.E., 13.
Tweed, A. J., 40.
Uhler. Dr. P. H., 7.
Ulke, H., 7.
Vaca, Cabeza de, 174.
Varp^as, Diego de, 174.
Vasey, Dr. G., 7, 131, 138.
Warren, Lieut. G. K., 22.
Watson, Sereno, 7.
Welch, Mr., 148.
Weyss, J. E., 5, 7.
Wheeler, Lieut. G. M., 35, 129, 139, 148,
150, 153, 154, 173, 178, 180, 187.
Wheeler, W. D. , 5,7.
Whipple, Lieut. A. W., 31, 97, 176, 185.
Whipple, Lieut. C.W., 3, 4, 5, 13, 15, 31, 36,
44.46, 133, 175.
White, Dr. C. A., 5,6,31.
Yarrow, Dr. H. C, 3,4, 5,7, 15, 30, 32,72,
139, 144, 148, 176, 181.
INDEX TO GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.
Camps:
Apache, 15, 117, 120, 122. 123, 124, 128,
• 140,150, 153,160, 162, 163.
Bowie, 117, 124, 125,140.
Crittenden, 126.
Grant, 15, 117, 123, 124, 127, 128, 140.
Goodwin, 127.
Hualapais, 24.
Lowell, 117, 126, 140, 156.
Mohave, 21.
Tulerosa, 140.
Willow Grove, 23, 24.
CaAoii:
Amagre, 19.
Amarillo, 93.
Bonito, 103, 133.
Chaco, 42, 114, 133, 134, 175, 178, 180.
Oerezal, 42.
Cimarron, 42.
Cerososo, 42.
Cangilon, 78, 115.
of Chama, 78.
Conejos, 152.
Oerezal, 178.
Grape Creek, 45.
Gallinas, 110.
del Gobernador, 175.
Guadalupe, 102.
Grand, 21, 22, 28.
Governor's, 46.
Largo, 22, 93, 175, 178, 179.
Muddy, 24. •
Placita, 76.
Rio Grande, 38.
Rattlesnake, 26.
Rocky ] 22.
San Diego, 101, 102, 103, 177.
Santa Clara, 103.
Santa Fe Creek, 105, 174.
Tijeras, 108.
Virgin, 21.
Albuquerque, 29, 117, 118, 127, 173.
Acoma, 107,
Anton Chico, 108.
Animas, 38, 39, 44.
Algodones, 76, 108, 118, 136.
Cities, &€• — Continued.
Agua Azul, 120, 127.
Abiquiu, 42, 67, 78, 100, 110, 133, 144, 145,
146.
Agua Fria, 135.
Beaver, 23, 25, 26, 27.
Beaver-dam, 25.
Belleview, 2.3.
Brazos, 132.
Badito, 140, 151.
Cristone, 173.
Canon, 16, 20, 29, 44,38,97, 130.
Cimarron, 7, 8, 11, 13, 43, 44.
Circleville, 26.
Conejos, 18, 62, 46.
Cedar, 23.
Cuyamungue, 76.
Cheyenne, 12.
Chloride, 24, 25.
Cerbat, 24, 25.
Chamisal, 42.
Colfax. 45, 131.
Chama, 76.
Chicago, 97.
Costilla, 100, 141.
Culebra, 100.
Cuchilla, 106, 144.
Cbaparero, 107.
Cieneguilla, 105, 135.
Cubero,119.
Cottonwood, 123.
Carlisle, 131.
Cochiti, 135.
Cebolla, 173.
Casas Grandes, 175.
Del Norte, 16, 17, 38, 152, 153.
Dona Ana, 108.
Denver, 12.
Elizabeth town, 40.
Embudo, 42, 143.
Ensenada, 132.
Eureka, 123.
El Paso, 136.
ElRito, 119, 144.
Gunnison, 26.
Glenwood, 26.
Galisteo, 118.
Guadalupita, 43.
Gina, 174.
191
CitieSy dec. — Con tinned.
6ardner*8 store, 99.
Harrisbnr^, 23.
Hardjville, 23.
Hunjo Pavie, J 73.
Julesburg, 7,11.
Jemez, 101,110, 176.
ICanara 23
Las Vegas,* 7, 8, 11, 13, 97, 109, 110, 134,
136.
Los Pinos, 3d.
Llano, 42.
Los Ranchos, 42.
LosOjos, 61.
Laguna, 107, 134, 174.
LaBajada, 107, 135.
Los Taugiies, 174.
La Joy a, 108, 143.
Las Puentes, 132.
Mona, 26, 37.
Monroe, 26.
Marysvale, 26.
Moru-copie, 26
Manitou, 61, 102.
Mesilla, 108.
North Platte, 7.
Nephi, 26, 27.
Naciraiento, 42, 101, 102.
Nutritas Playas, 43.
Namb6,76, 111.
Nutritas, 132.
Ogden, 7, 12.
Oaks and Willows, 24.
Ojo Salado, 42.
Prescott, 21 , 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 2S.
Paragoonah, 23.
Pft rowan 23
Pueblo, 8, 9,10,12, 16, 39, 42,43,44,40,
61, 62,63,97,98, 131, 140, 15U, 151, 153.
Pauquitch, 25, 26, 28.
Provo, 26.
Peiiasco, 42.
Picuris, 42.
Pecos, 43, 176.
Plaza Alcalde, 76, 143.
Pojoaque, 76, 109.
Povate, 107, 174.
Pueblo-Bonito, 114,134.
Petla Blanca, 135.
Rosita, 99, 115.
Robledo, 108.
Saguache, 20.
Summit, 23.
San Francisco, 12.
San Antonio, 40, 42.
San Diego, 12, 147.
San Jos^, 43.
San Ildefonso, 66, 70, 76, 107, 134, 144.
San Felipe, 66,76, 108, 1 18, 174.
San Mateo, 107, 134.
San Ignacio, 107, 134.
San Juan, 109, 143.
San Carlos, 1 17, 150.
San Pedro, 127, 128.
San Francisco, (Mexican,) 134.
Sidney Barracks, 7.
Santa F<5, 12, 13, 15, 28, 29, 76, 10^, 117,
118, 120, 127, 134, 140, 144, 148, ILO,
Santa Clara, 67, 72, 76, 109, 144.
Santa Cruz, 76, 144.
Cities, dec. — Continned.
Santa Ana, 134, 135.
Santa Barbara, 42, 148.
Saint George, 23, 25.
Santaquin, 26, 27.
Salina, 26.
Scipio, 27.
Salt Lake, 27, 28.
Saint Thomas, 24.
Sapcllo town, 43.
Sacramento, 127.
Silla, 134, 174.
Tucson, 12, 117, 126, 155, 1.56, 157, 159,
162.
Tierra Amarilla, 19, 45, 46, 62, 79,92, 101,
132, 144.
Taos, 33, 40, 143, 144, 178.
Trinidad, 39, 44.
Tesuque, 76, 109.
Tulare, 127.
Tulerosa, 117.
Washington, 23.
Zuni, 132.
Zandia, 135.
€reel£s:
Alamosa, 16, 18, 38.
Apishpah, 44.
Ash 122,
Bear, 89,* 101, 110, 133.
Beaver, 131.
Brazos 79
Costilla, 38, 42, 65, 116, 130, 132.
Culebra, 39, 45, 132.
Lower Culebra, 45.
Chicken, 26, 27.
Cangilon, 42.
Cebolla, 42.
Chaco, 29.
Capulin, 42.
Canones, 42.
Conejos, 58, 60.
Corn, 27.
Cove, 27.
Cimarron, 43, 137.
Cimarroncito, 43.
Coyote, 43.
Cucharas, 43.
Colorado, 65.
Caliente, 110, 116.
Chaco, 103.
Costilla, 130.
El Rito, 42, 100.
Embudo, 42, 66.
Frijoles, 42.
Gariinas,42, 80,81, 88,108, 110, 13G, 144,
147, 171.
Gothic, 46.
Galisteo,76, 135.
Greenhorn, 98.
Gallo, 134.
Guadalupe, 135.
Huerfano, 61, 129, 130.
Hondo, 65.
Hardscrabble, 99, 131.
Indian, 27.
Jemez, 102, 108, 116, 130, 134, 135.
Jamero, 131.
Kerber, 38,
Las Animas, 18, 19, 178.
Los Piuos, 38.
192
Creeks— Continued.
La Jara, 16, 18.
Moen-copie, 26.
Mora, 43, 44, 130.
Moreus, 43.
Macho, 109, 136.
Nutrias, 42, 79.
Navajo, 19.
Nutritas, 19, 42.
Ojo Caliente, 42, 130.
Ocat^, 43, 130.
Obsidian, 102, 116.
Puncho, 20.
Pojoaque, 108.
Peua Blanca, 42.
Puenco, 42.
Penasco, 42.
Picuris, 42.
Pine, 27.
Placita, 76.
Placer, 99.
Pass, 131.
Paria, 26, 27, 28.
Kio Grande, 42.
Hojado, 43.
Rito Blanco, 43.
Rancho, 66.
Red, 99.
Rito de los Pinos, 100.
San Luis, 38.
San Antonio, 16, 18, 45, 100, 116, 1.32.
Santa Clara, 108, 130.
Sangre de Cristo, 16, 18, 63, 131.
San Jos^, 42.
Sapello, 43.
Saint Charles, 63, 98.
San Cristobal, 65.
Santa F^, 108, 109. 135.
Sanoita, 126.
San Diego, 135.
Tuni Cha, 42. .
Tesuque, 108.
Trinchera, 16, 43.
Torreones, 1 33.
Tecalote, 43, 109, 136.
Turkey, 131.
Taos, 29, 65, 141.
Ute, 16, 100, 129, 131.
Uraca, 43.
Vermejo, 42, 43, 130, 137.
Vaca, 42, 43, 109.
White Mountain, 122.
Zuni, ?J9.
Forts :
Bowie, 15.
Craig, 108, 117, 118, 140.
Cameron, 22, 23.
Defiance, 28, 29, 103, 105, 111.
Garland, 16, 45, 46, 61, 62. 65, 131, 140,
153.
Lyon, 21.
Lowell, 19, 42.
Massachusetts, 16.
Mojave. 154, 161.
Rock, 24, 25.
Whipple, 154, 156, 157, 159, 161, 103, 165.
Wingate, 15, 29, 103, 117, 120, 127, 140,
149.
Union, 13, 44, 92.
Yuma, 21, 161.
I Forks:
South, of Arkansas River, 20. •
South, of Alamosa Creek, 17, 19.
West, of Costilla Creek, 59, 60.
Lake, of Gunnison River, 20, 29.
South, of Rio Grande, 20.
Upper, of San Juan, 16.
I^akes :
Crater, 27, 28.
Horse, 19.
Hedionda, 42.
Salt, 22.
San Luis, 131.
Mesa:
Fachada, 92.
De Jara, 103.
MogoUon, 176.
DelosLobos,92, 103.
Pintada, 103.
Portales, 103.
la Piedra Lumbre, 103.
del Raton, 103,134.
Redonda, 103.
Tist-sist-loe, 103.
Trastchi-Tchibito, 103.
delos Torreones, 103.
de la Ventaua, 103.
mounts !
Taylor, 103, 104, 105, 106, 133, 138, 176.
San Antonio, 132.
IVIoaii tains :
Abiquiu, 106.
Carrizo, 42.
Dragoon, 125.
Gallinas, 42, 45, 62, 80, 85, 110, 153.
Greenhorn, 61, 62, 63, 99, 115, 150.
Jemez, 66. 67, 115.
Lata, 46.
Luera, 134.
Manzana, 133.
Mimbres, 107.
Navajo, 45, 62.
Naclmiento, 62, 88.
Picuris, 61, 66.
Placer, 76, 108,130,174.
Raton, 43, 44, 39.
Rocky, 111, 150.
Shyenne, 62.
Sangre de Cristo, 63, 65, 98, 99, 129, 151.
San Antonio, 65, 100.
Sheep, 99.
San Juan, 100, 130.
San Mateo, 118,120, 134.
Santa Rita, 124, 125, 150.
San Francisco, 176.
Tapiacitas, 45.
Ute, 65, 100.
Uncompahgre, 130.
. White, (or Sierra Blanca,) 154, 155, 160,
Wet, 62, 63, 115, 129.
Zandia,61,76, 107, 118, 174.
Zuni, 127.
OJO!
del Alto, 115,133.
Caliente, 66, 133, 177.
Cuerpospin, 102.
de la Cueva, 133.
del Espirtu Santo, 104, 133.
Nacimiento, 103.
193
Ojo — Continued
de San Jos^, dl^ 103, 133.
deTao,133.
Park:
Antelope, 38.
Huerfano, 130, 131.
Mineral, 24, 2.5.
San Luis, 132.
Van Brummer, 42.
Pass:
Abejta, 18.
Cimarron, head of, 29
Fremont's, 25.
Hajdeu Creek, 38.
Puncho, 38.
Purgatoire, head of, 29.
Poncho, 16, 20, 29.
Red River, 42.
Raton, 43.
Sand Hill, 29.
Sangre de Cristo, 16, 18, 29, 46, 61, 6
Taos, 29.
Tennessee, 29.
Washington, 29.
Vermejo, 39.
Peak:
Abiquiu, 103.
Banded, 4.5.
Baldj,99, 109. 134.
Canby, 38.
Darling, 46.
Fisher, 43 44.
Graham, 123, 124, 127, 150, 156.
Glacier, 45.
Jemez, 102.
Meigs, 45.
Pagosa, 45.
Pass, 38.
Prospect, 18, 57.
Pike's, 111.
Red, 81, 106.
Spanish, 42, 45.
San Antonio, 42.
San Juan, 18.
Summit, 152.
Tetilla. 40.
Turnbull, 127.
Uncompahgre, 38. ,
Plateau :
Colorado, 27.
Kaibab, 25.
San Francisco, 27.
Provinces :
Acus, 174.
Acha, 174.
Conchos, 174.
Jemez, 174.
Jumanes, 174.
Marata, 174.
Piros, 174.
Passaguates, 174.
Querez.
Quivira, 133.
Sumas, 174.
Tabasas, 174.
Totonteal, 174.
Tiguex, 133.
•2, 64,
151.
Railroads:
Atchison, Toneka and Santa F^, 29.
Central Pacific, 12.
Denver and Rio Grande, 16, 130.
Southern Pacific, 12.
Union Pacific, 12-15.
Utah Southern, 26-28.
Rang^es :
Coast, 16.
Cerro Blanco, 100.
Chiricahui, 125.
Greenhorn, (or Cuerno Verde,) 131.
Jemez, 66, 145.
La Lata, 43-45.
La Plata, 19.
Ladron, 107.
Madalena, 107, 103.
Pinaleua, 124.
Rocky, 12, 15, 16, 17, 87, 108.
Sierra Nevada, 21.
Spanish, 39, 42. '
San Miguel, 19, 45.
San Juan, 17, 19, 64, 115.
Santa F6, 108,114.
Tunicha, 42.
Wind River, 142.
Ranch :
Azay's, 25.
Hooker's, 124.
Postal's, 26.
Pinos, 118.
McCarty's, 119.
Rio:
Alto del Utah, 62, 93, 173.
Colorado Chiquito, 26.
Chama, 19, 45, 46, 61, 62, 66, 67, 76, 79,
106, 108, 116, 132, 172.
Chaco, 92, 172.
Francisco, 174.
Gila, 174.
Purgatoire, 39.
Poiiil, 43.
San Juan, 103, 132, 175.
Puerco, 62, 87, 69, 92, 118, 119, 103, 107,
108, 116, 133, 134.
Grande, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 28, 38, 59, 60,
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 76,
103, 116. 126, 129, 152, 174.
Rito:
Las Animas, 175.
Bonito, 174.
Blanco, 19.
Coyot<5, 133.
Colorado de Abiquiu, 133.
Chaco. 92, 172.
de Canones, 102.
Florida, 19, 38.
Guadalupe, 103.
Hondo, 65.
La Plata, 10.
Manco, 93.
Mancos, 19, 43, 133, 175.
delOso, 116.
Ojo Caliente, 130.
Polvadera, 102, 116.
Piedra, 38, 39.
Pinos, 19.
Peuas Negras, 103.
194
RitO — Continued.
Sapello, 55, 57.
San Jo86, 106, 119, 134.
Torreones, 104.
Tesuque, 109.
Vallecito, 133.
Rivers :
Arkansas, 16, 21, 29, 44, 63, 99, 129, 130,
131.
Arkansas, Upper, 38.
Conejos, 16, 17, 152.
Colorado, 21, 22, 23, 24,31, 59, 171, 68,
166.
Canadian, 44.
Cimarron, 44.
Cncharas, 45.
Chama, 101, 130.
Dolores, 20, 29, 38, 46.
Green, 22.
Grand, 22.
Gunnison, 38.
Gila, 122, 166, 175.
Little Colorado, 27, 28, 29, 121.
Missouri, 16, 29.
Mississippi, 16.
Dirty, (Puerco,)21, 29, 130, 134.
Sevier, 26, 27.
San Juan, 18, 19, 20, 29, 38, 45, 46, 89,
130, 178, 180.
San Miguel, 38.
Salt, 18.
Upper Colorado, (Chiquito,) 18.
Upper San Juan, 16, 38.
Uncompahgre, 20, 29, 38.
Virgin, 24, 27.
Springrs :
Abiquiu, 131.
Antelope, 26.
Attoovah, (or Canon,) 24.
Bill Williams Mount, south of, 26.
Black Rock, 23.
Beale's, 24, 25.
Buckhom, 23.
Bernal, 43.
Bacon, 103, 120.
Colorado, 78.
Cottonwood, 23.
Cave, 121.
Coyote, 126, 127.
Deer, 120, 121.
Davidson's, 126.
Hualapais, 24.
Jemez, 102.
Johnson's, 25.
Las Vegas, 31.
Manitou, 31.
Mountain, 24.
*' Mare's," 88.
Navajo, 25.
Spri ng^s — Continued.
Nuestra Senora, 42.
Pagosa, 16, 19, 31, 38, 45, 153.
Pabghun-Pahghun, 23.
Pahroach, 27.
Red Creek, 31.
Sheep, 107.
Sulptiur, 125.
Tinnahkah, 24,25.
Truxton, 23, 27.
Washie-Pahghun, 23.
Willow, 115, 13.3.
Volunteer, 26.
Sid*i*& *
Blanca,'99, 108, 122, 126, 138.
La Plata, 38.
Madre, 62, 63, 78.
Mojada, 98.
States, dec. :
Alaska, 14.
Arizona, 21, 26, 117, 120, 122, 129, lot'.,
Colorado, 12, 20, 67, 124, 156, 157.
California, 127, 129.
Dakota, 67.
Idaho, 99.
Montana, 99.
New Mexico, 102, 117, 120, 122, 129, K^l,
136, 137, 156, 157, 16:5.
Utah, 129.
Wyoming, 66.
Trail :
Indian, 20.
Macomb's, 46.
Moqui Pueblo, 25, 26.
Valleys i
Arkansas, 97, 104.
Cieneguilla, 42.
Conejos, 17,132,136.
Chama, 144.
Colorado, 154, 155, 161, 165.
Death, 21.
Dolores, 45.
Galisteo, 108. '
Huerfano, 63, 99, 131.
La Jara, 42.
Moreus, 42.
Muddy, 131.
Ocat6, 137.
Pecos, 109.
Rabbit-Ear Creek, 108.
Ray ado, 137.
Rio Grande, 62, 67, 68, 79, 93, 107, 118,
135, 136, 174.
San Luis, 16, 18, 20, 45, 64, 98, 124, 131,
1.V2.
San Pedro, 125.
San Joaquin, 127.
. Sangre de Cristo, 63.
Sonoita, 117, 125, 127, 150.
Taos, 132.
INDEX TO TECHNICAL NAMES.
Abronia, 135.
Aceratherium, 67.
Adiantum, 124.
-^gialitis, 149.
Agave, 122.
Alkali, \:]().
Alcedinidse, 161,
Alaudidse, 160.
Amblypoda, 95.
Ammonites, 63.
Ampelida?, 157.
Anatidse, 165.
195
Anser, ]5:>.
Aphelops, 71.
Applopappus, 131.
Ardeidse, 165.
Arctomys, 152.
Artemesin, 131.
Asplenium, 124.
Atriplex, 123.
Bacalites, 63.
Basalt, analysis of, 101.
Bigelovia, 135.
Boutelona, 137.
Callipepla, 66.
Campylorhynchus, 150.
Canis, 68.
Caprimnlgidse, 161.
Caraivora, 68 and 94.
Cardellina, 149.
Cathardidae, 164.
Cement, 111.
Cereus, 122.
Cervus, 152.
Cevallia, 124.
Charadridse, 164.
Chrysomitris, 151.
Circe, 150.
Cinclidae, 154.
Cinostemum, 149.
Climatoloffical notes, 111.
Cnemidopnorus, 141.
Coroidae, 160.
Corous, 141.
Columbia, 152.
Columbidse, 164.
Colymbidae, 166.
Crocodili^, 95.
Crotalus, 141.
Creosote plant, 123.
Cucalidse, 162.
Curvirostra, 150.
Dendroica, 149, 150.
Dicrocerus, 6^,
Doricha, 150.
Ectopristes, 152.
Entaenia, 141.
Eremophila, 141.
FalconidsB, 163.
Feldspar, (green,) 111.
Fringillidae, 158.
Garnets, (analysis of,) 105.
Gila, 66.
Gilia,135.
Goniatites, 66.
Grama grass, analysis of, 137.
Gruidse, 165.
Haliotis, 148.
Haploscapha, 63.
Harporhynchus, 150.
Heliomeris, 135.
Helianthus, 126.
Heliotropium, 135.
Heloderma, 144.
Heterodon, 140.
Hirundinidse, 156.
Holbrookia, 141.
Hypotherium, 68.
Hypnum, 136.
Icteridaj, 160.
Icterus, 149.
Inoceramus, 63.
Lacertilia, 95.
Lagomys, 152.
La'^idse, 157.
Laridse, 166.
Larrea, 123.
Lencosticte, 153.
Mastodon, 67.
Melampodiura, 135.
Melea^rididse, 164.
Mescal, 122.
Mesquite, 122.
Mimus, 151.
My iody nastes^l 50.
Molothrus, 14o.
Motacillidse, 156.
Mulchedium, 135.
Nerita, 66.
Oreoscoptes, 140, 151.
Orthocerus, 66
Ostrea, 63.
Otodus, 63.
Oxyrrhina, 63.
Paleontology Vertebrate of Santa F<S marls,
68.
Paridae, 155.
Peotis, 125,
Pelicanidse, 166.
PerdicidsB, 164.
Peryssodactylia, 70, 94.
Pencsea, 149.
PbalacrocracidsD, 166.
Pbalarophidse, 164.
Phrynosoma, 140, 141.
PizcidaB, 162.
Picus, 150.
Plianchenia, 69.
PodicipidaB, 166.
Poospiza, 152.
Provoscidea, C2.
Ptychodus, 63.
Pyranga, 149.
Quadrumana, 93.
Quercus, 126.
Rallidae, 165.
Rodentia, 63, 95.
Recurvirostridae, 164.
Salmo, 141, 151.
Sandstone, analysis of, 105.
Sazicolidae, 154.
Scidrus, 152.
Scolopacidae, 165.
Selaspborus, 140.
Setopbaga, 149.
Sitta, 152.
Sittidae, 155.
Speotito, 140, 151.
Spermopbiles, 150.
Spirifer, 66.
Strigidae, 162.
Sylvicolidae, 156.
Sylvidae, 154.
Tamias, 141, 152.
Tanagridae, 157.
Tantalidae, 165.
Testudinata, 74, 95.
Tetrao, 150.
Tetraonidae, 164.
Townsendia, 135.
Toxodontia, 95.
Trochus, 66.
196
Trochilidce, 162.
Troglodytidte, 155.
TurdidcB, 154.
Turquoise, 108.
Turritella, 66.
Typothorax, 84.
Tyrannidse, 161.
Ursus, ]»0.
Usnea, 1!^.
Vireo, 149.
Vireonidee, 157.
Wheelerite, 104.
Zeolite, aualysis of, 101.
MrsCELLANEOUS.
Atlantic divide, 103.
Bear Rock, 109. *
Cascades, The, 26.
Canoncito de las Yeguas, 87, 88, 69, 171.
CaUfornia, Gulf of, 17, 166.
Cerro Cabezon, 105.
Cerro de Alesna, 105.
Cerro Pedernal, 101.
Cerro Blanco, 129, 131, 132.
Church Buttes, 66.
Chiricahui agency, 124, 125.
Cerrillos, 107.
Cicuye, 174.
Cosnino Tanks, 26.
Cosnino Caves, 28.
Country of Moqui, 103. ,
Cottonwood Island, 21.
Cunames, 174.
"Dolores mines," 46.
Florida's Comb, 38.
Garden of the Gods, 102.
Hurricane Ledge, 28.
Jacob's Pool, &,
Lagunas de las Piedras, 45, 46.
Madalena, 134.
Mexico, Gulf of, 17.
Moen-copie Wash, 27.
Moro Bay, 127.
Nacimiento Desert, 103, 134.
Navajo Wells, 25.
Needles, The, 46.
Pacific divide, 103.
San Simeon Plains, 125.
Santa Rosa Island, 148.
San Juan mining region, 14, 16, 29.
Sonora line, 117, 126.
Sunset Crossing, 27.
Sniveley's Holes, 27, 28.
Valle Grande, 102.
Vegas Wash, 21.
J
^^ ^.,
"-?.. ^-^
'•J; 3 6105 031 002 632
£ARTH SOENCES LIBRAR
Stanford University Lilmiries
Stanford, California
i
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American Libraries
TV News
Understanding 9/11