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Wikang Persa - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya Pumunta sa nilalaman

Wikang Persa

Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya

Ang Persa (Persa: فارسی, romanisado: Fārsi; Kastila: persa) ay isang wikang Indo-Europeo. Nagtataglay ang wikang ito ng maraming salita galing sa Pranses at Arabo. Ginagamit ng Persa ang sulat Arabo.[1]

Ang Modernong Persa ay isang pagpapatuloy ng Gitnang Persa, isang opisyal na wika ng Imperyong Sasanida (224–651 AD), at ito ay isang pagpapatuloy ng Lumang Persa, na ginamit sa Imperyong Akemenida (550–330 BK). Lumitaw sa rehiyon ng Fārs (Persis, tingnan din ang Persiya) sa timog-kanlurang Iran. Ang kaniyang balarila ay katulad ng sa mararaming wikang Indo-Europeo.

Sa lahat ng kasaysayan, ang Persa ay ipinalagay prestihiyoso ng iba't ibang imperyong isinentro sa Kanlurang Asya, Gitnang Asya, at Timog Asya. Nagpatunay ng Lumang Persa ang Lumang Persang kuneiporme sa mga inskripsiyon sa pagitan ng isa-6 at isa-4 na siglo BK. Nagpatunay ng Gitnang Persa ang mga iskrip na batay sa alpabetong Arameo (Palabi at Manikeano) sa mga inskripsiyon, at sa mga tekstong pangrelihiyon (para sa Zoroastrianismo at Manikeismo) sa pagitan ng ika-3 at ika-10 na siglo AD (tingnan din ang Panitikang Gitnang Persa). Ang panitikang Bagong Persa ay munang inirecord sa ika-9 na siglo, pagkatapos ng pananakop ng mga Muslim sa Persiya. Agad na inampon ang alpabetong Perso-Arabe.

Ang Persa ay ang unang wika sa sibilisasyong Islamiko na lumaban sa monopolyo ng wikang Arabe sa pagsusulat, at itinatag bilang tradisyon sa mga silangang korte ang pagsulat ng tula sa Persa. Bilang sumulat si David G. Hogarth, isang iskolar Britaniko, "Hindi kailanman mas mabilis at mas tuso na dinakip ang mang-agaw ng niyang bihag kaysa sa [dinakip] ang Arabe ng Persa."[2] Opisyal na ginamit bilang isang wika ng burukrasya, kahit ng mga tagapagsalitang di-natibo, tulad ng mga Otomano sa Anatolya, mga Mughal sa Timog Asya, at mga Pashtun sa Afghanistan. Inimpluwensyahan ang mga wika na nagsalita sa mga karatig na rehiyon at lalo pang, kabilang ibang mga wikang Iraniyo, at saka mga wikang Turkiko, Armenyo, Heorhiyano, at Indo-Aryo. Kaunti-unting inimpluwensyahan din ang wikang Arabe, habang hiniram ang maraming bokabularyo sa Arabe sa Gitnang Kapanahunan.

Ilan sa mga sikat na panitikang Persa ay ang Shahnameh ni Ferdowsi, ang mga gawa ni Rumi, ang Rubaiyat ni Omar Khayyam, at iba pa.

Sa pangkalahatan inaalam ang mga wikang Persa mula sa tatlong panahon, na ang pangalan ay Lumang, Gitnang, at Bagong Persa, at na tumutugma sa tatlong panahon ng kasaysayan ng Iran:

Panahon ng wika Panahon ng kasaysayan
(humigit-kumulang)
Luma Imperyong Akemenida
(550–330 BK)
Gitna Imperyong Sasanida
(224–651 AD)
Bago Mula sa mga nabanggit
hanggang sa kasalukuyang panahon

Bilang isang wikang nasusulat, ang Lumang Persa ay ipinakita sa mga maharlikang inskripsiyong Akemenida. Ang pinakalumang alam na teksto na sinulat sa Lumang Persa ay Inskripsiyong Behistun, mula sa panahong Dario I ng Persiya (n. 522–486). Ang mga halimbawa ng Lumang Persa ay nahahanap sa kung ano ang ngayon Iran, Romania (Gherla), Armenya, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkiya, at Ehipto. Ang Lumang Persa ay isa sa pinakalulumang mga wikang Indo-Europeo na inaalam mula sa orihinal na mga teksto.

Ayon sa ilang mga makasaysayang palagay tungkol sa maaagang kasaysayan at pinagmulan ng mga Persa sa timog-kanlurang Iran (ang pinagmulan ng mga Akemenida) ang Lumang Persa ay orihinal na sinalita ng isang tribo na tinawag na Parsuwash, na dumating sa Talampas ng Iran sa maagang bahagi ng ika-1 na milenyo BK at sa wakas lumipat sa pook ng nanditong lalawigang Fārs. Ang kanilang wika, Lumang Persa, ay naging opisyal na wika ng mga haring Akemenida. Ang mga Asiryong rekord, na sa katunayan tila nagbibigay ng pinakamaagang ebidensya para sa presensiyang mga Irani (mga Persa at Medo) nasa Talampas ng Iran, ay nagbibigay ng isang maaasahang kronolohiya pero lang isang humigit-kumulang indikasyon ng mga sinaunang Persa. Sa itong mga rekord ng ika-9 na siglo BK, ang Parsuwash (kasama na mga Matai, sa palagay ay mga Medo) ay tinukoy muna sa pook ng Lawa ng Urmia sa mga rekord ni Shalmaneser III. Ang eksaktong identidad ng mga Parsuwash ay di-tiyak, pero sa lingguwistikong tingin ang salita ay tumutugma ng Lumang Persang pārsa, na nanggagaling sa mas lumang salitang *pārćwa. Saka, dahil sumasaklaw ang Lumang Persa ng mararaming salita mula sa ibang wikang naglaho (Medo), ayon kay Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2006) malamang sinalita na ang Lumang Persa bago pamumuo ng Imperyong Akemenida at sinalita pa habang karamihang unang kalahati ng ika-1 na milenyo BK. Ni Henoponte, isang sinaunang Griyegong heneral na naglingkod sa ilang mga ekspedisyong Persa, ay inilarawan ang mararaming aspekto ng buhay at hospitalidad ng mga nayong Armenyo noong 401 BK, kung kailan malawak na ginamit pa ang Lumang Persa. Sinabi niya sa namin na sinalita mga Armenyo ang isang wika na sa kaniyang tingin nahawig ang wika ng mga Persa.

Kaugnay sa Lumang Persa, pero mula sa ibang sangay ng pamilyang mga wikang Irani, ang wikang Avestan, ang wika ng mga liturhikong teksto ng Zoroastrianismo.

Gitnang Persa

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

Ang masasalimuot gramatikal na konhugasyon at deklensyon ng Lumang Persa ay sumuko sa istruktura ng Gitnang Persa, kung saan naglaho ang duwal na numero (na iniwanan lang ang singular at plural) kasama na ang gramatikal na henero. Bumuo ang Gitnang Persa ng konstruksiyong ezāfe, na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng ī (modernong e/ye), para ipahiwatig ilang mga kaugnayan sa pagitan ng mga salita na nawala dahil sa pagpapasimple ng mas maagang sistemang gramatikal.

Maski pormal na nagsimula ang "gitnang panahon" ng mga wikang Irani habang pagbagsak ng Imperyong Akemenida, ang transisyon mula sa Lumang hanggang sa Gitnang Persa ay malamang nagsimula pa bago ika-4 na siglo BK. Gayunman, hindi ipinakita ang Gitnang Persa hanggang sa 600 taon mamaya kapag nagpakita noong mga inskripsiyong panahong Sasanida (224–651 AD), kaya hindi maaari ilarawan ang anumang porma ng wika nang may katiyakan. Saka, bilang isang wikang pampanitikan, hindi ipinakita ang Gitnang Persa hanggang sa magkano mamaya, noong ika-6 o ika-7 na siglo. Mula sa ika-8 na siglo, kaunti-unting sumuko ang Gitnang Persa sa Bagong Persa, at nagpatuloy ang porma ng gitnang panahon lang sa mga teksto ng Zoroastrianismo.

Ang Gitnang Persa ay ipinalalagay isang mamayang porma ng mismong diyalekto bilang Lumang Persa. Ang endonimo ng Gitnang Persa ay Parsig o Parsik, mula sa pangalan ng grupong etniko ng timog-kanluran, kumbaga, "(mga) taga-Pars", Lumang Persa Parsa, Bagong Persa Fārs. Ito ay pinagmulan ng pangalang Farsi (sa Kastila at Tagalog, p/Persa) na ngayon ginagamit para tukuyin ang Bagong Persa. Pagkatapos ng pagbagsak ng estadong Sasanida, ang Parsik ay eksklusibong ginagamit para sa (Gitnang o Bagong) Persa na sinulat sa Arabeng iskrip. Mula sa humigit-kumulang ika-9 na siglo, habang ang Gitnang Persa ay naging Bagong Persa, ang mas lumang porma ng wika ay nagkamali tinawag ng Palabi, talaga isa sa mga sistema ng pagsulat na ginamit para sumulat ng parehong Gitnang Persa at iba't ibang wikang Gitnang Iraniyo. Ang sistemang iyon ay noong pinili ng mga Sasanida (kung sino-sino ay mga Persa, i.e. mula sa timog-kanuluran) mula sa kaninang Arsasida (kung sino-sino ay mga Parto, i.e. mula sa hilagang-silangan). Noong ika-8 na siglo itinangi pa ni Ibn al-Muqaffa' ang Palabi (i.e. Parto) at Persa (sa Arabe, al-Farisiyah, i.e. Gitnang Persa) ngunit hindi malinaw ang itong katangian sa mga komentaryong Arabe na mamayang sinulat.

Ang Bagong Persa (na kilala rin bilang Modernong Persa) ay kumbensiyonal na nahihiwalay sa tatlong yugto:

  • Maagang Bagong Persa (ika-8 at 9 na mga siglo)
  • Klasikong Persa (ika-10–18 na mga siglo)
  • Kasabayang Persa (mula sa ika-19 na siglo hanggang sa kasalukuyan)

Sa karamihan nakakaintindi ng mga tagapagasalita ng Kasabayang Persa ang Maagang Bagong Persa, dahil nanatili medyo matitibay ang morpolohiya at, sa mas mababang lawak, ang leksiko ng wika.

Maagang Bagong Persa

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Lumitaw muna ang mga tekstong Bagong Persa na sinulat sa Arabeng iskrip noong ika-9 na siglo. Ang wika ay direktang inapo ng Gitnang Persa, ang opisyal, relihiyoso, at pampanitkang wika ng Imperyong Sasanida (224–651). Gayunman, hindi ay inapo ng pampanitikang porma ng Gitnang Persa (na kilala bilang pārsīk, madalas na tinawag na Palabi) na sinalita ng mga-Fars at na ginamit sa mga kasulatan ng Zoroastrianismo. Namang, ito ay inapo ng diyalekto na sinalita ng korte ng kabiserang Sasanidang Ctesifonte at hilagang-silangang Iraniyong rehiyong Korasan, na kilala bilang Dari. Ang rehiyon, na sumaklaw ng kasalukuyang mga teritoryo ng hilagang-kanlurang Apganistan at saka mga bahagi ng Gitnang Asya, malaking tumulong ng akyat ng Bagong Persa. Ang Korasan, ang tinubuang-lupa ng mga Parto, ay ini-Persa sa ilalim ng mga Sasanida. Kaya humalili ang Dari ng Parto, na sa wakas ng panahong Sasanida hindi ginamit na. Isinama ng Bagong Persa ang mararaming dayuhang salita, kasama na mula sa mga wikang Silangang Iraniyo tulad ng Sogdiyano at lalo Parto.

Kumpleto na ang transisyon sa Bagong Persa noong panahon ng tatlong mahaharlikang dinastiya ng pinagmulang Iraniyo: ang dinastiyang Tairida (820–872), ang dinastiyang Safarida (860–903), at ang Imperyong Samanida (874–999). Abbas ng Merv ay tinukoy bilang unang minstrel na umawit sa Bagong Persa. Pagkatapos ng niya, ang mga tula ni Hanzala Badghisi ay sa loob ng mga pinakasisikat ng kanilang panahon.

Lumitaw ang mga unang tula sa Persa, isang wikang makasaysayan na tinawag na Dari, sa kasalukuyang Apganistan. Ang unang mahalagang makatang Persa ay Rudaki. Umunlad siya noong ika-10 na siglo, kung kailan ang mga Sasanida ay nasa apoheo ng nilang kapangyarihan. Nananatili ang kaniyang reputasyon bilang isang korteng makata at magaling musiko at mang-aawit, ngunit hindi nananatili ang karamihang niyang tulang mismo. Kabilang sa mga obra na nawala ay mga pabula sa berso na tinipon sa Kalīla wa-Dimna.

Heograpikal na kumalat ang wika mula sa ika-11 na siglo. Sa pamamagitan ng itong midyum, bukod sa iba pa, ang mga Turkikong tao ay inalam ang Islam at ang urbanidad. Malawak na ginamit ang Bagong Persa bilang isang trans-rehiyonal na lingguwa prangka. Ang isang tulong para sa itong gawain ay kaniyang medyo simpleng morpolohiya, at nanatili ang itong sitwasyon hanggang sa hindi bababa sa ika-19 na siglo. Noong huling Gitnang Kapanahunan, nilalang ang mga bagong Islamikong pampanitikang wika batay sa modelong Persa: Turkong Otomano, Turkikong Tsagatai, Bengaling Dobashi, at Urdu, na ipinalalagay bilang "mga istruktural na wikang anak" ng Persa.

Klasikong Persa

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Humigit-kumulang na tinutukoy ng Klasikong Persa ang pamantayang wika ng Daigdig na Persia at ang malaking bahagi ng subkontinenteng Indiyo. Ang Klasikong Persa ay opisyal at kultural na wika ng mararaming Islamikong dinastiya, at ay rin nag-iisang wikang di-Europeo na nakilala at ginamit ni Marco Polo sa Korte ni Kublai Khan at para sa kaniyang mga lakbay sa buong Tsina.

Paggamit sa Asya Menor
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Ang isang sangay ng mga Seljuk, ang Sultanato ng Rum, ay nagdala ng Persang wika, sining, at panitikan sa Anatolya. Pumili sila ng wikang Persa bilang opisyal na wika ng imperyo. Ang mga Otomano, kung sino-sino humigit-kumulang na naaaninag bilang kanilang mga kalaunan kahalili, itinuloy ang itong tradisyon. Ang Persa ay opisyal na wika ng korte ng imperyo, at sa loob ng ilang panahon, ay opisyal na wika ng buong imperyo. Pagdating sa mga klaseng edukado at noble ng Imperyong Otomano, lahat silang nagsalita ng Persa, tulad ni Sultan Selim I, maski katunggali ng Dinastiyang Safabida at matatag na matatag na kalaban ng Islam na Shia.

Ang Persa ay pangunahing pampanitikang wika ng Imperyong Otomano. Ang ilang kapansin-pansing mga obra sa Persa habang paghaharing Otomano ay Hasht Bihisht ni Idris Bitlisi, na nagsimula noong 1502 at sumaklaw ng mga paghahari ng unang walong pinunong Otomano, at Salim-Namah, isang panehiriko para sa Selim I. Pagkatapos ng panahon ng ilang mga siglo, ang wikang Turkong Otomano (na malaking inimpluwensyahan ng Persa na) ay bumuti sa isang wikang pampanitikang lubos na tinanggap. Ang itong wika ay natugunan man ng mga kailangan ng isang presentasyong pang-agham.[3] Gayunman, ang dami ng mga hiram na salita mula sa Persa at Arabe na sinaklaw sa itong mga obra ay dumami at paminsan-minsan umabot sa 88%.[3] Sa Imperyong Otomano, ginamit ang Persa para sa diplomasya, tula, historiograpiya, at panitikan. Tinuro sa mga paaralan ng estado, at saka bilang opsyonal o rekomendado na kurso sa ilang mga madrasa.

Paggamit sa mga Balkan
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Malawak din ang Persang pag-aaral nasa mga Balkan na nakahawak ang mga Otomano (Rumelia), na may iba't ibang lungsod na sikat para sa kanilang matatagal na tradisyon ng pag-aaral ng Persa at kaniyang mga klasiko, tulad ng Saraybosna (modernong Sarajevo, Bosnia at Herzegovina), Mostar (din nasa Bosnia at Herzegovina), at Vardar Yenicesi (o Yenice-i Vardar, ngayong Giannitsa, nasa ilaya ng Gresya).

Ang mararaming Otomanong Persiyanista, tulad ni Ahmed Sudi, ay ipinagpatuloy ang maagang edukasyong Persa sa Saraybosna, bago nagtatag ng mga karera sa Constantinople (ngayong Istanbul).

Paggamit sa Timog Asya
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Inimpluwensyahan ng wikang Persa ang pamumuo ng mararaming modernong wika sa Silangang Asya, Europa, Gitnang Asya, at Timog Asya. Pagkatapos ng pagsakop ng Timog Asya ni mga Ghaznavid, nagpasok muna ng Persa ang mga Turkikong Gitnang Asyano. Sa loob ng limang siglo bago kolonisasyong Britaniko, malawak na ginamit ang Persa bilang isang pangalawang wika sa subkontinenteng Indiyo. Prominente ito bilang wika ng kultura at edukasyon sa ilang mga korteng Muslim nasa subkontinente at naging nag-iisang opisyal na wika sa ilalim ng Imperyong Mughal.

Nasaksihan ng Sultanatong Bengal ang isang dagsa ng mga Persang iskolar, abogado, guro, at kleriko. Inilathala ang libu-libong Persang aklat at manuskrito nasa Bengal. Ang panahon ng paghahari ni Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah ay inilalarawan bilang "ginintuang panahon ng panitikang Persa sa Bengal".[kailangan ng sanggunian] Ang kaniyang tikas ay inilarawan ng mga liham ng mismong Sultan at kaniyang kolaborasyon sa Persang makatang Hafez, isang tula na ngayong nahahanap sa Divan ni Hafez. Lumitaw sa mga Bengaling Muslim isang diyalektong Bengali, na batay sa isang modelong Persa at kilala bilang Dobashi. Ang Bengaling Dohashi ay tinangkilik at ibinigay ang opisyal na katayuan sa ilalim ng mga Sultan ng Bengal, at ay popular na pormang pampanitikan na ginamit ng mga Bengali habang panahong pre-koloniyal, anumang ang kanilang relihiyon.

Pagkatapos ng pagkatalo ng dinastiyang Hindu Shahi, itinatag ang klasikong Persa bilang wikang pangkorte sa rehiyon habang ang huling bahagi ng ika-10 na siglo, sa ilalim ng mga Ghaznavid, sa hilagang-kanlurang prontera ng subkontinente. Ang Persa, na ginamit ng mga Punjabi para sa panitikan, naging prominente sa rehiyon habang mga kasunod na siglo. Patuloy na naglingkod bilang wikang pangkorte para sa iba't ibang imperyo sa Punjab hanggang sa ang unang bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo, at sa wakas bilang opisyal na wika ng Imperyong Sikh, bago Britanikong Raj at paglubog ng Persa sa Timog Asya.

Noong 1843, gayunman, kaunti-unting palitan ng Ingles at Hindustani ang Persa sa subkontinente. Ang ebidensya ng makasaysayang impluwensiya ng Persa nandito ay naaaninag sa kaniyang impluwensiya sa ilang mga wika ng subkontinenteng Indiyo. Ang mga hiram na salita mula sa Persa ay karaniwang ginagamit pa sa ilang mga wikang Indo-Aryo, lalo na Hindi-Urdu (na makasaysayang kilala bilang Hindustani), Punjabi, Kashmiri, at Sindhi. May rin isang maliit populasyon ng mga tagasunod ng Zoroastrianismo sa India, na lumipat noong ika-19 na siglo para tumakas ng persekusyon sa dinastiyang Kayar, at na sumasalita ng isang diyalekto ng Dari.

Kasabayang Persa

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Dinastiyang Kayar
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Noong ika-19 na siglo, sa ilalim ng dinastiyang Kayar, naging prominente ang diyalekto ng Tehran. May pa maraming bokabularyong Arabe, pero ang mararaming itong salita ay isinama sa Persang ponolohiya at balarila. Saka, sa ilalim ng paghahari ng mga Kayar, nagpasok sa Persa ang napakararaming termino mula sa Ruso, Pranses, at Ingles, lalo na pagdating sa teknolohiya. Halimbawa, ang "teknolohiya" sa Persa ay تِکنولوژی (teknoloži), mula sa Pranses technologie.[4]

Noong 1911 itinatag isang asosasyon pang-agham, na nagdulot ng isang talahuluganan na tinawag na Mga Salita ng Asosasyon Pang-agham (لغت انجمن علمی), mamayang muling pinangalanan na Talahuluganang Katouzian (فرهنگ کاتوزیان).

Dinastiyang Palabi
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Noong 20 Mayo 1935 itinatag ang unang akademiya para sa wikang Persa, na tinawag Akademiya ng Iran, ni Reza Shah, at lalo ni Hekmat-e Shirazi at Mohammad Ali Foroughi, prominente sa mga nasyonalistang paggalaw ng panahong iyon. Ang akademiya ay mahalagang institusyon sa pagsisikap para magpagawa muli ng Iran bilang nasyong-estado pagkatapos ng pagbagsak ng dinastiyang Kayar. Habang mga dekada 1930 at 1940, namuno ang akademiya ng napakalalaking kampanya para palitan ang mararaming hiram na salita mula sa Arabe, Ruso, Pranses, at Griyego. Ang malawak na paggamit ng itong mga salita habang mga siglo na nauna ng pundasyon ng dinastiyang Palabi ay lumikha ng isang wikang pampanitikang iba na talaga sa Persa na noong sinalita. Ang itong pagsisikap ay naging batayan ng ngayon ng "Kasabayang Pamantayang Persa".

Persa Saling-sulat Filipino[5]

همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند, همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان می‌باشند و باید دربرابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند

Hameye afrād bashar āzād beh doniyā miyāyand o az dide ḩeysiyat o ḩoquq bā ham barābarand. Hameh dārāye andisheh o vejdān mibāshand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruḩe barādari raftār konand. Ang lahat ng tao’y isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan. Sila’y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa’t isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran.

— Unang artikulo ng Pandaigdig na Pagpapahayag ng mga Karapatan ng Tao

Mga sanggunian

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  1. Balak ibalik ng pamahalaan ang sulat Arabo kung napapanahon na (http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=53991&sectionid=351020406 Naka-arkibo 2016-01-06 sa Wayback Machine.).
  2. Hogarth, David (1922). Arabia (sa wikang Ingles). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 63. Never has captor more swiftly and subtly been captured by his captive than Arabic by Persia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. 3.0 3.1 Spuler 2003, p. 69.
  4. Tingnan ang تکنولوژی.
  5. http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/tgl.htm

Mga kawing panlabas

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WikaIran Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Wika at Iran ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.