iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.



L2luZmluaXRvLz9vbGRpZD0xMjU5MDEyNzA0Jng9aHR0cCUzQSUyRiUyRmVuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmclMkZ3JTJGaW5kZXgucGhwJTNGdGl0bGUlM0RUb3duc2hlbmRfQWN0cw==. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

1. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

2. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

3. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

4. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

5. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

6. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

7. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

8. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

9. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

10. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

11. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

12. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

13. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

14. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

15. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

16. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

17. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

18. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

19. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

20. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

21. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

22. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

23. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

24. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

25. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

26. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

27. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

28. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

29. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

30. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

31. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

32. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

33. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

34. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

35. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

36. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

37. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

38. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

39. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

40. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

41. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

42. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

43. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

44. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

45. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

46. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

47. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

48. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

49. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

50. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

51. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

52. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

53. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

54. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

55. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

56. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

57. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

58. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

59. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

60. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

61. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

62. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

63. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

64. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

65. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

66. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

67. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

68. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

69. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

70. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

71. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

72. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

73. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

74. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

75. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

76. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

77. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

78. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

79. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

80. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

81. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

82. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

83. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

84. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

85. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

86. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

87. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

88. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

89. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

90. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

91. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

92. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

93. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

94. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

95. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

96. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

97. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

98. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

99. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

100. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

101. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

102. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

103. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

104. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

105. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

106. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

107. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

108. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

109. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

110. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

111. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

112. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

113. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

114. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

115. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

116. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

117. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

118. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

119. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

120. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

121. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

122. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

123. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

124. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

125. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

126. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

127. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

128. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

129. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

130. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

131. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

132. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

133. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

134. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

135. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

136. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

137. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

138. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

139. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

140. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

141. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

142. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

143. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

144. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

145. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

146. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

147. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

148. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

149. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

150. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

151. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

152. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

153. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

154. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

155. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

156. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

157. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

158. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

159. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

160. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

161. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

162. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

163. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

164. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

165. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

166. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

167. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

168. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

169. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

170. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

171. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

172. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

173. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

174. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

175. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

176. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

177. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

178. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

179. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

180. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

181. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

182. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

183. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

184. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

185. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

186. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

187. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

188. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

189. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

190. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

191. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

192. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

193. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

194. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

195. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

196. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

197. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

198. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

199. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

200. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

201. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

202. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

203. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

204. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

205. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

206. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

207. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

208. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

209. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

210. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

211. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

212. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

213. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

214. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

215. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

216. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

217. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

218. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

219. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

220. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

221. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

222. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

223. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

224. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

225. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

226. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

227. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

228. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

229. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

230. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

231. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

232. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

233. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

234. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

235. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

236. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

237. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

238. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

239. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

240. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

241. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

242. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

243. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

244. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

245. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

246. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

247. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

248. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

249. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

250. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

251. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

252. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

253. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

254. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

255. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

256. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

257. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

258. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

259. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

260. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

261. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

262. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

263. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

264. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

265. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

266. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

267. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

268. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

269. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

270. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

271. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

272. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

273. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

274. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

275. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

276. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

277. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

278. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

279. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

280. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

281. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

282. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

283. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

284. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

285. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

286. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

287. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

288. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

289. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

290. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

291. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

292. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

293. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

294. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

295. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

296. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

297. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

298. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

299. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

300. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

301. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

302. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

303. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

304. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

305. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

306. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

307. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

308. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

309. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

310. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

311. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

312. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

313. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

314. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

315. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

316. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

317. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

318. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

319. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

320. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

321. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

322. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

323. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

324. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

325. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

326. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

327. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

328. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

329. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

330. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

331. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

332. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

333. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

334. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

335. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

336. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

337. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

338. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

339. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

340. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

341. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

342. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

343. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

344. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

345. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

346. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

347. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

348. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

349. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

350. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

351. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

352. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

353. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

354. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

355. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

356. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

357. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

358. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

359. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

360. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

361. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

362. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

363. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

364. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

365. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

366. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

367. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

368. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

369. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

370. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

371. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

372. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

373. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

374. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

375. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

376. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

377. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

378. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

379. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

380. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

381. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

382. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

383. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

384. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

385. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

386. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

387. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

388. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

389. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

390. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

391. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

392. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

393. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

394. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

395. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

396. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

397. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

398. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

399. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

400. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

401. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

402. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

403. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

404. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

405. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

406. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

407. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

408. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

409. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

410. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

411. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

412. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

413. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

414. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

415. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

416. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

417. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

418. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

419. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

420. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

421. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

422. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

423. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

424. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

425. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

426. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

427. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

428. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

429. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

430. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

431. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

432. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

433. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

434. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

435. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

436. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

437. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

438. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

439. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

440. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

441. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

442. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

443. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

444. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

445. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

446. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

447. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

448. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

449. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

450. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

451. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

452. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

453. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

454. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

455. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

456. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

457. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

458. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

459. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

460. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

461. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

462. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

463. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

464. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

465. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

466. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

467. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

468. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

469. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

470. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

471. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

472. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

473. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

474. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

475. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

476. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

477. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

478. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

479. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

480. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

481. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

482. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

483. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

484. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

485. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

486. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

487. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

488. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

489. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

490. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

491. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

492. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

493. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

494. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

495. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

496. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

497. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

498. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

499. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

500. /infinito/?oldid=1259012704&x=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTownshend_Acts

Link to original content: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts
Townshend Acts - Wikipedia Jump to content

Townshend Acts

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thomas Townshend spearheaded the laws, but died before their detrimental effects became apparent.

The Townshend Acts (/ˈtnzənd/)[1] or Townshend Duties were a series of British acts of Parliament passed during 1767 and 1768 introducing a series of taxes and regulations to enable administration of the British colonies in America. They are named after the Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five are often listed:[a]

The purposes of the acts were to

  • raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain,
  • Create more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations,
  • punish the Province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and
  • establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.[4]

The Townshend Acts met resistance in the colonies. People debated them in the streets, and in the colonial newspapers. Opponents of the Acts gradually became violent, leading to the Boston Massacre of 1770. The Acts placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea, all of which had to be imported from Britain. This form of revenue generation was Townshend's response to the failure of the Stamp Act 1765, which had provided the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies. However, the import duties proved to be similarly controversial. Colonial indignation over the acts was expressed in John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania and in the Massachusetts Circular Letter. There was widespread protest, and American port cities refused to import British goods, so Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties.[5] In March 1770, most of the taxes from the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament under Frederick, Lord North. However, the import duty on tea was retained in order to demonstrate to the colonists that Parliament held the sovereign authority to tax its colonies, in accordance with the Declaratory Act 1766. The British government continued to tax the American colonies without providing representation in Parliament. American resentment, corrupt British officials, and abusive enforcement spurred colonial attacks on British ships, including the burning of the Gaspee in 1772. The Townshend Acts' taxation of imported tea was enforced once again by the Tea Act 1773, and this led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in which Bostonians destroyed a large shipment of taxed tea. Parliament responded with severe punishments in the Intolerable Acts 1774. The Thirteen Colonies drilled their militia units, and war finally erupted in Lexington and Concord in April 1775, launching the American Revolution.

Background

[edit]

Following the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the British government was deep in debt. To pay a small fraction of the costs of the newly expanded empire, the Parliament of Great Britain decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America. Previously, through the Trade and Navigation Acts, Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire. But with the Sugar Act of 1764, Parliament sought, for the first time, to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue. American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved.[6]

The Americans claimed they were not represented in Parliament, but the British government retorted that they had "virtual representation", a concept the Americans rejected.[7] This issue, only briefly debated following the Sugar Act, became a major point of contention after Parliament's passage of the Stamp Act 1765. The Stamp Act proved to be wildly unpopular in the colonies, contributing to its repeal the following year, along with the failure to raise substantial revenue.

Implicit in the Stamp Act dispute was an issue more fundamental than taxation and representation: the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies.[8] Parliament provided its answer to this question when it repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 by simultaneously passing the Declaratory Act, which proclaimed that Parliament could legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".[9]

The Five Townshend Acts

[edit]

The Revenue Act 1767

[edit]
Duties on Tea, etc. (American Plantations) Act 1766
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in America; for allowing a drawback of the duties of customs upon the exportation, from this kingdom, of coffee and cocoa nuts of the produce of the said colonies or plantations; for discontinuing the drawbacks payable on china earthen ware exported to America; and for more effectually preventing the clandestine running of goods in the colonies and plantations.
Citation7 Geo. 3. c. 46
Introduced by10 June 1767, John Paterson[10] (Commons)
Dates
Royal assent29 June 1767[11][12]
Commencement20 November 1767[13]
Repealed15 July 1867
Other legislation
Amended by
Repealed byStatute Law Revision Act 1867
Relates toCustoms Act 1770
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

This act was the (joint) first act, passed on 29 June 1767,[11][12] the same day as the Commissioners of Customs Act (see below).

It placed taxes on glass, lead, "painters' colors" (paint), paper, and tea.[14][15][16] It also gave the supreme court of each colony the power to issue "writs of assistance",[17] general warrants that could be issued to customs officers and used to search private property for smuggled goods.[18]

And whereas by an act of parliament,[b] [...] it is lawful for any officer of his Majesty's customs, authorized by writ of assistance under the seal of his Majesty's court of exchequer, [...] and in the day-time to enter and go into any house, shop, cellar, warehouse, or room or other place, and in case of resistance, to break open doors, chests, trunks, and other package there, to seize, and from thence to bring, any kind of goods or merchandize whatsoever prohibited or uncustomed, and to put and secure the same in his Majesty's store-house next to the place where such seizure shall be made; and whereas by an act[c] [...] it is, amongst other things, enacted, that the officers for collecting and managing his Majesty's revenue, and inspecting the plantation trade, in America, shall have the same powers and authorities [as] is provided for the officers of England: but, no authority being expressly given by the said act [...] to any particular court to grant such writs of assistance for the officers of the customs in the said plantations, it is doubted whether such officers can legally enter houses and other places on land, to search for and seize goods, in the manner directed by the said recited acts.

To obviate which doubts for the future, and in order to carry the intention of the said recited acts into effectual execution, be it enacted [...], That from and after the said twentieth day of November, one thousand seven hundred and sixty seven, such writs of assistance, [...] shall and may be granted by the said superior or supreme court of justice having jurisdiction within such colony or plantation respectively.

7 Geo. 3. c. 46, s. 10[19]

There was an angry response from colonists, who deemed the taxes a threat to their rights as British subjects.[citation needed] The use of writs of assistance was significantly controversial since the right to be secure in one's private property was an established right in Britain.[citation needed][20]

The Commissioners of Customs Act 1767

[edit]
Commissioners of Customs Act 1767
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn act to enable his Majesty to put the customs, and other duties, in the British dominions in America, and the execution of the laws relating to trade there, under the management of commissioners to be appointed for that purpose, and to be resident in the said dominions.
Citation7 Geo. 3. c. 41
Introduced by3 June 1767 Grey Cooper, Secretary to the Treasury[21] (Commons)
Dates
Royal assent29 June 1767[22]
Repealed5 July 1825
Other legislation
Repealed byCustoms Law Repeal Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 105)
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

This act was passed on 29 June 1767.[22] It created a new Customs Board for the North American colonies, to be headquartered in Boston with five customs commissioners. New offices were eventually opened in other ports as well. The board was created to enforce shipping regulations and increase tax revenue. Previously, customs enforcement was handled by the Customs Board back in England. Due to the distance, enforcement was poor, taxes were avoided and smuggling was rampant.

Be it therefore enacted [...] that the customs and other duties imposed [...] upon any goods or merchandise brought or imported into, or exported or carried from, any British colony or plantation in America, may, from time to time, be put under the management and direction of such commissioners, to reside in the said plantations, as his Majesty [...] shall judge to be most for the advantage or trade, and security of the revenue of the said British colonies.

7 Geo. 3. c. 41 s. 1[23]

Once the new Customs Board was in operation, enforcement increased, leading to a confrontation with smuggling colonists. Incidents between customs officials, military personnel and colonists broke out across the colonies, eventually leading to the occupation of Boston by British troops. This led to the Boston Massacre.[24]

The New York Restraining Act 1767

[edit]
Rebellion in America Act 1767
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn act for restraining and prohibiting the governor, council, and house of representatives, of the province of New York, until provision shall have been made for furnishing the King's troops with all the necessaries required by law, from passing or assenting to any act of assembly, vote, or resolution, for any other purpose.
Citation7 Geo. 3. c. 59
Introduced by27 May 1767 Edward Willes, Solicitor General[25][26] (Commons)
Dates
Royal assent2 July 1767[27][25]
Commencement1 October 1767[25][28]
Repealed15 July 1867
Other legislation
Repealed byStatute Law Revision Act 1867
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

This was the (joint) third of the five acts, passed on 2 July 1767,[27][25] the same day as the Indemnity Act.[27]

It forbade the New York Assembly and the governor of New York from passing any new bills until they complied with the Quartering Act 1765.[28] That act required New York to provide housing, food and supplies for the British troops stationed there to defend the colony. New York resisted the Quartering Act saying they were being taxed, yet had no direct representation in Parliament.[29] Furthermore, New York didn't think British soldiers were needed any more, since the French and Indian War had come to an end.[30]

That from and after the first day of October, one thousand seven hundred and sixty seven, until provision shall have been made by the said assembly of New York for furnishing his Majesty's troops within the said province with all such necessaries as are required by the said acts of parliament ... it shall not be lawful for the governor ... to pass, or give his or their assent to, or concurrence in, the making or passing of any act of assembly; or his or their assent to any order, resolution, or vote, in concurrence with the house of representatives for the time being within the said colony, or for the said house of representatives to pass or make any bill, order, resolution, or vote, (orders, resolutions, or votes, for adjourning such house only, excepted) of any kind, for any other purpose whatsoever

7 Geo. 3. c. 59[28]

Before the act was implemented, New York reluctantly agreed to provide some of the soldiers' needs, so it was never applied.[31]

The Indemnity Act 1767

[edit]
Tea Act 1767
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn Act for Taking Off the Inland Duty of One Shilling per Pound Weight upon All Black and Singlo Teas Consumed in Great Britain; and for Granting a Drawback upon the Exportation of Teas to Ireland and the British Dominions in America, for a Limited Time, upon Such Indemnification to Be Made in Respect Thereof by the East India Company, as Is Therein Mentioned; for Permitting the Exportation of Teas in Smaller Quantities Than One Lot to Ireland, or the Said Dominions in America; and for Preventing Teas Seized and Condemned from Being Consumed in Great Britain.
Citation7 Geo. 3. c. 56
Introduced by11 June 1767 Grey Cooper, Secretary to the Treasury[32] (Commons)
Dates
Royal assent2 July 1767[27]
Commencement6 July 1767
Expired5 July 1772
Repealed15 July 1867
Other legislation
Repealed byStatute Law Revision Act 1867
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

This Act was passed together with the New York Restraining Act, on 2 July 1767.[27]

'Indemnity' means 'security or protection against a loss or other financial burden'.[33] The Indemnity Act 1767 reduced taxes on the British East India Company when they imported tea into England. This allowed them to re-export the tea to the colonies more cheaply and resell it to the colonists. Until this time, all items had to be shipped to England first from wherever they were made and then re-exported to their destination, including to the colonies.[34] This followed from the principle of mercantilism in England, which meant the colonies were forced to trade only with England.[35]

The British East India Company was one of England's largest companies but was on the verge of collapse due to much cheaper smuggled Dutch tea. Part of the purpose of the entire series of Townshend Acts was to save the company from imploding. Since tea smuggling had become a common and successful practice, Parliament realized how difficult it was to enforce the taxing of tea. The Act stated that no more taxes would be placed on tea, and it made the cost of the East India Company's tea less than tea that was smuggled via Holland. It was an incentive for the colonists to purchase the East India Company tea.[36][37]

The Vice Admiralty Court Act 1768

[edit]
Colonial Trade Act 1768
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn Act for the more easy and effectual recovery of the penalties and forfeitures inflicted by the acts of parliament relating to the trade or revenues of the British colonies and plantations in America.
Citation8 Geo. 3. c. 22
Introduced by24 February 1768 Lord North, Chancellor of the Exchequer[38] (Commons)
Dates
Royal assent8 March 1768[39]
Commencement1 September 1768
Other legislation
Repealed byCustoms Law Repeal Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 105)
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

This was the last of the five acts passed. It was not passed until 8 March 1768,[39] the year after the other four. Lord Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, after whom the Townshend Acts were named, had died suddenly in September 1767, and so did not introduce this Act.

The Act was passed to aid the prosecution of smugglers. It gave admiralty courts, rather than colonial courts, jurisdiction over all matters concerning customs violations and smuggling. Before the Act, customs violators could be tried in an admiralty court in Halifax, Nova Scotia, if royal prosecutors believed they would not get a favourable outcome using a local judge and jury.

The Vice-Admiralty Court Act added three new admiralty courts in Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston to aid in more effective prosecutions. These courts were run by judges appointed by the Crown and whose salaries were paid, in the first instance, from fines levied.[40] when they found someone guilty.

[...] all forfeitures and penalties inflected by any act or acts of parliament relating to the trade or revenues of the British colonies or plantations in America, may be prosecuted, sued for, and recovered, in any court of vice-admiralty appointed, or to be appointed, and which shall have jurisdiction within the colony, plantation, or place, where the cause of such prosecution or suit shall have arisen.

8 Geo. 3. c. 22 s. 1[41]

The decisions were made solely by the judge, without the option of trial by jury, which was considered to be a fundamental right of British subjects. In addition, the accused person had to travel to the court of jurisdiction at his own expense; if he did not appear, he was automatically considered guilty.[42]


Townshend's program

[edit]

Raising revenue

[edit]

The first of the Townshend Acts, sometimes simply known as the Townshend Act, was the Revenue Act 1767 (7 Geo 3 c 46).[d][43][44] This act represented the Chatham ministry's new approach to generating tax revenue in the American colonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766.[5][15] The British government had gotten the impression that because the colonists had objected to the Stamp Act on the grounds that it was a direct (or "internal") tax, colonists would therefore accept indirect (or "external") taxes, such as taxes on imports.[45] With this in mind, Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, devised a plan that placed new duties on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea that were imported into the colonies.[15][16] These were items that were not produced in North America and that the colonists were only allowed to buy from Great Britain.[46]

The colonists' objection to "internal" taxes did not mean that they would accept "external" taxes; the colonial position was that any tax laid by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue was unconstitutional.[45] "Townshend's mistaken belief that Americans regarded internal taxes as unconstitutional and external taxes constitutional", wrote historian John Phillip Reid, "was of vital importance in the history of events leading to the Revolution."[47] The Townshend Revenue Act received royal assent on 29 June 1767.[12] There was little opposition expressed in Parliament at the time. "Never could a fateful measure have had a more quiet passage", wrote historian Peter Thomas.[12]

The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act 1767 (7 Geo 3 c 56),[e][49] which was intended to make the tea of the British East India Company more competitive with smuggled Dutch tea.[50] The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to England, allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies. This tax cut in England would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies.[51] The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of writs of assistance, or general search warrants, which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods.[18]

The original stated purpose of the Townshend duties was to raise a revenue to help pay the cost of maintaining an army in North America.[52] Townshend changed the purpose of the tax plan, however, and instead decided to use the revenue to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.[53] Previously, the colonial assemblies had paid these salaries, but Parliament hoped to take the "power of the purse"[54] away from the colonies. According to historian John C. Miller, "Townshend ingeniously sought to take money from Americans by means of parliamentary taxation and to employ it against their liberties by making colonial governors and judges independent of the assemblies."[55]

Some members of Parliament objected because Townshend's plan was expected to generate only £40,000 in yearly revenue, but he explained that once the precedent for taxing the colonists had been firmly established, the program could gradually be expanded until the colonies paid for themselves.[3][56] According to historian Peter Thomas, Townshend's "aims were political rather than financial".[56]

American Board of Customs Commissioners

[edit]

To better collect the new taxes, the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 (7 Geo 3 c 41) established the American Board of Customs Commissioners, which was modeled on the British Board of Customs.[43] The board was created because of the difficulties the British Board faced in enforcing trade regulations in the distant colonies.[57] Five commissioners were appointed to the board, which was headquartered in Boston.[58] The American Customs Board would generate considerable hostility in the colonies towards the British government. According to historian Oliver Dickerson, "The actual separation of the continental colonies from the rest of the Empire dates from the creation of this independent administrative board."[59]

The American Board of Customs Commissioners was notoriously corrupt, according to historians. Political scientist Peter Andreas argues:

merchants resented not only the squeeze on smuggling but also the exploits by unscrupulous customs agents that came with it. Such "customs racketeering" was, in the view of colonial merchants, essentially legalized piracy.[60]

Historian Edmund Morgan says:

In the establishment of this American Board of Customs Commissioners, Americans saw the extension of England's corrupt system of officeholding to America. As Professor Dickerson has shown, the Commissioners were indeed corrupt. They engaged in extensive "customs racketeering" and they were involved in many of the episodes of heightened the tension between England and the colonies: it was on their request that troops were sent to Boston; The Boston Massacre took place before their headquarters; the "Gaspee" was operating under their orders.[61]

Historian Doug Krehbiel argues:

Disputes brought to the board were almost exclusively resolved in favor of the British government. Vice admiralty courts claimed to prosecute vigorously smugglers but were widely corrupt—customs officials falsely accused ship owners of possessing undeclared items, thereby seizing the cargoes of entire vessels, and justices of the juryless courts were entitled to a percentage of the goods from colonial ships that they ruled unlawful. Writs of assistance and blanket search warrants to search for smuggled goods were liberally abused. John Hancock, the wealthy New England merchant, had his ship "Liberty" seized in 1768 on a false charge, incensing the colonists. Charges against Hancock were later dropped and his ship returned because of the fear that he would appeal to more scrupulous customs officials in Britain.[62]

Another measure to enforce the trade laws was the Vice Admiralty Court Act 1768 (8 Geo 3 c 22).[63] Although often included in discussions of the Townshend Acts, this act was initiated by the Cabinet when Townshend was not present and was not passed until after his death.[64] Before this act, there was just one vice admiralty court in North America, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Established in 1764, this court proved to be too remote to serve all of the colonies, and so the 1768 Vice Admiralty Court Act created four district courts, which were located at Halifax, Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston. One purpose of the vice admiralty courts, which did not have juries, was to help customs officials prosecute smugglers since colonial juries were reluctant to convict persons for violating unpopular trade regulations.

Townshend also faced the problem of what to do about the New York General Assembly, which had refused to comply with the Quartering Act 1765 because its members saw the act's financial provisions as levying an unconstitutional tax.[29] The New York Restraining Act (7 Geo 3 c 59),[f][66] which according to historian Robert Chaffin was "officially a part of the Townshend Acts",[3] suspended the power of the Assembly until it complied with the Quartering Act.[67] The Restraining Act never went into effect because, by the time it was passed, the New York Assembly had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act. The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature.[68]

Reaction

[edit]

Townshend knew that his program would be controversial in the colonies, but he argued that, "The superiority of the mother country can at no time be better exerted than now."[69] The Townshend Acts did not create an instant uproar like the Stamp Act had done two years earlier, but before long, opposition to the programme had become widespread.[70][71] Townshend did not live to see this reaction, having died suddenly on 4 September 1767.[72]

Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

The most influential colonial response to the Townshend Acts was a series of twelve essays by John Dickinson entitled "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania", which began appearing in December 1767.[73] Eloquently articulating ideas already widely accepted in the colonies,[73] Dickinson argued that there was no difference between "internal" and "external" taxes, and that any taxes imposed on the colonies by Parliament for the sake of raising a revenue were unconstitutional.[74] Dickinson warned colonists not to concede to the taxes just because the rates were low since this would set a dangerous precedent.[75]

Dickinson sent a copy of his "Letters" to James Otis of Massachusetts, informing Otis that "whenever the Cause of American Freedom is to be vindicated, I look towards the Province of Massachusetts Bay".[76][g] The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by first sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Revenue Act, and then sending a letter to the other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement.[76] Upon receipt of the Massachusetts Circular Letter, other colonies also sent petitions to the king.[77][78] Virginia and Pennsylvania also sent petitions to Parliament, but the other colonies did not, believing that it might have been interpreted as an admission of Parliament's sovereignty over them.[79] Parliament refused to consider the petitions of Virginia and Pennsylvania.[80]

In Great Britain, Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America, instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also sent a letter to Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard, instructing him to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter. By a vote of 92 to 17, the House refused to comply, and Bernard promptly dissolved the legislature.[81][82]

When news of the outrage among the colonists finally reached Franklin in London he wrote a number of essays in 1768 calling for "civility and good manners", even though he did not approve of the measures.[83] In 1770, Franklin continued writing essays against the Townsend Acts and Lord Hillsborough and wrote eleven attacking the Acts that appeared in the Public Advertiser, a London daily newspaper. The essays were published between January 8 and February 19, 1770, and can be found in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin.[84][85]

Boycotts

[edit]
Non-importation agreement, dated October 1767, signed by Bostonians including Paul Revere

Merchants in the colonies, some of them smugglers, organized economic boycotts to put pressure on their British counterparts to work for repeal of the Townshend Acts. Boston merchants organized the first non-importation agreement, which called for merchants to suspend importation of certain British goods effective 1 January 1768. Merchants in other colonial ports, including New York City and Philadelphia, eventually joined the boycott.[86] In Virginia, the non-importation effort was organized by George Washington and George Mason. When the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a resolution stating that Parliament had no right to tax Virginians without their consent, Governor Lord Botetourt dissolved the assembly. The members met at Raleigh Tavern and adopted a boycott agreement known as the "Association".[87]

The non-importation movement was not as effective as promoters had hoped. British exports to the colonies declined by 38 percent in 1769, but there were many merchants who did not participate in the boycott.[88] The boycott movement began to fail by 1770 and came to an end in 1771.[89]

Unrest in Boston

[edit]
A wide view of a port town with several wharves. In the foreground, there are eight large sailing ships and an assortment of smaller vessels. Soldiers are disembarking from small boats onto a long wharf. The skyline of the town, with nine tall spires and many smaller buildings, is in the distance. A key at the bottom of the drawing indicates some prominent landmarks and the names of the warships.
Paul Revere's engraving of British troops landing in Boston in 1768

The newly created American Customs Board was seated in Boston, so it was there that the Board concentrated on enforcing the Townshend Acts.[90] The acts were so unpopular in Boston that the Customs Board requested assistance. Commodore Samuel Hood sent the fifty-gun fourth-rate ship HMS Romney, which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768.[91]

On 10 June 1768, customs officials seized the Liberty, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Bostonians, already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing local sailors, began to riot. Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection. With John Adams serving as his lawyer, Hancock was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a vice-admiralty court, but the charges were eventually dropped.[92][93]

Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed Governor Bernard to try to find evidence of treason in Boston.[94] Parliament had determined that the Treason Act 1543 was still in force, which would allow Bostonians to be transported to England to stand trial for treason. Bernard could find no one who was willing to provide reliable evidence, however, and so there were no treason trials.[95] The possibility that American colonists might be arrested and sent to England for trial produced alarm and outrage in the colonies.[96]

Even before the Liberty riot, Hillsborough had decided to send troops to Boston. On 8 June 1768, he instructed General Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief, North America, to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston", although he conceded that this might lead to "consequences not easily foreseen".[97][98][99] Hillsborough suggested that Gage might send one regiment to Boston, but the Liberty incident convinced officials that more than one regiment would be needed.[100]

People in Massachusetts learned in September 1768 that troops were on the way.[101] Samuel Adams organized an emergency, extralegal convention of towns and passed resolutions against the imminent occupation of Boston, but on 1 October 1768, the first of four regiments of the British Army began disembarking in Boston, and the Customs Commissioners returned to town.[102] The "Journal of Occurrences", an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston, apparently with some exaggeration.[103] Tensions rose after Christopher Seider, a Boston teenager, was killed by a customs employee on 22 February 1770.[104] Although British soldiers were not involved in that incident, resentment against the occupation escalated in the days that followed, resulting in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of 5 March 1770.[105] After the incident, the troops were withdrawn to Castle William.[106]

Partial repeal

[edit]
Customs Act 1770
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn act to repeal so much of an act made in the seventh year of his present Majesty's reign, intituled, "An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in America for allowing a drawback of the duties of customs upon the exportation, from this kingdom, of coffee and cocoa nuts of the produce of the said colonies or plantations; for discontinuing the drawbacks payable on china earthen ware exported to America, and for more effectually preventing the clandestine running of goods in the said colonies and plantations", as relates to the duties upon glass, red-lead, white-lead, painters colours, paper, paste-boards, mill-boards, and scale-boards, of the produce or manufacture of Great Britain, imported into any of his Majesty's colonies in America; and also to the discontinuing the drawbacks payable on china earthen-ware exported to America; and for regulating the exportation thereof.
Citation10 Geo. 3. c 17
Dates
Royal assent12 April 1770
Commencement1 December 1770
Text of statute as originally enacted

On 5 March 1770—the same day as the Boston Massacre, although news traveled slowly at the time, and neither side of the Atlantic was aware of this coincidence—Lord North, the new Prime Minister, presented a motion in the House of Commons that called for partial repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act.[107] Although some in Parliament advocated a complete repeal of the act, North disagreed, arguing that the tea duty should be retained to assert "the right of taxing the Americans".[107] After debate, the Repeal Act (10 Geo 3 c 17)[108] received royal assent on 12 April 1770.[109]

Historian Robert Chaffin argued that little had actually changed:

It would be inaccurate to claim that a major part of the Townshend Acts had been repealed. The revenue-producing tea levy, the American Board of Customs and, most important, the principle of making governors and magistrates independent all remained. In fact, the modification of the Townshend Duties Act was scarcely any change at all.[110]

The Townshend duty on tea was retained when the 1773 Tea Act was passed, which allowed the East India Company to ship tea directly to the colonies. The Boston Tea Party soon followed, which set the stage for the American Revolution.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Dickerson for example, writes that there were four Townshend Acts, and does not mention the New York Restraining Act,[2] which Chaffin says was "officially a part of the Townshend Acts".[3]
  2. ^ Customs Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2. c. 11)
  3. ^ Navigation Act 1696 (7 & 8 Will. 3. c. 22)
  4. ^ Also known as the Townshend Revenue Act, the Townshend Duties Act, and the Tariff Act 1767.
  5. ^ Also known as the Tea Act 1767.[48]
  6. ^ Also known as the New York Suspending Act.[65]
  7. ^ Dickinson's letter to Otis was dated 5 December 1767.[76]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Townshend Acts". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  2. ^ Dickerson (1951), pp. 195–95.
  3. ^ a b c Chaffin (1999), p. 128.
  4. ^ Chaffin (1999), p. 126.
  5. ^ a b Chaffin (1999), p. 143.
  6. ^ Reid (1987), p. 206.
  7. ^ Levy (1995), p. 303.
  8. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 10.
  9. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 21–25.
  10. ^ Commons Journal (1768), p. 398.
  11. ^ a b Lords Journal (1767), pp. 659.
  12. ^ a b c d Thomas (1987), p. 31.
  13. ^ Brunhouse (1930), p. 355.
  14. ^ Pickering (1767), pp. 505–508.
  15. ^ a b c Thomas (1987), p. 9.
  16. ^ a b Labaree (1979), pp. 19–20.
  17. ^ Pickering (1767), p. 511.
  18. ^ a b Reid (1979), pp. 29, 135n24.
  19. ^ Pickering (1767), pp. 505–512.
  20. ^ "Revenue Act of 1767". Revolutionary War and Beyond. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2020.[unreliable source]
  21. ^ Commons Journal (1768), p. 396.
  22. ^ a b Lords Journal (1767), pp. 660.
  23. ^ Pickering (1767), p. 448.
  24. ^ "Commissioners of Customs Act". Revolutionary War and Beyond. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.[unreliable source]
  25. ^ a b c d Varga (1956), p. 250.
  26. ^ Commons Journal (1768), p. 387.
  27. ^ a b c d e Lords Journal (1767), pp. 665.
  28. ^ a b c Pickering (1767), p. 607.
  29. ^ a b Chaffin (1999), p. 134.
  30. ^ Varga (1956), p. 235.
  31. ^ Varga (1956), p. 254.
  32. ^ Commons Journal (1768), p. 401.
  33. ^ "Meaning of Indemnity". Lexico Dictionaries: English. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020.
  34. ^ "Indemnity Act of 1767". Revolutionary War and Beyond. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2020.[unreliable source]
  35. ^ "Mercantilism Imports and Exports". To Market, To Market: A Study of the Colonial Economy from 1600-1750. Archived from the original on 28 June 2004.
  36. ^ "Historical Facts About The Townshend Acts". Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum. Historic Tours of America. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  37. ^ Farrand (1898), p. 267.
  38. ^ Commons Journal (1768), p. 633.
  39. ^ a b Lords Journal (1770), p. 137.
  40. ^ Ruppert, Bob (28 January 2015). "Vice-Admiralty Courts and Writs of Assistance". Journal of the American Revolution. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  41. ^ Pickering (1768), p. 71.
  42. ^ "Vice-Admiralty Court Act". Revolutionary War and Beyond. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.[unreliable source]
  43. ^ a b Knollenberg (1975), p. 47.
  44. ^ Labaree (1979), p. 270n12.
  45. ^ a b Reid (1987), pp. 33–39.
  46. ^ Chaffin (1999), p. 127.
  47. ^ Reid (1987), p. 33.
  48. ^ Jensen (1968), p. 435.
  49. ^ Labaree (1979), p. 269n20.
  50. ^ Dickerson (1951), p. 196.
  51. ^ Labaree (1979), p. 21.
  52. ^ Thomas (1987), pp. 22–23.
  53. ^ Thomas (1987), pp. 23–25.
  54. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 260.
  55. ^ Miller (1959), p. 255.
  56. ^ a b Thomas (1987), p. 30.
  57. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 33.
  58. ^ Chaffin (1999), p. 130.
  59. ^ Dickerson (1951), p. 199.
  60. ^ Andreas (2012), p. 34.
  61. ^ Morgan (1978), pp. 104–105.
  62. ^ Krehbiel (2005), p. 228.
  63. ^ Pickering (1768), pp. 294-295.
  64. ^ Thomas (1987), pp. 34–35.
  65. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 296.
  66. ^ Pickering (1767), pp. 606–607.
  67. ^ Pickering (1767), p. 606.
  68. ^ Chaffin (1999), pp. 134–135.
  69. ^ Chaffin (1999), p. 131.
  70. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 48.
  71. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 76.
  72. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 36.
  73. ^ a b Chaffin (1999), p. 132.
  74. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 50.
  75. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 52–53.
  76. ^ a b c Knollenberg (1975), p. 54.
  77. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 84.
  78. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 54–57.
  79. ^ Thomas (1987), pp. 85, 111–112.
  80. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 112.
  81. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 81.
  82. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 56.
  83. ^ Isaacson (2004), p. 244.
  84. ^ Franklin; Labaree (ed.), 1969, v. xvii, pp. 14, 18, 28, 33, etc
  85. ^ Isaacson (2004), p. 247.
  86. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 57–58.
  87. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 59.
  88. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 157.
  89. ^ Chaffin (1999), p. 138.
  90. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 61–63.
  91. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 63.
  92. ^ "Notorious Smuggler", 236–246[full citation needed]
  93. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 63–65.
  94. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 109.
  95. ^ Jensen (1968), pp. 296–297.
  96. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 69.
  97. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 82.
  98. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 75.
  99. ^ Jensen (1968), p. 290.
  100. ^ Reid (1979), p. 125.
  101. ^ Thomas (1987), p. 92.
  102. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 76.
  103. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 76–77.
  104. ^ Knollenberg (1975), pp. 77–78.
  105. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 78–79.
  106. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 81.
  107. ^ a b Knollenberg (1975), p. 71.
  108. ^ Labaree (1979), p. 276n17.
  109. ^ Knollenberg (1975), p. 72.
  110. ^ Chaffin (1999), p. 140.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Barrow, Thomas C. (1967). Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660–1775. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-89925-4.
  • Breen, T. H. (2005). The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518131-9.
  • Chaffin, Robert J. (January 1970). "The Townshend Acts of 1767". William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History. 27 (1): 90–121. doi:10.2307/1923840. JSTOR 1923840.
  • Chaffin, Robert J. (2000). "The Townshend Acts crisis, 1767–1770". In Greene, Jack P.; Pole, Jack R. (eds.). A Companion to the American Revolution. Vol. 27. pp. 134–150.
  • Clark, Dora Mae (July 1940). "The American Board of Customs, 1767-1783". The American Historical Review. 45 (4): 777–806. doi:10.2307/1854451. JSTOR 1854451.
  • Frese, Joseph R. (1969). "Some Observations on the American Board of Customs Commissioners". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Third Series. 81: 3–30. JSTOR 25080668.
  • Harlan, Robert D. (1974). "David Hall and the Townshend Acts". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 68 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1086/pbsa.68.1.24302418. JSTOR 24302418. S2CID 163738868.
  • Knight, Carol Lynn H. (1990). The American Colonial Press and the Townshend Crisis, 1766–1770: A Study in Political Imagery. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-88946-841-2.
  • Leslie, William R. (September 1952). "The Gaspee Affair: A Study of Its Constitutional Significance". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 39 (2): 233–256. doi:10.2307/1892182. JSTOR 1892182.
  • Thomas, P. D. G. (January 1968). "Charles Townshend and American Taxation in 1767". The English Historical Review. 83 (326): 33–51. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIII.CCCXXVI.33. JSTOR 561762.
  • Ubbelohde, Carl (1960). The Vice-Admiralty Courts and the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
[edit]