iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.



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Link to original content: http://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Havre
Le Havre - Wikipedija Aqbeż għall-kontentut

Le Havre

Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija l-ħielsa
Le Havre
 Franza
Amministrazzjoni
Public institution of intermunicipal cooperation with own taxationAgglomeration community of Le Havre (en) Translate
Kap tal-Gvern Édouard Philippe (mul) Translate
Isem uffiċjali Le Havre
Le Havre-Marat
Ismijiet oriġinali Le Havre
Kodiċi postali 76600, 76610u 76620
Ġeografija
Koordinati 49°29′39″N 0°06′29″E / 49.4942°N 0.1081°E / 49.4942; 0.1081Koordinati: 49°29′39″N 0°06′29″E / 49.4942°N 0.1081°E / 49.4942; 0.1081
Le Havre is located in France
Le Havre
Le Havre
Le Havre (France)
Superfiċjenti 46.95 kilometru kwadru
Għoli 2 m, 0 mu 105 m
Fruntieri ma' Harfleur (en) Translate, Fontaine-la-Mallet (en) Translate, Gonfreville-l'Orcher (en) Translate, Montivilliers (en) Translate, Octeville-sur-Mer (en) Translateu Sainte-Adresse (en) Translate
Demografija
Popolazzjoni 166,058 abitanti (1 Jannar 2021)
Informazzjoni oħra
Kodiċi tat-telefon 39
Żona tal-Ħin UTC+1u UTC+2
bliet ġemellati Magdeburg, Dalian, il-port ta' Amsterdam, San Pietruburgu, Southampton, Tampa, Aydın, Überherrn, Campeche, Pointe-Noireu Trieste
lehavre.fr

Le Havre (/lə ˈhɑːv(rə)/, bil-Franċiż: [lə ɑvʁ(ə)]; bin-Normann: Lé Hâvre [lɛ ɑvʁ(é)]) hija belt portwali ewlenija fid-dipartiment ta' Seine-Maritime fir-reġjun tan-Normandija tat-Tramuntana ta' Franza. Tinsab max-xatt tal-lemin tal-estwarju tax-xmara Seine fil-Fliegu fin-naħa tal-Lbiċ ta' Pays de Caux, qrib ħafna tal-Meridjan. Le Havre huwa l-iżjed komun popolat tan-naħa ta' fuq tan-Normandija, għalkemm il-popolazzjoni totali tal-agglomerazzjoni ikbar ta' Le Havre hija iżgħar minn dik ta' Rouen. Wara Reims, Le Havre hija wkoll it-tieni l-ikbar subprefettura fi Franza. L-isem Le Havre ifisser "il-port". L-abitanti tal-belt huma magħrufa bħala Havrais jew Havraises.

Il-belt u l-port ġew stabbiliti mir-Re Franġisk I fl-1517. L-iżvilupp ekonomiku fil-perjodu modern bikri ġie mxekkel mill-gwerer reliġjużi, mill-kunflitti mal-Ingliżi, mill-epidemiji u mill-maltempati. Mill-aħħar tas-seklu 18, Le Havre bdiet tikber u l-port stagħna l-ewwel bil-kummerċ tal-iskjavi mbagħad bil-kummerċ internazzjonali. Wara l-bumbardamenti tal-1944, l-azjenda ta' Auguste Perret bdiet bir-rikostruzzjoni tal-belt bil-konkos. L-industriji taż-żejt, tal-kimiki u tal-karozzi kienu dinamiċi matul it-Trente Glorieuses (it-tkabbir ta' wara l-gwerra), iżda s-snin 70 tas-seklu 20 kienu t-tmiem tal-era tad-deheb tal-bastimenti oċeaniċi u l-bidu tal-kriżi ekonomika: il-popolazzjoni battiet, il-qgħad żdied u għadu fuq livell għoli sal-lum.

Il-bidliet fis-snin 90 tas-seklu 20 u fl-ewwel deċennju tas-seklu 21 kienu bosta. Il-Lemin rebaħ l-elezzjonijiet muniċipali u witta t-triq biex il-belt taqbad it-triq tar-rikonverżjoni, bil-ħsieb li jiżviluppaw is-settur tas-servizzi u l-industriji l-ġodda (l-ajrunawtika u t-turbini tar-riħ). Il-proġett tal-Port 2000 żied il-kapaċità tal-kontejners biex il-port ta' Le Havre jikkompeti mal-portijiet tat-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa, jiġu ttrasformati d-distretti tan-Nofsinhar tal-belt, u l-bastimenti oċeaniċi rritornaw. Le Havre moderna għadha influwenzata ferm mit-tradizzjonijiet marittimi u tal-impjieg tagħha. Il-port huwa t-tieni l-ikbar fi Franza, wara dak ta' Marsilja, bħala traffiku totali, u l-ikbar port Franċiż bħala għadd ta' kontejners.

Fl-2005, iċ-ċentru storiku tal-belt ta' Le Havre tniżżel bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO minħabba l-arkitettura u r-rikostruzzjoni uniċi wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija.[1] Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna ta' André Malraux huwa t-tieni l-ikbar fi Franza għall-għadd ta' pitturi tal-Impressjoniżmu. Il-belt ingħatat żewġ fjuri mill-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Bliet u l-Irħula li qed Jiffjorixxu fil-Kompetizzjoni tal-Bliet u l-Irħula li qed Jiffjorixxu.

Le Havre tinsab 50 kilometru (31 mil) fil-Punent ta' Rouen max-xatt tal-Fliegu Ingliż u fil-bokka tax-xmara Seine. Bosta toroq jikkollegaw ma' Le Havre mat-toroq prinċipali ta' aċċess, fosthom l-awtostrada A29 minn Amiens u l-awtostrada A13 minn Pariġi li tikkollega mal-awtostrada A131.

Amministrattivament, Le Havre huwa komun fir-reġjun tan-Normandija fil-Punent tad-dipartiment ta' Seine-Maritime. Iż-żona urbana ta' Le Havre tikkorrispondi bejn wieħed u ieħor mat-territorju tal-komunità tal-agglomerazzjoni ta' Le Havre (CODAH) li jinkludi 17-il komuni u 250,000 ruħ. Tokkupa t-tarf tal-Lbiċ tar-reġjun naturali ta' Pays de Caux fejn hija l-ikbar belt. Le Havre tinsab bejn il-kosta tal-Fliegu Ingliż mil-Lbiċ sal-Majjistral u l-estwarju tax-xmara Seine lejn in-Nofsinhar.

Ġeoloġija u terren

[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]

Le Havre hija parti mill-Baċir ta' Pariġi li ġie ffurmat fil-perjodu Mesożojku. Il-Baċir ta' Pariġi jikkonsisti minn blat sedimentarju. Il-komun ta' Le Havre jikkonsisti minn żewġ żoni sseparati minn tarf naturali bl-irdumijiet: żona fil-parti t'isfel tal-belt lejn in-Nofsinhar li tinkludi l-port, iċ-ċentru tal-belt u s-subborgi. Inbniet fuq artijiet li qabel kienu mraġ u artijiet imtajna li ġew imbattla mill-ilma fis-seklu 16. Il-ħamrija tikkonsisti minn diversi metri ta' alluvju jew depożiti ta' sedimenti mix-xmara Seine. Iċ-ċentru tal-belt ġie rikostruwit wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija bl-użu ta' metru ta' radam iċċattjat bħala pedament.

Il-belt ta' fuq lejn it-Tramuntana, hija parti mill-promontorju ta' cauchois: il-kwartier ta' Dollemard huwa l-ogħla punt (bejn 90 u 115-il metru (295 pied u 377 pied) 'il fuq mil-livell tal-baħar). Il-promontorju huwa miksi b'saff ta' tafal biż-żnied u depożiti sedimentarji għammiela. Is-saff ewlieni tal-baċir jikkonsisti minn ħxuna kbira ta' ġibs fonda sa 200 metru (656 pied). Minħabba x-xaqliba tal-art, il-kosta hija affettwata mir-riskju taċ-ċedimenti tal-art.

Le Havre bil-borra.

Minħabba l-pożizzjoni tagħha tul il-kosta tal-Fliegu Ingliż, il-klima ta' Le Havre hija klima oċeanika miti. Rari jkun hemm jiem mingħajr riħ. Ikun hemm influwenzi marittimi s-sena kollha. Skont ir-rekords tal-istazzjon meteoroloġiku ta' Cap de la Heve (mill-1961 sal-1990), it-temperatura tinżel taħt iż-0 °C (32 °F) f'24.9 jum fis-sena u taqbeż il-25 °C (77 °F) fi 11.3-il jum fis-sena. Il-medja ta' sigħat ta' xemx fis-sena hija ta' 1,785.8 siegħa fis-sena.

Il-preċipitazzjoni tinżel is-sena kollha, b'livell massimu fil-ħarifa u fix-xitwa. Ix-xhur ta' Ġunju u ta' Lulju jesperjenzaw xi maltempati bir-ragħad, bħala medja għal jumejn fix-xahar. Waħda mill-karatteristiċi tar-reġjun hija l-varjabbiltà kbira fit-temperaturi, anke binhar. L-irjieħ prevalenti jiġu mil-Lbiċ b'irjieħ qawwijin u mit-Tramuntana u mill-Grigal għaż-żiffa. Fix-xitwa jkun hemm il-borra, speċjalment f'Jannar u fi Frar.

Ir-rekord assolut tal-veloċità tar-riħ f'Le Havre – Cap de la Heve ġie rreġistrat fis-16 ta' Ottubru 1987 b'180 kilometru fis-siegħa (112-il mil fis-siegħa).

Il-perikli naturali prinċipali huma l-għargħar, il-maltempati u ż-żieda ta' maltempati. Il-belt t'isfel hija soġġetta għal-livell dejjem jiżdied tal-ilma tal-pjan. In-nuqqas ta' mogħdijiet tal-ilma fi ħdan il-komun jipprevjeni l-għargħar mill-flussi żejda. Il-bajja ta' Le Havre qajla tesperjenza l-għargħar mill-maltempati. Dawn jiġu kkawżati mill-kombinament ta' rjieħ qawwijin, mewġ għoli u marea għolja.

Tqabbil tad-data meteoroloġika lokali ma' bliet oħra fi Franza
Belt Xemx(sigħat f'sena) Xita

(mm f'sena)

Borra

(jiem f'sena)

Maltemp

(jiem f'sena)

Ċpar

(jiem f'sena)

Medja nazzjonali 1,973 770 14 22 40
Le Havre 1,786 709 11 13 53
Pariġi 1,661 637 12 18 10
Nizza 2,724 767 1 29 1
Strasburgu 1,693 665 29 29 56
Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75
Data klimatika għal Le Havre (Cap de la Heve, temp. normali fl-1991-2020, temp. estremi 1913-preżent)
Xahar Jan Fra Mar Apr Mej Ġun Lul Aww Set Ott Nov Diċ Sena
Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F) 15.0

(59.0)

20.0

(68.0)

24.5

(76.1)

26.5

(79.7)

30.0

(86.0)

34.7

(94.5)

38.1

(100.6)

36.3

(97.3)

33.6

(92.5)

28.5

(83.3)

20.0

(68.0)

16.4

(61.5)

38.1

(100.6)

Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F) 7.6

(45.7)

8.0

(46.4)

10.5

(50.9)

13.3

(55.9)

16.2

(61.2)

19.0

(66.2)

20.9

(69.6)

21.2

(70.2)

19.1

(66.4)

15.5

(59.9)

11.3

(52.3)

8.4

(47.1)

14.3

(57.7)

Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F) 5.7

(42.3)

6.0

(42.8)

8.1

(46.6)

10.4

(50.7)

13.3

(55.9)

16.0

(60.8)

18.0

(64.4)

18.4

(65.1)

16.4

(61.5)

13.1

(55.6)

9.3

(48.7)

6.5

(43.7)

11.8

(53.2)

Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F) 3.9

(39.0)

3.9

(39.0)

5.6

(42.1)

7.5

(45.5)

10.3

(50.5)

13.1

(55.6)

15.1

(59.2)

15.6

(60.1)

13.7

(56.7)

10.8

(51.4)

7.4

(45.3)

4.7

(40.5)

9.3

(48.7)

Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F) −13.8

(7.2)

−12.5

(9.5)

−7.8

(18.0)

−1.0

(30.2)

1.2

(34.2)

4.4

(39.9)

8.0

(46.4)

8.4

(47.1)

3.3

(37.9)

−0.2

(31.6)

−8.5

(16.7)

−8.6

(16.5)

−13.8

(7.2)

Preċipitazzjoni medja f'mm (pulzieri) 67.5

(2.66)

53.7

(2.11)

52.5

(2.07)

52.3

(2.06)

56.5

(2.22)

58.0

(2.28)

48.7

(1.92)

66.0

(2.60)

65.4

(2.57)

86.2

(3.39)

87.5

(3.44)

95.5

(3.76)

789.8

(31.09)

Medja ta' jiem bil-preċipitazzjoni (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.4 11.2 10.1 9.6 9.0 8.6 7.8 9.2 9.1 12.4 13.5 14.7 127.7
Medja ta' jiem bil-borra 2.3 3.0 2.1 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.5 11.0
Umdità relattiva medja (%) 87 85 84 81 81 83 83 82 82 85 86 87 83.8
Medja ta' sigħat ta' xemx fix-xahar 62.9 87.7 136.2 179.5 214.6 224.4 237.8 218.5 168.3 124.5 74.7 56.7 1,785.8
Sors 1: Météo France[2]
Sors 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days and sun, 1961–1990)[3]

Studju ta' Aphekom li jqabbel għaxar bliet Franċiżi wera li Le Havre hija l-inqas komun urban imniġġes ta' Franza. Le Havre hija wkoll t-tielet l-aqwa belt fi Franza b'iktar minn 100,000 abitant bħala kwalità tal-arja. Rendikont tal-karbonju wera fl-2009 li l-muniċipilità kienet temetti xi 32,500 tunnellata ta' CO2 fis-sena. Fl-2011, l-emissjonijiet annwali medji ta' diossidu tal-kubrit mill-industrija kienu bejn tliet mikrogrammi kull metru kubu fiċ-ċentru ta' Le Havre u tnax-il mikrogramma kull metru kubu fid-distrett ta' Caucriauville.

Il-muniċipalità stabbiliet mira biex tnaqqas l-emissjonijiet tas-CO2 bi 3 % fis-sena. Sabiex tilħaq din il-mira ġew installati pannelli solari fuq diversi binjiet muniċipali (il-muniċipju, il-ġonna vertikali). Mill-2008, Le Havre kienet parti min-network ta' Bliet tal-Enerġija u, f'dan il-kuntest, tapplika l-passi tal-Aġenda 21 u Approċċ Ambjentali lejn l-Ippjanar Urban. Il-belt ingħatat bosta premjijiet ta' ekotikketti diversi drabi (it-tikketta tal-Enerġija tal-Futur fl-2009-2011, it-tikketta tad-Dinja sostenibbli fl-2009). Mill-1998, il-bajja ta' Le Havre ngħatat il-Bandiera Blu sena wara l-oħra bis-saħħa tal-firxa ta' faċilitajiet tagħha, estiżi fuq 30,000 m2.

Le Havre żammet żoni ħodor estensivi (750 ettaru jew 41 m2 kull abitant). L-ikbar żewġ żoni huma l-Foresta ta' Montgeon u l-Park ta' Rouelles li t-tnejn jinsabu fil-belt ta' fuq. Il-ġonna tal-Pirjolat ta' Graville u l-ġonna vertikali joffru veduti tal-belt t'isfel. Fiċ-ċentru tal-belt, il-Pjazza ta' San Rokku u l-Ġonna tal-Muniċipju jipprovdu żoni urbani ta' rikreazzjoni għan-nies. Diversi ekosistemi huma rrappreżentati fil-Ġonna tal-Bajja u l-Park ta' Hauser (għerien). Finalment, il-Promontorju ta' Dollemard ġie kklassifikat bħala "Żona Naturali Sensittiva" tad-dipartiment fl-2001 biex jipproteġi l-pajsaġġ u l-ekosistemi tal-belt fuq l-irdumijiet. It-toroq fihom 13,000 siġra ta' 150 varjetà differenti.

Konfigurazzjoni

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Belt rikostruwita wara l-1945

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Pjazza San Rokku.

Meqruda kważi għalkollox matul it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija, il-belt ġiet rikostruwita skont il-pjanti tal-arkitett Auguste Perret bejn l-1945 u l-1964. Il-Muniċipju u l-Knisja ta' San Ġużepp (għolja 107 metru) ġew iddisinjati personalment minn Auguste Perret. Bis-saħħa ta' dan ix-xogħol ta' rikostruzzjoni, il-belt ta' Le Havre tniżżlet fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fil-15 ta' Lulju 2005. Din iż-żona ta' 133 ettaru hija waħda mill-ftit siti kontemporanji fl-Ewropa li tniżżlu fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. L-arkitettura taż-żona hija kkaratterizzata mill-użu tal-konkos prefabbrikat permezz ta' sistema ta' qafas modulari ta' 6.24 metri u linji dritti.

Xogħol arkitettoniku notevoli ieħor tal-belt ċentrali huwa dak tad-Dar tal-Kultura. Din il-binja nbniet fl-1982 mill-arkitett Brażiljan Oscar Niemeyer u ġiet imlaqqma "il-Vulkan" minħabba l-għamla tagħha. Mill-2012, din ġiet immodernizzata minn ġewwa u minn barra b'għadd ta' bidliet pjuttost sinifikanti approvati mill-arkitett, inkluż iktar ftuħ 'il barra lejn il-pjazza.

Il-kwartieri ta' Notre Dame u ta' Perrey huma primarjament residenzjali. Les Halles hija wieħed miċ-ċentri kummerċjali tal-belt. Il-kwartier ta' San Franġisk ġie rikostruwit ukoll mill-bidu tal-1950 iżda bi stil arkitettoniku radikalment differenti: il-binjiet huma tal-brikks b'soqfa tal-lavanja. Dan il-kwartier huwa distrett bir-ristoranti u fih is-suq tal-ħut.

Pjanta ta' Le Havre u ċ-ċentru storiku rikostruwit wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija.

Lejn il-Lvant u t-Tramuntana tal-belt ċentrali rikostruwita hemm sensiela ta' kwartieri antiki (Danton, Saint-Vincent, Graville, Massillon, eċċ.) li ħelsuha ħafif mill-ibbumbardjar tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija. Il-binjiet, normalment tal-brikks, li jmorru lura lejn is-seklu 19 u l-ewwel nofs tas-seklu 20. Il-ħwienet huma kkonċentrati tul diversi toroq prinċipali fil-kwartier ta' Rond-Point. Matul l-aħħar deċennju tas-seklu 20 u l-ewwel deċennju tas-seklu 21, dawn il-kwartieri esperjenzaw bosta żviluppi mill-ġdid, b'mod partikolari fil-kuntest ta' OPAH: it-titjib tal-ħabitat b'riabilitazzjoni jew b'rikostruzzjoni, il-ħolqien ta' faċilitajiet pubbliċi, u r-rivitalizzazzjoni tan-negozju.

Lejn l-aħħar tas-seklu 20 u l-bidu tas-seklu 21, iż-żona ta' madwar l-istazzjon ferrovjarju saritilha trasformazzjoni kbira. L-istazzjon huwa l-portal tal-aċċess tal-belt b'intersezzjoni ta' diversi toroq prinċipali. Inbnew binjiet ġodda (l-Università ta' Le Havre, il-konservatorju, il-kwartieri ġenerali tal-SPB (Provident Society Bank), u tas-CMA CGM, in-Novotel, il-Matmut, CCI ġdid) u wħud minnhom ġew iddisinjati minn arkitetti rinomati. Il-venda tal-karozzi tal-linja, iċċertifikata NF mill-2005, ġiet immodernizzata. Fit-Tramuntana mill-venda, proġett ieħor ta' kostruzzjoni minflok il-gżira dilapidata ta' Turgot-Magellan inbeda fl-2013, inkluż 12,500 m2 (135,000 pied kwadru) ta' uffiċini u lukanda ta' tmien sulari, bi ħwienet fil-pjan terran.

Distretti tan-Nofsinhar

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Il-kwartier tal-Knisja ta' San Vinċenz estiż lejn il-kosta.

Id-distretti tan-Nofsinhar ta' Le Havre jintużaw primarjament għal attivitajiet industrijali u portwali. Hemm binjiet tal-brikks mis-seklu 19, żviluppi kbar (Chicago, Les Neiges), proprjetajiet tal-ħaddiema, SMEs, imħażen, faċilitajiet ta' baċiri u portwali, u infrastruttura tat-trasport.

Id-distretti tan-Nofsinhar għal xi snin esperjenzaw bidla kbira minħabba l-finanzjament Ewropew. Ġew rivitalizzati ż-żoni ttraskurati mill-attivitajiet industrijali u portwali permezz tal-iżvilupp ta' attivitajiet terzjarji. Għalhekk, il-baċiri ġew ittrasformati għalkollox f'kumplessi sportivi u tad-divertiment (Dock Océane), stabbiliment kummerċjali (Docks Vauban), u sala tal-wirjiet (Docks Café). Les Bains Des Docks ġew iddisinjati mill-arkitett Jean Nouvel. Sal-aħħar tal-2012, studenti minn Sciences-Po Europe Asia u mill-INSA integraw binjiet ġodda qrib l-ISEL (l-Istitut Għoli tal-Istudji tal-Loġistika) u l-ENSM (Ecole Nationale Supérieure Maritime). L-assi medika ġdida madwar il-Clinic des Ormeaux ġdida nbena fil-kwartieri fejn bosta djar ġew ippjanati bl-għan li tiġi promossa tiżwiqa soċjali. Il-Belt tal-Baħar u tal-Iżvilupp Sostenibbli (Odissea 21) ġiet organizzata madwar torri tal-metall għoli mitt metru ddisinjat minn Jean Nouvel: il-proġett ġie sospiż fl-2007 iżda x-xogħol kellu jerġa' jkompli fl-2013. Il-muniċipalità għandha l-għan li tattira xi 300,000 viżitatur fis-sena.

Iż-żona kummerċjali tan-Nofsinhar tal-Baċiri ta' Vauban fl-2009.

Il-belt ta' fuq hija magħmula minn tliet partijiet: il-"kosta", id-distretti suburbani tal-promontorju, u abitazzjonijiet periferiċi kbar.

Il-kwartieri tal-"kosta" (l-Irdumijiet Mejtin) huma residenzjali – iktar prosperużi fil-parti tal-Punent (Les Ormeaux, Rue Felix Faure) u iktar mudesti fil-parti tal-Lvant (St. Cecilia, Aplemont). Il-mina ta' Jenner tgħaddi taħt il-"kosta" u tikkollega l-belt ta' fuq mal-belt t'isfel. Fil-kosta hemm ukoll żewġ fortifikazzjonijiet tal-belt, Forts Sainte-Adresse u Tourneville, u ċ-ċimiterju prinċipali (iċ-ċimiterju ta' Santa Marija). Bl-għebien tal-funzjonijiet militari tal-belt, il-fortijiet gradwalment ġew ikkonvertiti: Fort Sainte-Adresse jospita l-Ġonna Vertikali u Fort Tourneville ospita l-proġett Tetris fl-2013 – bħala assi tal-mużika kontemporanja bi swali tal-kunċerti u studjos ta' prova.

Lejn it-Tramuntana tal-"kosta" ġew żviluppati distretti suburbani bħal Rouelles, Sainte-Cecile, la Mare au Clerc, Sanvic, Bleville u Dollemard matul l-ewwel nofs tas-seklu 19. Fl-estensjoni tagħhom lejn il-Majjistral bejn Bleville u l-ajruport ta' Octeville, ġiet żviluppata żona ġdida: "Les Hauts de Bleville". Dan id-distrett ekoloġiku huwa magħmul minn unitajiet domestiċi skont l-istandardsa tal-HQE, żona ta' żvilupp konġunt, u skola b'total ta' 1,000 unità domestika.

Iċ-ċimiterju ta' Santa Marija.

Is-subborgi periferiċi tal-komun kibru fil-perjodu ta' wara l-gwerra. Dawn huma żoni kbar bl-abitazzjonijiet f'Caucriauville, f'Bois de Bleville, f'Mont-Gaillard u f'Mare-rouge fejn hemm konċentrazzjoni ta' popolazzjoni żvantaġġata. F'Ottubru 2004, l-Aġenzija Nazzjonali għar-Rinnovament Urban (ANRU) iffirmat mal-muniċipalità ta' Le Havre l-ewwel ftehim ta' finanzjament tar-riabilitazzjoni ta' dawn iż-żoni. Dan il-ftehim ta' finanzjament jipprovdi iktar minn 340 miljun ewro għall-unitajiet domestiċi fid-distretti tat-Tramuntana, fejn jirresjedu madwar 41,000 ruħ. Dan l-iżvilupp jestendi l-baġit għall-Grand Projet de Ville (GPV). Jippermetti t-twaqqigħ u r-rikostruzzjoni ta' iktar minn 1,700 dar.

Le Havre fl-aħħar tas-seklu 19.

Meta ġiet stabbilita fl-1517, il-belt ġiet imsejħa Franciscopolis f'ġieħ Franġisk I ta' Franza. Sussegwentement ingħatat l-isem ta' Le Havre-de-Grâce ("Port tal-Grazzja"). Il-kostruzzjoni tagħha ġiet ordnata bħala sostituzzjoni tal-portijiet antiki ta' Honfleur u ta' Harfleur li saru inqas utli minħabba d-depożiti sedimentarji.

L-istorja tal-belt għandha rabta sfiqa mal-port tagħha. Fis-seklu 18, il-kummerċ mill-Indji tal-Punent żdied ma' dak ta' Franza u l-Ewropa, u Le Havre bdiet tikber. Fid-19 ta' Novembru 1793, il-belt bidlet isimha għal Hâvre de Marat u iktar 'il quddiem għal Hâvre-Marat f'ġieħ Jean-Paul Marat, li tqies bħala martri tar-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża. Madankollu, sal-bidu tal-1795, il-memorja ta' Marat ġiet kemxejn mimsusa, u fit-13 ta' Jannar 1795, Hâvre-Marat bidlet isimha mill-ġdid u saret sempliċement Le Havre, l-isem modern tagħha. Matul is-seklu 19, il-belt saret ċentru industrijali.

Fl-aħħar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, Le Havre kellha rwol ewlieni bħala l-port ta' tranżitu li ntuża kummerċjalment wara l-gwerra.

Il-belt ġiet devastata matul il-Battalja tan-Normandija meta 5,000 ruħ inqatlu u 12,000 dar inqerdu għalkollox qabel ma l-belt nħatfet fl-Operazzjoni Astonia. Iċ-ċentru ġie rikostruwit bi stil Modernist minn Auguste Perret.

L-isem tal-belt ġie attestat fl-1489, saħansitra qabel ġiet stabbilit minn Franġisk I bħala le Hable de Grace u mbagħad bħala Ville de Grace fl-1516, sentejn qabel l-istabbiliment uffiċjali. L-isem ta' Franciscopolis f'ġieħ l-istess re ġie rreġistrat f'xi dokumenti, imbagħad dak ta' Havre Marat, b'referenza għal Jean-Paul Marat matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża iżda ma ġiex impost. Madankollu, dan jispjega għaliex il-kumplament tal-isem -de-Grace ma baqax jintuża. Dan il-kwalifikatur bla dubju kien jirreferi għall-Kappella ta' Notre Dame de Grace ta' Honfleur fuq in-naħa l-oħra tal-estwarju. In-nom komuni havre li jfisser "port" ma baqax jintuża fl-aħħar tas-seklu 18 u fil-bidu tas-seklu 19 iżda baqa' ppreservat fil-frażi havre de paix li tfisser "irpar" jew "kenn". Ġeneralment jitqies bħala terminu misluf mill-Olandiż Nofsani tas-seklu 12. Oriġini Ġermanika tista' tispjega l-"aspirazzjoni" tal-h inizjali jiġifieri li ma tiġix pronunzjata. Havre de Grace, Maryland, fl-Istati Uniti għad għandha l-kwalifikatur "de Grace" taż-żmien kolonjali.

Madankollu, riċerka ġdida tiffoka fuq il-fatt li t-terminu ġie attestat kmieni ħafna (is-seklu 12) u fit-testi Normanni fil-forom Hable, hafne, havene, havne u haule x'aktarx li jfisser li l-oriġini Olandiża ma tantx hija probabbli. Min-naħa l-oħra, etimoloġija Skandinava hija rilevanti meta jitqies it-terminu Skandinavu antik höfn (il-ġenitiv hafnar) jew hafn li jfisser "port naturali" jew "irpar" u l-evoluzzjoni fonetika tat-terminu étrave li ċertament għandu oriġini Skandinava u huwa attestat ukoll f'forom bħal estable u x'aktarx li jmur lura għall-Iskandinavu antik stafn.

Arma tal-belt

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Arma attwali ta' Le Havre. Is-salamandra ġej mill-arma ta' Franġisk I; l-iljun ġej mill-arma Belġjana; issostitwixxa ġilju fl-1926 bħala tfakkira tal-gvern Belġjan f'eżilju f'Le Havre matul l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija). Gules, salamandra fiddiena jew fil-fjammi, il-ġilju fi sfond blu u iljun.
L-arma ta' Le Havre fl-Ewwel Imperu Franċiż. Gules, salamandra fiddiena jew fil-fjammi, tliet stilel fi sfond blu u l-ittra N.

Sit ta' Wirt Dinji

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Le Havre, il-belt rikostruwita minn Auguste Perret, ġiet iddeżinjata bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2005.[1]

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-kriterju (ii) "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-kriterju (iv) "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem".[1]

Politika u amministrazzjoni

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Is-subprefettura.

Le Havre hija waħda minn żewġ subprefetturi ta' Seine-Maritime u t-tieni l-ikbar subprefettura fi Franza wara Reims. Hija l-belt kapitali tal-Arrondissement ta' Le Havre li tinkludi 149 komun. Hija wkoll l-ikbar membru tal-Le Havre Seine Métropole.

Mill-2015, il-belt ta' Le Havre hija maqsuma f'sitt cantons, u wħud minnhom ikopru komuni ġirien. Għall-elezzjonijiet parlamentari, Le Havre hija maqsuma fuq żewġ kostitwenzi: is-seba' (l-eks cantons I, V, VI u VII) u t-tmien (l-eks cantons II, III, IV, VIII u IX).

Xejriet u riżultati politiċi

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Diversi politiċi qattgħu parti minn ħajjithom fil-belt: Jules Lecesne (1818–1878), Jules Siegfried (1837–1922), u Félix Faure (1841–1899) ġew eletti bħala kunsilliera muniċipali u membri parlamentari. Pixxina, ċentru kummerċjali bil-ħwienet u triq ġew imsemmija għal René Coty minn Le Havre, li kien President tar-Repubblika Franċiża mill-1954 sal-1959. Christine Lagarde (li twieldet fl-1956) attendiet l-iskejjel sekondarji u postsekondarji f'Le Havre qabel ma saret Ministru għall-Ekonomija u d-Direttur Ġenerali tal-Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali fl-2011.

Mit-23 ta' Ottubru 2010 is-sindku kien Édouard Philippe (UMP). Huwa għandu wkoll il-Presidenza tal-CODAH u kellu siġġu fl-Assemblea Nazzjonali għas-seba' distrett ta' Seine-Maritime mill-2012. Huwa kien is-suċċessur ta' Antoine Rufenacht (UMP), li kien sindku ta' Le Havre għal ħmistax-il sena qabel ma rriżenja, bħala l-kap tal-muniċipalità. Il-belt ta' Le Havre ilha żmien twil l-iktar bastjun b'saħħtu tal-Partit Komunista ta' Franza, li kienet fit-tmun fil-pajjiż mill-1956 sal-1995. Kollox ma' kollox, l-abitanti ta' Le Havre fis-seba' distrett elettorali (iċ-ċentru tal-belt u l-kwartieri tal-Punent) għandhom it-tendenza li jivvutaw għal-Lemin filwaqt li dawk tat-tmien distrett elettorali (il-kwartieri tal-Lvant) għandhom it-tendenza li jagħżlu l-kandidat tax-xellug. Pereżempju, fl-elezzjoni presidenzjali tal-2007, is-seba' distrett elettorali vvota għal Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP) b'55.05 % tal-voti u b'44.95 % tal-voti għal Ségolène Royal (PS), filwaqt li fit-tmien distrett elettorali, 55.02 % ivvutaw favur il-kandidat Soċjalista. Madankollu, ir-riżultati tal-elezzjonijiet presidenzjali tal-2012 wasslu għal rebħiet għall-partit PS fiż-żewġ distretti b'marġni iżgħar fis-seba' distrett (Hollande: 51.71 % / Sarkozy: 48.29 %) milli fit-tmien distrett (Hollande 64.21 % / Sarkozy: 35.79 %).

Amministrazzjoni muniċipali

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L-għadd ta' abitanti f'Le Havre huwa bejn 150,000 u 199,999 ruħ, għaldaqstant l-għadd ta' kunsilliera huwa 59 membru. Is-sindku, 41 membru anzjan u 17-il membru sostitut jiffurmaw il-Kunsill ta' Le Havre. Dan jiltaqa' darba fix-xahar fil-muniċipju. Id-dibattiti ġeneralment ikunu pubbliċi għajr għal ċerti proċedimenti.

Le Havre esperjenzat bosta estensjonijiet territorjali bl-annessjoni ta' komuni ġirien:

  • 1852: Ingouville u partijiet minn Graville-l'Eure u Sanvic.
  • 1919: Graville-Sainte-Honorine.
  • 1953: Bleville.
  • 1955: Sanvic.
  • 1971: parti minn Harfleur (distrett ta' Caucriauville).
  • 1973: Rouelles (bl-istatus ta' komun assoċjat, 3,184 abitant fl-2006).
Sindki ta' Le Havre mir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża sal-1940
Minn Sa Sindku
1790 1790 Pierre Duval
1790 1791 Jean-Jacques Christinat
1791 1791 Frédéric Heroult
1791 1793 Jacques-Ambroise Rialle
1793 1794 Jean-Marc Belot
1794 1794 François Bayle
1794 1795 Louis Lemesle
1795 1797 Jean-Martin Gregoire
1797 1797 Jacques Ambroise Rialle
1797 1797 Marie Glier
1797 1799 Alexandre Lacorne
1799 1800 Marie Glier
1800 1800 Pierre Fortin
1800 1821 Guillaume-Antoine Sery
1821 1830 André Begouen-Demeaux
1830 1830 Lahoussaye
1830 1831 Michel Delaroche
1831 1848 Adrien Lemaistre
1848 1849 Jules Ancel
1849 1849 Alexandre Bertin
1849 1849 Frédéric Perquer
1849 1853 Adrien Lemaistre
1853 1853 Isidore Maire
1853 1855 Jules Ancel
1855 1858 Edouard Larue
1858 1864 Just Viel
1864 1870 Edouard Larue
1870 1874 Ulysee Guillemard
1874 1874 Emmanuel Bigot de la Robillardiere
1874 1878 Jules Masurier
1878 1878 Ulysee Guillemard
1878 1886 Jules Siegfried
1886 1890 Paul Marion
1890 1896 Louis Brindeau
1896 1904 Théodule Marais
1904 1908 Théodore Maillart
1908 1914 Henry Genestal
1914 1919 Pierre-François Morgand
1919 1940 Léon Meyer
Sindki mill-1940
Minn Sa Sindku Partit
1940 1941 Jean Risson
1941 1941 Georges Patrimonio
1941 1944 Pierre Courant
1944 1947 Pierre Voisin PCF
1947 1947 Albert le Clainche
1947 1947 Pierre Adolphe Jean Voisin
1947 1954 Pierre Courant
1954 1954 Eugène Gas
1954 1956 Léopold Abadie
1956 1959 René Cance PCF
1959 1965 Robert Monguillon SFIO
1965 1971 René Cance PCF
1971 1994 André Duromea PCF
1994 1995 Daniel Colliard PCF
1995 2010 Antoine Rufenacht RPR, UMP
2010 2017 Edouard Philippe UMP, LR
2017 2019 Luc Lemonnier LR
2019 2020 Jean-Baptiste Gastinne LR
2020 Edouard Philippe LR

Istituzzjonijiet u servizzi pubbliċi

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Il-Palazz tal-Ġustizzja ta' Le Havre jinsab fil-Boulevard de Strasbourg. Anness miegħu hemm qorti superjuri, qorti inferjuri u qorti kummerċjali. Il-belt għandha wkoll Qorti tax-Xogħol u Qorti Distrettwali. Fost is-servizzi legali offruti hemm is-servizzi tal-għajnuna ġuridika u l-applikazzjoni ta' penali. Le Havre tiddependi fuq il-Qort tal-Appell ta' Rouen. Il-ħabs, li jmur lura għat-Tieni Imperu, inqered għalkollox fl-2012. Il-ħabs il-ġdid ta' Le Havre tlesta fl-2010 f'Saint-Aubin-Routot fil-Lvant tal-agglomerazzjoni ta' Le Havre. Għandu erja ta' 32,000 m2 fis-sit ta' 15-il ettaru u jista' jakkomoda 690 ruħ.

Il-Grupp tal-Isptar ta' Havre huwa faċilità tas-saħħa pubblika ġestita minn bord superviżorju ppresjedut mis-Sindku ta' Le Havre. L-istrutturi prinċipali tal-faċilità huma l-Isptar ta' Flaubert (l-eqdem, li jinsab fiċ-ċentru tal-belt), l-Isptar ta' Monod (f'Montivilliers), l-Isptar ta' Pierre Janet (psikjatrija), il-faċilità għall-adolexxenti, il-kliniċi u r-residenzi għall-anzjani. Il-grupp huwa l-ikbar impjegatur fil-CODAH. L-Isptar ta' Jacques Monod inbena fl-1987 u joffri firxa wiesgħa ta' kura fil-mediċina, fil-kirurġija, fil-ġinekoloġija, fl-ostetrija, fil-pedjatrija, fil-ġerjatrija, fis-saħħa mentali, il-kura ta' segwitu, ir-riabilitazzjoni, l-integrazzjoni mill-ġdid u s-saħħa pubblika.

Finalment, hemm bosta kliniċi privati li joffru kura kompluta: il-klinika privata tal-gruppi tal-estwarju flimkien mal-kliniċi antiki ta' Petit Colmoulins u ta' Franġisk I. Il-klinika privata ta' Ormeaux tinsab fil-kwartier ta' Eure.

Matul l-ewwel nofs tas-seklu 20, il-129 riġment tal-fanterija tal-front kien stazzjonat f'Le Havre u ħalla marka importanti fuq il-belt, tant li hemm triq li ssemma għalih. L-74 riġment tal-fanterija tal-commandos kien preżenti mill-1963 sal-1976. Finalment, Le Havre hija l-belt li ospitat il-BPC Mistral. Iċ-ċerimonja kienet saret fil-muniċipju fil-15 ta' Novembru 2009, matul waqfa fil-binja.

Politika nazzjonali

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Għall-elezzjonijiet tal-Assemblea Nazzjonali, Le Havre hija maqsuma bejn is-seba' u t-tmien kostitwenzi ta' Seine-Maritime. Attwalment huma rrappreżentati minn Agnès Firmin-Le Bodo u Jean-Paul Lecoq.

Le Havre hija ġemellata ma':

Le Havre esperjenzat żieda fil-popolazzjoni fit-tieni nofs tas-seklu 19. Sussegwentement, il-popolazzjoni majnat fl-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija u ġiet ikkumpensata mill-annessjoni tar-raħal ta' Graville (il-belt kisbet 27,215-il ruħ bejn l-1911 u l-1921). Matul it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija, il-popolazzjoni majnat b'mod sinifikanti (telf ta' 57,149 ruħ bejn l-1936 u l-1946) minħabba l-eżodu u l-bumbardamenti. Wara l-gwerra, il-komun esperjenza żieda fil-popolazzjoni sal-1975. Minn dak iż-żmien, il-popolazzjoni reġgħet majnat, speċjalment bejn l-1975 u l-1982: matul dawn is-snin ta' kriżi industrijali l-popolazzjoni majnat b'18,494 ruħ. Din ix-xejra kompliet fis-snin 89 tas-seklu 20 minkejja li b'pass inqas mgħaġġel. Il-politika attwali tal-muniċipalità hi li jinbnew abitazzjonijiet ġodda biex jiġu attirati residenti ġodda bl-għan li jinqabżu l-200,000 abitant, livell li ntlaħaq fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 20. Il-popolazzjoni tal-komun ta' Le Havre kienet 191,000 abitant fl-1999 u b'hekk il-belt kienet tinsab fit-tnax-il post fost l-iżjed bliet popolati fi Franza u fl-ewwel post fin-Normandija. Fl-2018 INSEE stmat li kien hemm 169,733 ruħ jgħixu fil-komun ta' Le Havre, filwaqt li ż-żona urbana ta' Le Havre kellha 234,945 abitant u ż-żona metropolitana ta' Le Havre kellha 337,086 abitant.

Popolazzjoni storika
Sena Pop. ±% p.a.
1793 20,620 —    
1800 19,000 −1.16%
1806 19,482 +0.42%
1821 20,768 +0.43%
1831 23,816 +1.38%
1836 25,618 +1.47%
1841 27,154 +1.17%
1846 31,325 +2.90%
1851 56,964 +12.70%
1856 64,137 +2.40%
1861 74,336 +3.00%
1866 60,055 −4.18%
1872 85,825 +6.13%
1876 92,068 +1.77%
1881 105,867 +2.83%
1886 112,074 +1.15%
1891 116,369 +0.75%
1896 119,470 +0.53%
Sena Pop. ±% p.a.
1901 130,196 +1.73%
1906 132,430 +0.34%
1911 136,159 +0.56%
1921 163,374 +1.84%
1926 158,022 −0.66%
1931 165,076 +0.88%
1936 164,083 −0.12%
1946 106,934 −4.19%
1954 139,810 +3.41%
1962 185,029 +3.56%
1968 205,236 +1.74%
1975 217,882 +0.86%
1982 199,388 −1.26%
1990 195,854 −0.22%
1999 190,905 −0.28%
2007 179,751 −0.75%
2012 173,142 −0.75%
2017 170,147 −0.35%
Sors: EHESS[4] u INSEE[5]

Bejn l-2012 u l-2017, ir-rata tat-twelid kienet 14.3 kull elf u r-rata tal-mortalità kienet 10.4 kull elf: minkejja li r-rata ta' żieda naturali hija pożittiva ma tikkumpensax għar-rata netta ta' migrazzjoni li hija negattiva (-0.7 %). Fl-2017 19 % tal-popolazzjoni ta' Le Havre kienu taħt il-15-il sena u 39 % kienu taħt it-30 sena, li kienet ogħla mill-medja għal Franza metropolitana. 24 % tal-irġiel u 26 % tan-nisa kellhom iktar minn 60 sena. L-iżjed kwartieri popolati huma ċ-ċentru tal-belt, Sanvic, Caucriauville, Anatole France/Danton u Côte Ouest/Ormeaux. Fl-2009, il-popolazzjoni barranija kienet stmata li kienet 8,525 persuna jew 4.8 % tal-popolazzjoni. 12,148 immigrant kienu jgħixu f'Le Havre, jew 6.8 % tal-popolazzjoni urbana. Il-biċċa l-kbira kellhom oriġini mit-Tramuntana tal-Afrika (5,060 ruħ) jew Afrikana (3,114-il ruħ).

Bil-bidliet ekonomiċi li affettwaw il-belt, il-kategoriji tal-professjonijiet u soċjoprofessjonali nbidlu drammatikament mis-snin 80 tas-seklu 20: bejn l-1982 u l-1999, l-għadd ta' ħaddiema naqas b'madwar terz (−10,593 ruħ), is-sehem tal-forza attiva tax-xogħol kienet 16 % fl-1982 u 12.5 % fl-1999. Il-popolazzjoni tal-ħaddiema hija kkonċentrata fis-subborgi tan-Nofsinhar qrib il-port u ż-żona industrijali. Fl-istess żmien, l-għadd ta' eżekuttivi u professjonijiet intellettwali żdied b'24.5 %, li jista' jiġi spjegat parzjalment bil-ħolqien u bl-iżvilupp tal-Università ta' Le Havre. Fl-2017, il-belt kellha proporzjon iktar baxx ta' maniġers u ta' okkupazzjonijiet intellettwali mill-medja nazzjonali (14.4 % minflok 18.1 %). Il-proporzjon ta' ħaddiema (22.5 %) kien ogħla mill-medja nazzjonali (19.9 %). Mis-16.7 % sal-21.7 % tal-forza tax-xogħol, ir-rata ta' qgħad żdiedet bejn l-2007 u l-2017, u għadha għolja mill-bqija tal-pajjiż (13.9 %). Il-proporzjon ta' impjieg fuq terminu qasir f'Le Havre (CDD u xogħol temporanju) huwa ogħla mill-medja nazzjonali. Finalment, il-proporzjon ta' nies f'Le Havre b'lawrija mill-edukazzjoni għolja żdied drammatikament minn 17.3 % fl-2007 għal 23.2 % fl-2017 meta mqabbel ma' 29.9 % għal Franza kollha.

Nies notevoli

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Georges de Scudéry
Charles Alexandre Lesueur
René Coty

F'Le Havre twieldu:

  • Georges de Scudéry (1601–1667), rumanzier, drammaturgu u poeta.
  • Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701), kittieb.
  • Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814), kittieb u botaniku.
  • Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846), naturalist, artist u esploratur.
  • Casimir Delavigne (1793–1843), poeta u drammaturgu.
  • Jacques-François Ancelot (1794–1854), drammaturgu u letterarju.
  • Frédérick Lemaître (1800–1876), attur u drammaturgu.
  • Léon Gautier (1832–1897), storiku letterarju.
  • Gabriel Monod (1844–1912), storiku.
  • Alfred-Louis Brunet-Debaines (1845–c. 1935), artist.
  • Juliette Heuzey (1865-1952), kittieba.
  • Louis Bachelier (1870–1946), matematiku.
  • Raoul Dufy (1877–1953), pittur.
  • André Caplet (1878–1925), kompożitur u surmast.
  • René Coty (1882–1962), President Franċiż (1954–1959).
  • Suzanne Balguerie (1888–1973), soprana Franċiża.
  • Arthur Honegger (1892–1955), kompożitur u membru ta' Les Six.
  • Thomas Roberts (1893–1976), arċisqof Kattoliku Ruman.
  • Jean Dubuffet (1901–1985), artist.
  • Jean Mallon (1904–1982), paleografu.
  • Raymond Queneau (1903–1976), poeta u rumanzier.
  • Jacques Leguerney (1906–1997), kompożitur.
  • Bénédicte Pesle (1927–2018), patrun tal-arti.
  • Jacqueline Danno (1931-2021), attriċi u kantanta.
  • Tristan Murail (twieled fl-1947), kompożitur.
  • Elvire Murail (twieled fl-1958), kittieb tat-tfal.
  • Laurent Ruquier (twieled fl-1963), ġurnalist.
  • Govy (twieldet fl-1981), artist.
  • Paul Frère (1917–2008), sewwieq tat-tlielaq tal-karozzi Belġjan.
  • Jérôme Le Banner (twieled fl-1972), lottatur tal-kickboxing u tal-K-1.
  • Vikash Dhorasoo, (twieled fl-1973), plejer tal-futbol internazzjonali.
  • Olivier Davidas (twieled fl-1981), plejer tal-futbol.
  • Dimitri Dragin (twieled fl-1984), judoka.
  • Julien Faubert (twieled fl-1983), plejer tal-futbol.
  • Kevin Anin (twieled fl-1986), plejer tal-futbol.
  • Gueïda Fofana (twieled fl-1991), plejer tal-futbol.
  • Jaylen Hoard (twieled fl-1999), plejer tal-basketball Franċiż-Amerikan ma' Hapoel Tel Aviv.

Oħrajn, assoċjati mal-belt

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  • Rex Cherryman (1896–1928), attur Amerikan, miet fil-belt.
  • Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), filosfu, għallem fil-Lycée François-Ier.
  • Patrick Demarchelier (1943–2022), fotografu tal-moda, qatta' t-tfulija tiegħu f'Le Havre.
  • Christine Lagarde (twieldet fl-1956), direttur tal-ġestjoni tal-IMF, trabbiet f'Le Havre.
  • René Viénet (twieled fl-1944), sinologu.
  1. ^ a b ċ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2023-08-06.
  2. ^ "Canicule : chaleur record au niveau national". web.archive.org. 2019-07-31. Arkivjat mill-oriġinal fl-2019-07-31. Miġbur 2023-08-06.Manutenzjoni CS1: BOT: url-oriġinali status mhux magħruf (link)
  3. ^ "Normales et records des stations météo de France - Infoclimat". web.archive.org. 2016-03-15. Arkivjat mill-oriġinal fl-2016-03-15. Miġbur 2023-08-06.Manutenzjoni CS1: BOT: url-oriġinali status mhux magħruf (link)
  4. ^ "Le Havre - Notice Communale". cassini.ehess.fr. Miġbur 2023-08-06.
  5. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017 − Recensement de la population – Résultats pour toutes les communes, départements, régions, intercommunalités... | Insee". www.insee.fr. Miġbur 2023-08-06.