The Paser Crossword Stela is an ancient Egyptian limestone stela that dates from the 20th Dynasty. It was constructed by Paser, c. 1150 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses VI.[1]
The stela's text is a hymn to the goddess Mut. It is constructed to be read horizontally, vertically, and around its perimeter, therefore three times. The text employs a complex arrangement of single hieroglyphs and single hieroglyphic blocks, as well as special uses of hieroglyphs, word play, and double entendres, techniques which were popular in ancient Egyptian writings. The crossword-style grid was originally painted blue;[2] the hieroglyphs are incised, in sunken relief.
The stele originally formed a 67-by-80-line vertical rectangle,[3] now much damaged, especially on its base and right side. A roughly 50-by-50-line square area survives in good enough condition to be read easily; other sections have large lacunae, but some other topics can be partially constructed to complete the themes of a hymn to Mut.
The grid is read starting at the upper right, right-to-left in the missing corner of the stela; separator register lines are used for the grid.
Stela description
editThe stela is constructed from a block of limestone 112 cm (44 in) tall, 84.5 cm (33.3 in) wide, and 11.5 cm (4.5 in) deep. A row of vertical standing gods adorn the region above the hieroglyphs in a horizontal frieze above the first horizontal row; the standing individuals presumably face the goddess Mut; the frieze only forms a short perimeter on the upper part of the stela. The stela is signed by "Paser, True of Voice".
The stela is in the British Museum (catalogue no. EA 194). It was discovered in the vicinity of the Temple of Amun at the Karnak Temple Complex by Giovanni Batista Belzoni.[4]
Example text, a horizontal and vertical block
editA sample block:[4]
(row No 1) 
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
(Block 5 (Column 42)) (row No 2) 
(1) 
(2) (3) (4) 
(Block 5) (row No 3) 
(1)
()(2) (3) (4) 
(Block 5) (row No 4) 
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
(Block 5)
Because the stela reads right-to-left, Block 5 corresponds to column 42, Block 1 to column 38.
The four horizontal rows, (Hymn 1 of 3)
editThe four rows are translated as follows:[4]
- "...great (of) radiancy, who illumines..."
"...strength; (her) eye, it illumines..."
"...as the illuminator of (her?); The Two Lands (and the) Otherworld..."
"...in the presence of the sun-god who sees..."
The starting 4 blocks, columns 38-42, (Hymn two of three)
editThe starting 4 blocks of Columns 38-42 are translated as follows: (reading downwards through the blocks)[4]
- 38–"...great (of) strength in the presence of..."
39–"...radiant; the eye which illumines the face..."
40–"...the sun-god illumines..."
41–"...the sun-god illumines for her..."
42–"...She(Mut) has illumined the Two Lands early..."
Hieroglyph transliterated equivalents (approximate)
editRows one to four, columns 38-42 and their equivalents:[4]
| Col 38 | Col 39 | Col 40 | Col 41 | Col 42 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| '3t | 3Kh | Determinative-
|
s-hdj | dj | ||
| phtj | jrt | s-hdj | dj | n:s | ||
| m-(owl) preposition-
|
shdj | dj | n:s | t3wj-dw3 | ||
| khft | hr | r' | Determinative-
|
m3 |
Because the Gardiner's Sign List hieroglyph font only face left, the table above is the reverse-facing direction from the Paser Crossword Stela.
Cultural references
editThe Stela features prominently in the novel The Third Translation (2005) by Matt Bondurant.
References
edit- Parkinson, 1999. Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment, Richard Parkinson, c 1999, Univ. of California Press (softcover, ISBN 0-520-22248-2)